2. Singular and Plural Nouns
By adding “s”
Eg:
apple – apples
orange – oranges
By adding “es”
to nouns that end in “s”. “ss”,”x”, “ch”, “sh”,
”o”
Eg:
bus – buses glass – glasses
box – boxes brush – brushes
3. By adding “ies” to nouns ending in “y”
Eg:
baby – babies lady – ladies
Exception:
valley – valleys key – keys
By adding ‘ves” to nouns ending in “f”
Eg:
calf – calves loaf – loaves
Exception:
dwarf – dwarfs hoof – hoofs
roof - roofs
5. Countable and Uncountable Nouns
Countable Nouns are nouns that can be counted
Eg : Alice, teacher, cat, fish, Malaysia, school,
house, rice, clock, table
These words are used with Countable Nouns:
“many”, “several”, “ a few”
Eg:
- There are many people in the market.
- Several stray dogs were caught today.
6. Uncountable Nouns
- are nouns that cannot be counted
Eg : rice, sugar, water, oil, tea, sand, wood , cloth
The words are used with Uncountable Nouns:
“ much”’ “a little”
Eg:
- Don’t put too much sugar in my coffee.
- Add a little salt to the soup.
7. These words are used with
both countable and uncountable nouns.
“some”’, “a lot of”
Examples:
- She bough some mangoes.
- There is some soup in the pot.
- I ate a lot of biscuits.
- A lot of dust has gathered on
the desk.
8. Collectives Nouns
- A Collective Noun refers to a group of people,
animals and things
An army of soldiers
A band of musicians
A clutch of eggs
A bouquet of flowers
9. A school of whales, dolphin
A flock of birds
A loaf of bread
A gaggle of geese
10. Collectives Nouns
A Collective Noun refers to a group of people, animals
and things.
Eg:
A bale of cotton
A bouquet of flowers
A bunch of grapes, keys,bananas
A choir of singers
A group of islands
A herd of buffalo, elephants
A library of books
A litter of cubs, pups, kittens
A nest of rabbits, mice
A staff of teachers
A stud of horses
A shoal of fish
A suite of furniture
A swarm of bees
A team of horses,oxen,players
A troop of lions, monkeys
11.
12. Pronouns
Personal Pronouns
- Personal pronouns are used to replace the names of people,
animals or things to avoid repetition.
(a) Personal pronouns may be used at the beginning of
the sentence, as the subject.
Examples:
I
You eat
We
They fresh food.
He
She eats
It
13. Personal Pronouns
- may be used as the object of a sentence:
after prepositions
Examples:
- Basri gave the book to me.
- Leela is looking for you.
- Henry wants to come with us.
after words that show action
Examples
- Bee Hooi took them home.
- Mr Tan gave him some money.
- Puan Nina scolded her.
14. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
- Possessive pronouns show ownership.
Examples:
This is my book. It is mine.
That is your money. It is yours.
This is our house. It is ours.
That is their cat. It is theirs.
This is her car. It is hers.
This is its bone. It is its.
15. Reflexive pronouns
- Reflexive pronouns are used to show that the
action of the verb returns to the doer.
Examples:
I made the desk myself.
You must go there by yourself.
We did the work ourselves.
They painted it themselves.
He bought the tickets himself.
She wrote the letter herself.
16.
17. ADJECTIVES
An adjective tells us more about a person, animal
or thing (nouns and pronouns).
TYPES OF ADJECTIVES
Descriptive Adjectives
To tell us about the quality of a noun
or pronoun (fat, good, heavy, dry, etc.)
Examples
- Irene is a clever girl.
- He is a strong man.
- She is a humble girl
19. Possessive Adjectives
To show possession
(my, your, his, her, its, our, their)
Examples
- This is my friend, Sita.
- The lizard broke its tail.
20. COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
Adjectives have three degrees of comparison.
The Positive is used
- to describe one object/person
- to compare two equal or
- similar objects/persons using
as + adjective + as
Examples
- Encik Osman is rich.
- His house is big.
- Encik Osman is as rich as Encik Rais.
- His house is as big as my house.
21. The Comparative is used
- to compare two objects/persons that are not
equal, using adjective + er + than.
Examples
- Encik Osman is richer than Encik Rais.
- His house is bigger than my house.
Positive Comparative
big bigger than
brave braver than
bright brighter than
Busy busier than
cheap cheaper than
clever Cleverer than
clumsy clumsier than
22. The Superlative is used
- to compare three or more objects /
persons using the + adjective + est.
Examples
- Encik Osman is the richest man in town.
- Her house is the biggest in the housing estate .
Positive Superlative
big the biggest
brave the bravest
bright the brightest
Busy the busiest
cheap the cheapest
clever the cleverest
clumsy the clumsiest
23. “More” and “most” are used with
adjectives of two or more syllables
Example
Positive Comparative Superlative
beautiful more beautiful most beautiful
intelligent more intelligent most intelligent
exspensive more expensive most expensive
With some adjectives, the Comparative and
Superlative are different from the Positive.
Example
Positive Comparative Superlative
bad worst worst
good better best
much more most
24.
25. ADVERBS
- Adverbs tell us more about an action (verb).
TYPES OF ADVERBS
Adverbs of Manner
- To describe how an action is done
(softly, quickly, angrily, etc.)
Examples
- The old man walked slowly.
- She carried the box carefully.
- Siva did well in the examination.
26. Adverbs of Time
- To describe when an action happens
(after, before, already, now, since, soon,
seldom)
Examples:
- They went home after the show.
- Her parents will be home soon.
- I have not seen her since last night.
27. Adverbs of Place
- To show where an action is done
(here, there, everywhere, nowhere)
Examples:
- Please sit here.
- She has lived there for two years
- They threw rubbish everywhere.
28. COMPARISON OF ADVERBS
- Adverbs have three degrees of comparison :
The Positive is used
1) to describe one situation
Examples
- She walks slowly.
- We worked hard.
2) to compare two equal or similar situations
Examples
- Jill walks as slowly as Lisa.
- I worked as hard as everyone.
29. The Comparative is used
-to compare two situations that are not equal.
Examples:
- Rani walks more slowly than Rina.
- Jamal worked harder than them.
30. The Superlative is used
- to compare three or more situations.
Examples
- She walks most slowly of all.
- Jamal worked hardest of the three boys.
Positive Comparative Superlative
early earlier than the earliest
fast faster than the fastest
late later than the latest
31.
32. ARTICLES
- A is used to show singular in number
before words beginning with a consonant sound
(p. b, t, d, etc.).
NOTE:
UNIVERSITY is used with “a” because it begins
with a “y” sound.
Examples
- boy, cat, duck, fan, girl, jar, kite, lorry,
mouse, plate, queen, rat, soap, toy,
university, van, watch, xylophone, year, zoo
33. An is used to show singular in number
before words beginning with a vowel sound
(a, e, i, o, u).
NOTE
“Hour” and honour” are used with “an” because
they begin with an “o” sound.
Examples”
ant, accident, elephant, egg, ice-cube, an iron ,
owl, orange, umbrella, uncle, hour,
34. The is used:
i) to refer to person or thing that is mentioned
a second time
Examples
- I bought a book. The book cost ten ringgit.
ii) to refer to a particular person or thing
Examples
- He has a car. The car is old.
iii)to refer to a place or or thing where
there is only one.
Examples
35. iv)to show comparison before adjectives in
the superlative form
Examples
- most beautiful, most colourful
v) before names of certain countries rivers,
mountains, etc.
Examples
- Philippines, United States of America,
- Indian Ocean, Sahara Desert
We do not use a or an before
- plural nouns
- uncountable nouns
- names of people and places
36.
37. PREPOSITIONS
Prepositions are used to show position, direction,
time, etc.
Prepositions of Place or Position
(in, on, at, under, above, against, beside, behind,
between)
Examples:
- He put the mouse in a box.
- Eddie is standing on the table.
- Someone is at the door.
- Bobby hid under the hole.
- He held the paper above his head.
- Lina leaned against the wall.
- He was trapped between two pillars.
38. Prepositions of Direction
(to, over, from, along, across, around, up, down)
Examples
-The driver turned to the left.
-Gino jumped over the fence.
-They arrived from Penang yesterday.
-I saw him walking along Jalan Lima.
-The dog ran across the road.
-She became dizzy running around the tree
- They keep running up and down the stairs.
39. Prepositions of Time
(in, on, at, for, during, since, after, before)
Examples:
- Ben died in 1980.
- Jill was ill on Monday.
- The bus will leave at 8 p.m.
- I stayed in lpoh for two days.
- Rina visited us during the holidays.
- I have not seen Ravi since Sunday.
- They went home after dinner.
- She brushed her teeth before going to
41. CONJUNCTIONS
- Conjunctions are used to join two words, clauses
or sentences:
And
- To join words, phrases, clauses or sentences
Examples:
- Bannu can sing and dance.
- I am tired and I need to rest.
42. But
-To join ideas that are opposite of each other.
Examples:
i) David is hardworking but his sister is lazy.
ii) She wants to work but her father won’t let her.
43. Or
- To show a choice between two things
Examples:
- Do you want tea or coffee?
- She can take the bus or walk there.
44. If
- To show condition
Examples:
- Mr Lee will buy a car if he has the money.
- If we don’t hurry, we will miss the bus.
45. so and therefore
- To show cause and effect / result
Examples:
- I was hungry so I ate the biscuits.
- They were tired so they slept early.
- He is ill. Therefore he is absent from school.
46. because
- To show reason for an action
Examples:
- He was late because he missed the bus.
- The man shouts loudly because he is angry.
47. although
- To join two contrasting facts to contrast
Examples:
- Although he is rich, he is not happy.
- He came to school although he was sick.
- Although it is raining, he continues to
play in the rain.
48. either...or/neither...nor
To join two words, phrases, clauses or sentences
Examples
- You can either walk up the stairs
or take the lift.
- Neither he nor she went to school yesterday.
49.
50. Simple Present Tense
We use the simple present tense
(a) to express habitual actions. These are actions
which we do all the time or every day.
Examples:
1. I always help my mother to cook dinner.
2. They visit their parents in Seremban.
3. My friends take a bus to school every morning.
(b) to express facts or general truths.
Examples:
1. Frogs live on land and in water.
2. Plants need air and sunlight to grow.
3. A cow gives us beef and milk.
52. Present Continuous Tense
We use the present continuous tense to
express an action that is going on at the
time of speaking.
We form the Present Continuous Tense by
using:-
am / is / are + Present Participle
[ + ing]
Examples:
1. I am eating a plate of rice.
2. Benjamin is singing on the stage.
3. Sharon is talking to her friends now.
4. The duck is swimming in the water.
54. Simple Past Tense
We use the simple past tense to express an
action that happened at a given time in the past.
We form the simple past tense by adding
(a) adding ‘- ed or d’ to a verb .
They are called regular verbs.
stay – stayed watch – watched
cry – cried carry – carried
drop – dropped reply – replied
tie – tied live - lived
55. (b) changing the spelling of the verbs.
They are called irregular verbs.
Examples:
ring - rang choose - chose
dig – dug draw - drew
drink - drank feed - fed
take - took catch - caught
come - came begin – began
56. Not changing the spelling of the verbs at all.
put - put read - read
cut – cut hit - hit
shut - shut let - let
cost – cost beat - beat
1. They cut all those trees yesterday.
2. We played netball yesterday afternoon.
3. Puan Mary taught us English just now.
4. David did not visit his uncle last Sunday.
5. The men did not go fishing last week.
6. Did they see the headmaster yesterday?
57. Past Continuous Tense
We use the past continuous tense when we want
to talk about an action that was going on in the past.
We usually use it to talk about two actions
that are happening at the same time in the past.
- The words ‘when’, ‘while’ and ‘as’
are usually used in the sentences.
was / were + Present Participle
[ verb + ing]
1. Joseph was eating breakfast when his friend
called.
2. Sharon was talking to her friends while her
mother swept the floor.
3. Hashim was bathing when the phone rang.
