Simply Green -- A Few Steps in the Right Direction toward Integrating Sustainability into Public Sector IT

Simply Green A Few Steps in t he Right Direction toward Integrating Sustainability into Public Sector IT A G r e e n P a p e r f r o m t h e C e n t e r f o r D i g i t a l G o v e r n m e n t

2 Simply Green

Table of Contents Executive Summary: Simple Steps 4 Introduction: Occam’s Razor 6 Step 1: Rules and Regulations 8 Step 2: Operational Optimization 13 Step 3: Acquisition and Disposal of Technology 17 Step 4: Home as the New Workplace 19 Conclusion: Stepping up to Simple Steps 21 Endnotes 22

Executive Summary: Simple Steps “The question of how you persuade people that [climate Inconvenient Truth” and the Live Earth concerts, 2007 change and sustainability] is to do with them is a very may be best remembered as a tipping point in envi- interesting one…. We need to know whether people’s at- ronmental consciousness, complete with considerable titudes are the consequence of ignorance, disbelief or per- attention to the greening of IT. sonal self-interest and inertia. Even among those who do For his part, author Thomas L. Friedman, whose know about climate change, there is a yawning gap be- major works on globalization — The Lexis and the tween what people say and what they do. I don’t think Olive Tree and The World is Flat — became recom- there is any simple answer.” mended or even required reading in large swaths of John Leaman, Former Head of Research, state and local government, staked a claim for a new Ipsos MORI Environment Research Team1 form of green economics. In an aptly titled essay in the New York Times Magazine called “The Power of There may be no single, simple answer to the com- Green,” Friedman writes about the need to reclaim plex issue of climate change. Yet there are simple green as a brand: “I want to rename it geostrategic, steps that the public sector IT community can take geoeconomic, capitalistic and patriotic. I want to do in responding to renewed concerns about environ- that because I think that living, working, designing, mental sustainability while institutionalizing greater manufacturing and projecting America in a green way efficiencies into its operations. can be the basis of a new unifying political movement Those simple steps are the focus of this “green paper” for the 21st century.”3 — published primarily as a downloadable digital Friedman is no more the last word on environmental document with its hardbound version printed on stewardship than is Al Gore or a former rock star, post-consumer recycled paper — from the Center for Midnight Oil singer Peter Garrett, who now serves as Digital Government. environment minister in Australia.4 But all have wid- The naming of Simply Green was a deliberate choice. ened the conversation by popularizing the issues for a Simplicity confronts complexity, and there is more than broader audience. enough of that to go around when thinking about the Government leaders have been listening. Thirty-five public policy implications of sustainability, global states have adopted a climate action plan and more than climate change, governments’ carbon footprint — the 600 mayors are signatories to the U.S. Conference of impact on the environment measured in units of carbon Mayors Climate Protection Agreement. The National dioxide — and the so-called “greening” of IT.2 Governors Association also recently signed on to sup- Consider that, with Al Gore’s climate change trifecta port the Climate Savers Computing Initiative. of a Nobel Peace Prize, an Academy Award for “An With popularization has come politicization and polar- ization, the latter bookended by casting sustainability as The Time Has Come, 20 Years Later a “moral imperative” on one hand and opportunistically trivializing it through lip service or “green washing”5 on The time has come the other. To say fair’s fair Indeed, inconvenient truths have become very conve- To pay the rent nient differentiators in the marketing of information To pay our share technology under the rubric of the greening of IT — The time has come just scroll through your inbox or walk a trade show floor A fact’s a fact to see the selective claims made on behalf of any number It belongs to us all of goods and services that are being recast as environ- Let’s give it back mentally responsible. How can we dance when our earth is turning? The intent of Simply Green is to pursue a pragmatic path through this popularized, politicized and polarized envi- How do we sleep when our beds are burning? ronment that focuses on four primary areas that have a - Midnight Oil, “Beds are Burning,” 1987 direct bearing on the public sector information technology community. The discussion that follows highlights four steps in the right direction. 4 Simply Green

Step 1: Rules and Regulations: the environmental and their own performance and goals in the context of other conservation requirements that government sectors. Governments can still choose to do more, but imposes on itself and others; would be hard-pressed to justify doing less. Step 2: Operational Optimization: running the IT At the same time, Simply Green provides an oppor- that supports the mission-critical work of tunity to take stock of other initiatives that have a government cleaner, cooler and cheaper; bearing on government’s carbon footprint, including online services — the widespread adoption of which Step 3: Acquisition and Disposal: standing on the has replaced paper-intensive processes and reduced the shoulders of the federal Energy Star program, amount of travel needed to do business with govern- making smarter buying choices and paying ment. It also discusses the intersection of sustainability attention to what to do with electronic waste with teleconferencing technologies and telework, both (e-waste); and, of which reduce commutes by allowing work to be Step 4: Home: the place where public employees must done from a distance. inevitably work near or at if there are to be A final note: There is an old advertising campaign meaningful reductions in government’s car- from a national chain of oil change shops that ended bon footprint. with the tag line, “We don’t want to change the world; By definition, there are many important if controversial we just want to change your oil.” Such a campaign issues that are well beyond the scope of this paper and seems ironic in the current environment and would the authority of the Center — including but not lim- likely be rethought given today’s sensibilities around ited to greenhouse gas emission reductions, anti-sprawl sustainability. But the line of demarcation is a useful land-use policies, green building codes, energy-efficient one here. This paper makes no claims about contribut- building retrofits and emission trading systems. ing to the lofty goals of changing or saving the world, Those larger initiatives are properly the purview of but it does have something to say about helping the more widely chartered organizations — ranging from public sector IT community get its domain in order, the Clinton Climate Initiative and the Pew Center on come what may. Global Climate Change to Green Technology, a nonprofit initiative to inform government efforts toward sustainability, and a myriad of grassroots organizations. Big Picture Sustainability For its part, the Center for Digital Government is sim- Organizations ply focusing on its original wheelhouse — government Clinton Climate Initiative modernization — and the synergies between a more pro- www.clintonfoundation.org nounced hue of green and the practical considerations in Pew Center on Global Climate Change meeting the policy, management and operational needs www.pewclimate.org of doing the public’s business. There are a pair of technology industry initiatives that can provide useful assistance on the road to simplicity: Climate Savers which builds on the pioneering work And Those Focused on the of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Energy Greening of IT Star program for increasing PC and server power Green Technology performance; and, The Green Grid which integrates www.green-technology.org sustainability into the operating disciplines of raised floor data centers. US Government’s Energy Star Program www.Energy Star.gov While operational efficiency is only one of the four ar- Climate Savers Smart Computing Initiative eas examined in Simply Green, it readily points to the www.climatesaverscomputing.org importance of simplicity. In terms of non-duplication The Green GridSM of resources, these industry initiatives provide a starting www.thegreengrid.org point for large-scale purchasers and users of information UN Solving the E-waste Problem (StEP) technology in assessing their energy use, and planning www.step-iniative.org for its reduction during subsequent investment cycles. Carbon Disclosure Project Simply put, the industry benchmarks, targets and re- http://www.cdproject.net lated metrics make it simpler for governments to assess A Few Steps in the Right Direction toward Integrating Sustainability into Public Sector IT 5

Introduction: Occam’s Razor “All other things being equal, the simplest solution is Simple.gov suggested that disciplined change was the the best.” That is a contemporary paraphrase of Occam’s only way to prevent complexity from spiraling into cha- razor, a principle attributed to the 14th-century Eng- os. It also recognized that modernization efforts were at lish logician William of Ockham. Occam’s razor advises an important junction. Enough work had been done to “economy, parsimony, or simplicity” in our approach to transition public administration to the point that ana- all things.6 It goes to the heart of being simple, but it is log governments were running on digital platforms. The not easy. It assumes a disciplined approach to eliminat- challenge and opportunity that simplicity requires is to ing things that do not matter in finding the simplest complete the transition or, more properly, transforma- solution. Mathematicians prefer “irreducibly complex” tion to digital government. in describing simplicity. Either way, these formulations It follows then that the Center would be interested in point us in the right direction where environmental something that is simply green, in which the general stewardship is concerned, as well as in the continuing principles of simple are applied to the specific area of the campaign for government modernization. greening of IT. Simply Green is the sustainability sequel to Simple.gov: Indeed, there are synergies to be realized by extending It’s Time to Change the Story, an earlier white paper from the same stewardship disciplines that guide the road to the Center for Digital Government that explored the simple to operational policies and issues that have been prospect of applying Occam’s Razor to the way govern- bundled up and popularized under the rubric of green ment works in a digital, networked world. or sustainability. A sequel is different than an afterthought. It builds on an existing back story. It relies on and requires work that has already been done. To paraphrase the late Peter Drucker, there is nothing as useless as sustaining something that is not sustainable. Simply Green continues the Simple.gov story Changing the story to focus on products and processes that are: 4Simplified 4Simple to use 4Sophisticated, elegant and straight forward While recognizing that getting to “irreducibly complex” may be simple, but it is not easy. The Center for Digital Government white paper Simple.gov — It’s Time to Change the Story is available as a digital download under the publications tab at www.centerdigitalgov.com. 6 Simply Green

The Dance of Simplicity and Sustainability Step 3: ACQUISITION and DISPOSAL of Tech- nology: A validation of the largely voluntary To those ends, Simply Green offers a few steps in the e-waste recycling effort to keep old technology right direction toward integrating sustainability into out of landfills, and an embrace of industry- public sector IT. The four steps, as depicted in Figure led initiatives such as the new Climate Savers 1 below, sketch out the opening moves in the dance of Computing Initiative to reduce carbon dioxide simplicity and sustainability: emissions from commodity computing. Step 1: RULES and REGULATIONS: A clear-eyed Step 4: HOME as the New Workplace: With much assessment of the completeness and consistency of government’s carbon footprint consumed of the policy environment in spelling out the in the commute, the greening of IT may fi- expectations that government has of itself and nally provide an impetus for telework that is others in environmental stewardship. equal to the resistance it has long faced by Step 2: OPERATIONAL OPTIMIZATION: With entrenched bureaucracies and work rules.7 a major IT advisory house predicting energy Each step will be discussed in turn. The first step neces- costs could soon consume up to half of an sarily requires taking stock of the dance floor. organization’s IT budget, running cleaner, cooler and cheaper from the data center to the farthest reaches of the organization may make green the last best chance to stay out of the red. 2 Operational Optimization 3 Acquisition & Disposal 1 Rules & Regulations 4 Commute & Telework Figure 1: The Dance of Simplicity and Sustainability: A Few Steps in the Right Direction A Few Steps in the Right Direction toward Integrating Sustainability into Public Sector IT 7

Step 1: Rules and Regulations: A clear-eyed assessment of the completeness and consistency of the policy environment in spelling out the expectations that government has of itself and others in environmental stewardship. The Pew Center on Global Climate Change keeps a run- due to initiatives all around the globe as we recognize ning tally of climate change legislation from states across the connectivity of everything in the ecosystem, whether the country.8 Prior to the 2008 legislative sessions, the that’s an IT system or the physical ecosystem so you real- legislative action fell into three dominant categories: (1) ize the products that you use come back into that system the creation of climate change plans and commissions; [need to do so] in an eco-friendly way.”13 (2) greenhouse gas reporting, registries and inventories; Saving the environment is a big job, and it lends itself to and (3) renewable energy and electric power performance a myriad of possible metrics and measures to reflect the standards. The mix will inevitably change when chambers complexity of the underlying science. Resisting the twin are gaveled to order with the start of subsequent legislative temptations to do too little or too much makes it all the sessions. For example, more than 26 states will consider more important to take a programmatic approach while e-waste legislation similar to that already adopted in avoiding unnecessary duplication of effort. Arkansas, California, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Virginia and Washington.9 For its part, one research and advisory company is more pointed in its assessment, cautioning that, “Regulations Public executives have been more likely than legislative are multiplying and have the potential to seriously con- bodies to set expectations directly related to information strain companies in building data centers, as the impact technology. Through executive orders and directives, a on power grids, carbon emissions from increased use growing number of governors have directed agencies to and other environmental impacts are under scrutiny.”14 reduce energy consumption across the board, including the power demands of information technology. As is often the case, advocates of point solutions — Likewise, more than 600 mayors have signed the U.S. solving one problem without regard to related issues Conference of Mayors’ Climate Protection Agreement,10 — often lack the ability or interest in helping us see which includes commitments to commute reduction the wider programmatic view. At the same time, there programs, purchasing only Energy Star-certified equip- are competing interests that would create entirely new ment and sustainable building practices such as the bureaucracies to monitor and assess just how green U.S. Green Building Council’s Leadership in Energy green is, or is becoming. Both alternatives add complexity and Environmental Design (LEED) Green Building when what is needed is simplicity. Rating program.11 The simplest solution for taking a programmatic view of Elected officials and other public officials are in an green IT in the public sector is to adapt existing efforts unenviable position because there is no one answer to to account for this new priority. As detailed in Table 1, what the public expects from leaders, their neighbors 39 states have developed accountability or performance and themselves. The public opinion research firm Ipsos programs and 35 states have adopted a climate action MORI observes that, “While people voice concern plan. Among the 49 states that have one or the other, about climate change but do little to change their 25 have both. behavior, they also bow to financial pressures whilst claiming to shrug them off.”12 For now the lack of firm consensus may provide some breathing room for the public sector IT community as it figures out how to best address climate change. According to Phil Bond, president and CEO of the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA), “I think it’s going to become a day-to-day con- sideration for most folks in government. I don’t think it is right now. I think it already is on the commercial side 8 Simply Green

Table 1: States with a Climate Action Plan and/or a Performance and Accountability Program Climate Action Accountability/Performance Plans Programs Alaska • Alabama • • Arkansas • Arizona • • California • • Colorado • • Connecticut • • Delaware • Florida • • Georgia • Hawaii • • Idaho • • Iowa • • Illinois • • Indiana • Kansas • Kentucky • Louisiana • Massachusetts • Maryland • • Maine • • Michigan • Minnesota • • Mississippi • Missouri • • Montana • • Nebraska • New Mexico • North Carolina • New Hampshire • New Mexico • • New Jersey • New York • • Nevada • • North Carolina • North Dakota • Ohio • Oregon • • Pennsylvania • • Rhode Island • • South Carolina • • Texas • Tennessee • • Utah • • Virginia • • Vermont • Washington • • West Virginia Wisconsin • Wyoming • Sources: Pew Center on Global Climate Change, Urban Institute, Government Accountability Ofﬁce, National Council of State Legislators, Center for Digital Government A Few Steps in the Right Direction toward Integrating Sustainability into Public Sector IT 9

The 39 accountability and performance states would Sustainability Officer.” The proponents of such a devel- do well to integrate a green component into existing ac- opment envision a “Chief Green Officer” as being on countability programs rather than to create a new and point for a broad agenda to “reduce the environmental likely duplicative oversight bureaucracy. The 25 states footprint, engage with a diverse group of stakeholders, that have both have twice the incentive to integrate sus- and discover new revenue opportunities.”15 tainability and accountability. On the downside, Green Czars represent the thin edge To be clear, this is not to argue that political subdi- of the wedge in creating a new bureaucracy, the carbon visions should not create climate advisory boards and footprint of which would have to be mitigated. There are agencies, or positions for environmental stewards or other organizational constraints. The sustainability point chief sustainability officers, to the degree that they fit person will be less likely than her C-level executive the administration’s priorities. The point here is that colleagues to be able to see into particular operating any such move should be, at a minimum, carbon neu- environments and understand the opportunities and tral. Green governance should not increase head count pitfalls in harvesting environmental gains. Moreover, a or square footage and their attendant resource con- chief green officer is primarily a policy and policing role, sumption. It represents an ideal opportunity to create which makes it difficult to be genuinely collegial in the virtual teams that use networked collaborative tools executive suite. without expanding the government’s footprint. It also “I do not believe it is necessary to establish a Chief represents a stewardship opportunity to sunset existing Green Officer position,” suggests Dr. Mike Mittleman, functions and agencies that have outlived the original New York state deputy CIO. “Sustainability is a con- purpose and re-purpose those resources in favor of this cern and responsibility of all organizational members. new priority. As such, it should be given prominence in strategic Put another way, public agencies can do better by the plans and policies. Various performance metrics can be environment with only incremental effort by extend- established that will readily provide current state and ing existing programs — not building new ones. Not trend information to management and staff. Measures to integrate or streamline such programs would have the should be global within an organization since all areas ironic side effect of growing the bureaucracy, increasing consume power and all parts can take steps to reduce the need for energy-consuming office space and expand- consumption. The other reality is most power meter- ing governments’ carbon footprint. The irony would not ing and billing systems are not sufficiently granular to be lost on the activist community or headline writers. isolate power consumption by floor or office.”16 Green is good, but its purposes will not be well served California CIO Teri Takai, who previously served in the if it becomes the basis of all new programs administered same role in Michigan and is a past president of the by all new bureaucracies that exist somehow separately National Association of State Chief Information Offi- from the real work of government. Surely, something cers (NASCIO), agrees. “I think a Green C [Chief Green green can grow on and through the 39 existing statewide Officer] is overkill. Once the governor sets a policy, it is performance and accountability programs that have up to the cabinet agencies to determine what their role been put in place over the last 15 years. For the pub- is in energy efficiency,” says Takai. “I am [also] not sure lic sector IT community, integrating green into existing that the CIO should be the focal point for all of the policies, plans and processes is another opportunity state’s greening efforts. I believe that the CIO should to avoid building tomorrow’s organizational stove- take a leadership role in ensuring that [everything IT is] pipes today. ‘green.’”17 The Commonwealth of Virginia has found a different balance point. “We appointed a senior advisor to the Public CIOs, Green Czars and their Spans governor as our ‘energy czar,’” remembers Secretary of of Control Technology Aneesh Chopra. He says CIOs should not Chief information officers came into their own as be confused with being Green Czars because “the skills organizations recognized the strategic importance are totally different,” but “the CIO is an important of information technology. As organizations come to stakeholder for states that plan to lead by example in terms with the strategic importance of sustainability, it lowering our energy footprint.”18 leaves open the possibility of the ascendancy of a “Chief 10 Simply Green

Sustainability brings with it technologies of its own, puters, network infrastructure and software, but that particularly where green or energy-efficient buildings are does not necessarily translate to the CIO being qualified concerned. Like physical controls in manufacturing and to manage the carpool.” other mechanical processes, green technologies rely on digital technologies to control the controls — including a growing range of products alternatively known as Moral Imperatives and Digital Technologies in operational technology (OT) or embedded IT. Digital the Public Square physical controls have been outside the purview of CIOs We should have seen this coming. We could have. And in manufacturing, warehousing and the operation of some did, three decades ago. From 1972 to 1995, Con- bridges. The public CIOs interviewed for Simply Green gress was served by an Office of Technology Assessment agreed that the CIO’s span of control was unlikely to that it charged with deep, comprehensive and technical change as green control and other technologies become analysis across five areas of research. The OTA delivered, mainstream — nor should it. in a myriad of reports over the years, a collective 100,000 Mittleman and Chopra pointed to appropriateness of pages of non-partisan, expert advice that won the agen- fit between business needs and skill sets. According to cy bipartisan praise and a reputation as Capitol Hill’s Mittleman, “The CIO does not generally have special “best and smallest agency.” Regrettably, none of that was knowledge, training or skills that automatically proffer enough to spare the OTA from closure amid the govern- credentials for managing outside of the usual sphere of ment downsizing that came in the mid-1990s.20 influence — that is, information technology.” For her Given the challenges of global climate change, globaliza- part, Takai says the integration of digital, network tech- tion and the social impacts of network technologies that nologies into control technologies notwithstanding, characterize our times, it is difficult not to wax nostalgic state and local governments “all have an active facilities about an organization that was chartered to consider “the management organization who are responsible for over- effects of technological change on jobs and training, and all power consumption.” Her only caveat is that all such analyzed the changing role of electronic technologies in devices need to be well behaved as they connect to the the nation’s industrial, commercial, and governmental state network. “My view is that the role of the CIO is to institutions and the influence of related regulations and ensure that any devices that utilize state networks should policies” under one program and examine “the role of be vetted by the CISO [chief information security of- technology in extracting, producing, and using energy ficer],” she says, but “the selection and control should be resources; in designing, operating, and improving trans- the responsibility of [the] facilities [department].” portation systems; and in planning, constructing, and Richard H. J. Varn, CIO for the city of San Antonio, maintaining infrastructure … and recycling or waste Texas and long-serving senior fellow with the Center management” under another.21 for Digital Government, says, “We are responsible for In the absence of the OTA or a successor agency, these the flows of actionable data on which people or sys- issues have fallen to freelancers — grassroots organiza- tems depend. That’s where we have a role.” Noting that tions, authors and activists — whose advocacy lacks the public sector IT [departments are] “already so big and comprehensive view of technology assessment. The inappropriately staffed,” Varn insists that CIOs should National Association of State Chief Information Officers not buy trouble: “Sustainability is at the logical nexus (NASCIO) stepped into the breach with the creation of physics, fluid and thermal dynamics and mechanical of its Greening of IT Working Group to “explore the engineering, not IT. But when the information systems role that CIOs can play in their states to preserve on which that nexus relies need support, we’re there.” the environment while providing the technology that With a wink and a nod to the marketing campaign of enables state government operations.” In a preliminary a major manufacturing concern, Varn concludes, “We description of the group, NASCIO anticipated devel- don’t make green technologies; we may make them oping a “call to action to raise awareness of the CIO’s more useful.”19 role in green IT” and aggregating “policies, business and “All things technical are not IT,” agrees Mittleman, procurement strategies, and emerging best practices for because chasing everything digital could take CIOs to state CIOs to green state IT.”22 places they do not want to go. “Automobiles represent compendiums of several technologies, including com- A Few Steps in the Right Direction toward Integrating Sustainability into Public Sector IT 11

Even an organization known for its measured approach ﬂirted with the idea that the working group could help change the world: “As environmental concerns rise to the top of the agenda for lawmakers and citizens alike, the IT community must also reevaluate its energy consumption and use of resources. As ‘green’ becomes the moral imperative of the 21st century, the role of the state CIO will become increasingly relevant.”23 Such aspirations were tempered by NASCIO Executive Director Doug Robinson who explained that green did not make the member CIOs’ top 20 of strategic initiatives for 2008, “When you’re competing with front-page issues like IT security, consolidation, disaster recovery, ERP implementation, ERP strategies, health information technology — that’s the challenge. It’s not as strategic as some of those; it’s much more tactical.”24 Contrast that with the number one spot given to green IT by one research and advisory company’s analysts in their rundown of strategic technologies for 2008.25 The difference in ranking may be best explained by how green is seen and understood. When green is elevated to a moral imperative, sales-related organizations see it as an opportunity to create, make or expand a market. In the public sector, a moral imperative can fairly be seen as a euphemism for an unfunded mandate (and few things are less welcome in the competition for scarce public resources). Given the still-unknown scope and economic impact of sustainability, it casts a dark green shadow over public organizations and their budgets as the mother of unfunded mandates. 12 Simply Green

Step 2: Operational Optimization: With a major IT advisory house predicting energy costs could soon consume up to half of an organization’s IT budget,26 running cleaner, cooler and cheaper from the data center to the farthest reaches of the organization may make green the last best chance to stay out of the red. “Data centers are the energy hogs of the 21st century,” “‘an absolute juggernaut’ in energy consumption. He ar- cautions Aneesh Chopra, Virginia’s Secretary of Tech- gued that industry and the government shared a ‘moral nology, “And if we all believe we need to have renew- obligation’ to ensure the country’s energy security.”30 able energy and energy independence in this country, Even as energy consumption and related costs rise, so those of us in the IT community must step up and ac- to does the workload on the raised floor. In 2006, data knowledge that we are net consumers in a significant centers around the world managed 161 exabytes, or 161 way.”27 Indeed, the hogs have a huge appetite. The U.S. billion gigabytes. The information created, captured and Environmental Protection Agency put numbers to data replicated is on track to grow six-fold by 2010 from 161 center power consumption in a report to Congress. By exabytes to 988 exabytes.31 (See Big Number sidebar for its math, data centers used 61 billion kilowatt-hours in context.) But there is no apparent correlation between 2006 — that’s 1.5 percent of all power consumed in the workload and energy consumption. “In a typical data- United States — at a cost of $4.5 billion. The EPA of- center,” suggests Amory Lovins, the chief scientist of the fered no estimate as to how much of that is attributable sustainability-focused Rocky Mountain Institute, “the to state and local government, but estimated federal data electricity usage hardly varies at all, but the IT load var- centers were on the hook for 10 percent of that total.28 ies by a factor of three or more. That tells you that we’re To the degree there is an imperative, it is over energy waste. not properly implementing power management.”32 The “The information technology function is responsible for Robert Frances Group estimates that power and cool- a major portion of an organization’s power consumption; ing costs for data centers consume up to 40 percent of often needlessly so,” laments Mike Mittleman. For the the operating costs of the buildings in which they are Empire State’s deputy CIO, the remedy begins with a housed.33 Moreover, Gartner estimates that 60 percent “focus on improving power efficiency for those business of a data center’s energy consumption is wasted.34 (See aspects unquestionably under CIO control [which] should sidebar for energy best practices for data centers.) have a salubrious impact on the organization’s carbon footprint.” For Mittleman, it is a matter of proper public stewardship. “Given the spiraling cost of power,” he says, “the CIO is obligated to implement strategies that will A Big Number: 1,152,921,504,606,846,976 reduce consumption; responsible organization citizenship EXABYTE: (1) 2 to the 60th power (1,152,921,504,606,846,976) demands nothing less.” bytes. An exabyte is equal to 1,024 petabytes. California CIO Teri Takai is less sanguine about the pros- PETABYTE: 2 to the 50th power (1,125,899,906,842,624) bytes. pects: “We are the main power consumers in the state and A petabyte is equal to 1,024 terabytes. our costs are rising. Replacing our old equipment with TERABYTE: (1) 2 to the 40th power (1,099,511,627,776) bytes. energy efficient equipment sounds great but is very hard This is approximately 1 trillion bytes. (2) 10 to the 12th power to justify. Replacing old facilities is even harder. And while (1,000,000,000,000). This is exactly 1 trillion. virtualization sounds great, we are still fighting to consoli- Source: webopedia.internet.com date physical data centers. How are we going to consolidate across servers that we can’t get into the same room? I am a great believer that the CIO needs to get the IT shop A (Seemingly) Small Number: 2% in order before they branch out to take over the world.”29 These are very real challenges, but ones that government The operation of information and communications technolo- agencies can overcome. There is tremendous opportunity gies accounts for roughly 2 percent of global carbon dioxide for energy reduction and increased performance. (CO2) emissions, including PCs, servers, cooling, fixed and mobile telephony, LAN, WAN, printers, UPS, and storage. In a meeting with technology firms in Silicon Valley, Source: Gartner, 2007 Andrew Karsner, an assistant secretary in the U.S. De- partment of Energy, characterized computer systems as A Few Steps in the Right Direction toward Integrating Sustainability into Public Sector IT 13

The figure excludes the energy used in the manufacturing on a mainframe but as low as 5 to 15 percent on and distribution process, the attendant extraction of raw servers. At the processer level, activate “throttle down resources for their manufacture, and in their disposal. features [to] reduce energy consumption” and consider migration to “multicore processors that squeeze out better performance at lower clock speeds.”37 Always On vs. Turn It Off: Considerations for Compromise 4. Be careful to compare blade servers and rack servers on the basis of computing capacity and power and The chief performance attributes of data centers — cooling requirements, not on space. The calcula- availability, reliability and sheer horsepower (perfor- tions, not to mention operational considerations, mance) — are at odds with the conservation-based here are complex and deserve disciplined analysis. assumptions of sustainability. Through experimen- For example, blade and virtualization technologies tation with available tools, and the promise of new result in denser data centers that require more power functionality in subsequent “greener” releases, data and more cooling but server consolidation through center operators and their providers (plus analysts virtualization can result in significant energy savings. and other observers) are working on a number of emerging practices that may result in an honorable 5. Measure and monitor the energy consumption of compromise between performance and sustainability. servers at least once per year.38 Choose more efficient In broad strokes, the emerging set of greener practices power supplies for servers and recognize that redun- suggests organizations build on long established data dancy and load sharing strategies raise both uptime center disciplines. Here, in summary form, are 9 steps rates and energy use. Many rack servers ship with with which to start: supplies that are 60 percent to 70 percent efficient — but the Energy Star 80 Plus requirement, which 1. Take a broad, holistic view of the organization and its requires power supplies in computers and servers to be operations in assessing energy use, factoring energy and 80 percent or greater energy efficient, can save an esti- cooling cost reduction into lifecycle management;35 mated 301 kilowatt-hours (kWh) per server per year. 2. Consider power efficiency as a key placement attri- 6. Use the operating system to ration the voltage going to bute in scheduling server workloads.36 the processor, particularly as new power management 3. Balance energy consumption and utilization in pick- features in new operating system releases provide more ing platforms. CPU utilization averages 90 percent finely grained controls.39 7. Take advantage of metrics and models developed The Green Grid Technology Roadmap by industry initiatives such as The Green Grid (see sidebar) to improve the energy efficiency of existing Data Center Standards and Metrics Inventory: Identifies data centers and plan more effectively for new facili- coverage gaps in existing energy efficiency standards and ties, with a view to better management of “increased recommends future developments computing, network, and storage demands, low Data Center Power Efficiency Model: Builds on metrics to energy costs, and reduce total cost of ownership model workload classification and data center segmentation (TCO) — all while remaining … able to meet Energy Efficiency Operationalization: Maps requirements future business needs.”40 for collecting power consumption data 8. Adapt performance dashboards to reflect sustainabil- Efficiency Baseline: Assesses organizational motivation for ity measures — including metrics that encompass greening data centers metrics such as “energy and materials efficiency, Data Center Operational and Performance Best Practices: carbon dioxide footprint, wastes, supplier manage- Right-sizing data centers through virtualization and ment, staff development and projects.”41 consolidation, based on data center characteristics and performance schema. 9. And the classically simple (but often overlooked) Power Distribution Options: Describes qualitative answer: When not in use, turn it off. (See Step 4 for advantages and disadvantages of data center power a more nuanced discussion of making use of power distribution configurations. management functions, particularly those that ship Cooling Options Study: Mirrors the power distribution study with end-user systems.) but focuses on data center cooling architectures. 14 Simply Green

Clearly, data center optimization is a much larger planners make smarter decisions when and if they are undertaking than can be captured in even the most able to re-think data centers and build one from scratch. refined bulleted list. Enter The Green Grid, a not-for-profit industry con- A Green House for a Green Data Center sortium focused on “advancing energy efficiency in Virginia Secretary Chopra looks to the private sector for data centers and computing ecosystems,” which has the needed innovation to fundamentally reform data completed the key elements of its technology road- centers, “We need to encourage our vendor community map, the first priority of which is developing metrics to build green-friendly data centers and server farms so for benchmarking, measuring and optimizing data we can be proper stewards of our resources.” center power consumption.42 One example of such industry-led innovation is found The consortium was welcomed as a common aggregation at the intersection of modularization and sustainability. point as the industry and data center operators struggled In late 2007, one computer manufacturer unveiled a full to come to terms with green. Even at that, some analysts data center in a box — and delivered it on a truck. The worried that the consortium’s industry ties might hold it big digital prefab is “a pre-configured, fully contained data back from the kind of innovation needed to re-imagine center in a shipping container.” The manufacturer says the data center as part of a sustainable ecosystem. the data center module “is optimized for maximum den- It is worth noting that The Green Grid aspires not only sity, performance and energy efficiency.” What’s more, it to help tune up existing data centers but also to help was built with “recyclable parts and components.”43 Energy Best Practices in Data Centers A Contrarian Consensus Consolidation and virtualization matters because low server As a matter of first principles, the greenest data center is the one utilization rates waste energy and virtualization increases that you don’t build; the greenest server or storage device is the utilization. Finally, modular design lets systems run at load one that you don’t buy; and the greenest watt of electricity is the — where energy performance is at its peak — or, alternatively, one that you don’t use. turn off when not at capacity. Planning the Work, Working the Plan Cool Running, not Cold Fewer than half of organizations monitor the energy Data centers should not be mitten or sweater cold, yet data consumption of their data centers.44 Co-location of data centers center employees often sport the layered look to be comfortable in dual-use buildings often makes it difficult to meter IT energy at work. There is sometimes historic or cultural resistance to the consumption separately. As a first step, uninterrupted power idea of raising temperatures in the data center out of concern supply (UPS) systems can act as a surrogate in monitoring for the operating temperatures of mission-critical machines. power consumption by mission critical gear. What is a data Yet the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air- center operator to do? Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) may expand its recommended specifications for server temperature by as much as 80 percent Draw on best practices and humidity ranges by 60 percent,47 suggesting there appears • Assess and plan. to be operating tolerances to be exploited. • Consolidate and ladder refreshes with energy efficient replacement servers. To those ends: • Aggregate high-demand systems and use rack- or row-based Get Dense cooling systems to do what room-based air conditioning cannot. • If you must own, share. • Make sure HVAC systems are working for you, not against you. • If you must operate your own, consolidate, modularize, Luke warm is no solution. Separate hot aisle from cold aisle. virtualize and rethink floor space. • Run chillers at off-peak hours and use stored energy during • If you go after your servers, go after storage too. peak loads. • The installation of blanking panels — pieces of metal Data centers were the original shared service where multiple that prevent air re-circulation — can reduce energy loss public entities could avoid duplicate investments in raised floor through unused vertical space in open-frame racks and rack space, uninterrupted power supply (UPS) and environmentals. enclosures, which creates unrestricted hot air recycling and Looking ahead, systems will consume available power supply causes equipment to heat up unnecessarily. much faster than floor space, and the cost of power is more • As Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory suggests, data volatile than real estate. centers can tap cooler seasonal weather to economize by using air-side economizers, which typically sense and In one manufacturer’s assessment of what it characterizes as filter outside air and allow it to enter the data center when a typical data center, 15 percent was consumed by storage,45 conditions, such as temperature and humidity, are within 26 percent by computing servers and fully 59 percent was acceptable engineering parameters.48 consumed by cooling.46 A Few Steps in the Right Direction toward Integrating Sustainability into Public Sector IT 15

The modular approach, particularly if available as a and downtown Olympia — is slated for demolition to leased product or, better yet under a Software-as-a- make way for a politically-prized Heritage Center, de- Service (SaaS) offering, fits with the dual but conflicting scribed as “the most important construction project in demands for greater capacity amid oversubscribed Olympia since the Capitol was finished in 1928.”49 The budgets. Such a new modular infrastructure, with or operational need to replace the existing 32-year-old DIS without a new business model, comes with added sus- data center certainly factored into the decision but it tainability benefits too. benefited from being seen in the context of the larger capitol campus transformation. Conventional public sector data centers tend to be on elongated amortization schedules and new or replace- Sustainability and efficiency were integrated into the ment facilities have very long gestation periods. “It’s a bid for the new DIS complex, as they have been since capital construction project,” reminds NASCIO Execu- 2005 under an executive order issued by the previous tive Director Doug Robinson, “and it can take many administration. The order requires, in part, that major years to get it approved.” construction projects “be built and certified to the U.S. Green Building Council Leadership in Energy and Timing may not be everything in a political environ- Environmental Design (LEED) Silver Standard…”50 ment, but it is an important thing. Washington state’s timing could not have been better. With careful plan- DIS Director Gary Robinson says the return on invest- ning and sophisticated stewarding through the state ment considerations related to silver certification “were planning and budgeting processes, the Washington State addressed at the pre-design stage.”51 The project has Department of Information Services (DIS) is expected transitioned successfully to the design stage, with the to break ground on an all new and very green data center Seattle-based firm Wright Runstad & Company under in spring 2008. contract to develop and build the complex. The new DIS 166,000-square-foot data center is the In some pubic installations, LEED Silver compliance defining feature of a 456,000-square-foot, $260 mil- has led to operational savings of up to 35 percent.52 lion office complex, scheduled to be built on one of the Gartner suggests that such savings do not come for free, last available spaces on Olympia’s capitol campus. That estimating that “going green may add 10 percent to 15 land scarcity was important to the project’s approval. percent [to] capital equipment and operational costs.” The timely completion of the DIS complex in 2010 will provide new offices for the host agency as well as the Still, the analyst house estimates that, by 2011, a quarter Washington State Patrol, Department of General Ad- of new data centers will be strikingly different than those ministration (GA) and other smaller agencies. The State operating today, with “mechanical, electrical, thermal Patrol, GA and the others need a new home because and hosted computer systems have all been designed for their existing one — a non-descript, 1950s-era cinder maximum energy efficiency.”53 brick building with spectacular views of Capitol Lake The new Washington state facility may be prototypical of the new green breed of data centers. It is scheduled to come online in 2010. The transformation will be tele- The LEED Silver Standard vised — DIS plans to maintain a live Web stream from the construction site. Certification at the silver level of compliance or achievement requires a building project to earn 33 to 38 points of a possible 69 across six areas of examination: • Site Sustainability • Water Efficiency • Energy and Atmosphere • Materials and Resources • Indoor Environmental Quality • Innovation and Design Process The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Green Building Rating System encourages and accelerates global adoption of sustainable green building and development practices through the creation and implementation of universally understood and accepted tools and performance criteria. Source: www.usgbc.org 16 Simply Green

Step 3: Acquisition and Disposal of Technology: A validation of the largely volunteer effort to keep old technology out of landfills, and an embrace of industry-led initiatives such as the new Climate Savers Computing Initiative to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from commodity computing. The country’s largest states have among the most ambitious the manufacturing and distribution process, the atten- sustainability programs. California Gov. Arnold Schwar- dant extraction of raw resources for their manufacture, zenegger laid out a broad agenda in an executive order on and in their disposal. And their responses have coalesced sustainability, which included LEED Silver certification for around a commitment to environmental sustainability. new buildings, Energy Star certification for new technolo- Typical of the industry are policy and operational objec- gy and an overall mandate to make California government tives to “design products with a focus on: safe operation buildings 20 percent more efficient by 2015.54 At the op- throughout the entire product life cycle, extending posite corner of the country, New York Gov. Eliot Spitzer product life span, reducing energy consumption, avoiding introduced his “15 by 15” plan to reduce state electricity environmentally sensitive materials, promoting dema- consumption 15 percent by 2015.55 terialization, and using parts that are capable of being recycled at the highest level.”58 Information technology can both help and hinder such efforts. New York state Deputy CIO Mike Mittleman Beyond company by company initiatives, the industry began what he called “after-hours thinking on one small banded together with conservation groups in support aspect of the relationship between information technol- of the Climate Savers Computing Initiative. At its core, ogy, equipment selection and the environment.” The the initiative is about cutting the energy consumption result was an intellectually and statistically rigorous examination of the difference configurations can make Simple Steps for Immediate Impact when compared on key characteristics: 4 A Green Ratio focuses on energy efficiency; in the Office 4 A Cost Ratio places a premium on procurement Turn Workflow on its Head expense; and The Old Model – Print and distribute. 4 A Green Value Ratio considers processing power, The New Model – Distribute and print. energy efficiency and cost. The new model securely captures documents at the point of origin and manages the digital document through an automated workflow Of the three, Mittleman concludes that the Green Value to the end user, while giving readers the discretion of whether and Ratio is the most helpful in materially helping in making when to press “print.” management decisions, while realizing other benefits Minimize power needs by going Multi along the way. “Factoring energy efficiency into enterprise Multi-function printers or all-in-one machines (combining print, copy, information technology purchasing decisions is more scan and fax functions) use up to 40 percent less energy to operate than simply a way of demonstrating environmental sen- because multiple machines are replaced by a single device, itself sitivity; it is consistent with the concerns and actions of Energy Star rated. the industry, in short, a best practice,” wrote Mittleman, Default to Duplex “From another perspective, energy management offers Default settings for two-sided printing and copying saves paper and an increasingly important cost-saving opportunity.”56 complements paper recycling programs. Centralized and remote administration of an organization’s entire fleet of printers and copiers The promise of an emerging or best practice in the pro- offers both productivity and sustainability gains. Changes should curement of commodity IT has focused the attention begin by presetting all devices to the energy-saving “sleep” mode. of the industry on helping potential purchasers make better decisions. One manufacturer offers an approach Alert but not Awake called SWaP — Space, Watts and Performance. The One manufacturer offers a proprietary “Instant-on” function that rouses sleeping machines quickly without impairing productivity. 59 metric considers three dimensions of space, power consumption and server performance.57 Diet Stuffing At the design, manufacturing and distribution levels, Incorporate requirements for eliminating excess packaging for equipment and consumables in purchasing and procurement practices. computer manufacturers face common challenges re- Look to third-party assessments of sustainability performance, such as lated to embodied energy — that is, the energy used in those at the Carbon Disclosure Project.60 A Few Steps in the Right Direction toward Integrating Sustainability into Public Sector IT 17

of commodity technologies in half by 2010. The startling facturers will also act as brokers in reselling used equipment starting point is that an average desktop PC wastes nearly that still has commercial value and returning the proceeds half the power delivered to it. If successful in halving the to the original owner. All of these reuse and recycling half, PCs will only be wasting a quarter of their energy approaches are predicated on careful attention to the docu- supply by the end of the decade. To get there, consumers mented and audited overwriting, reformatting or wiping and institutional purchasers are encouraged to purchase of hard drives to ensure that sensitive data is not left on Energy Star 4.0 compliant energy-efficient systems61 and unwanted equipment.67 use the power management tools with which they ship. State initiatives share with the UN StEP program a Servers are more energy efficient than PCs out of the joint approach that brings together sectors around a box — wasting only 30 to 40 percent of input power common purpose. “We’re working with the private but Climate Savers has a program for improving energy sector to make sure that when we put things to sur- efficiency in server rooms and data centers too. plus, when we are actually disposing of equipment, that we are part of a process that makes sure that we are Climate Savers estimates that the price premium for protecting the environment, says California CIO Teri meeting high-efficiency targets will add less than $20 Takai, “We’re seeing many states that, like Michigan, per PC and less than $30 per server — “and decline partner with the Department of Environmental Qual- toward zero over time.”62 ity and the Department of Information Technology to The choices made in purchasing commodity technolo- make sure we’re walking the talk. It is important to gies is the second most important sustainability decision us to make sure that as we’re disposing of technology, an individual or organization makes. The first is the de- we’re doing it in a way that fits within the environmen- cision of what to do with a server, PC or peripheral when tal quality constraints of the state.” it has reached the end of its serviceable life. The problem Many state and local waste departments will pick up or is as large as the installed base — more than 800 mil- accept used computer systems and other hardware and lion PCs worldwide will be replaced between 2007 and refurbish them for distribution to underserved individu- 2012.63 A global problem has attracted a global response. als and nonprofit groups. In addition, many computer Various agencies of the United Nations, with the support manufacturers now offer recycling or lease programs, of non-governmental organizations and major players in and may even give discounts on the purchase of a new the technology industry, stepped up with a joint initia- system with the return of the old one. By Jan. 1, 2009, tive for Solving the E-waste Problem (StEP). The solu- electronics manufacturers will be required under Wash- tions are measured by a three part criteria — they must ington state law to provide recycling services that make be “feasible, just and environmentally safe.”64 it convenient for consumers across the state to dispose of Many U.S. states — Arkansas, California, Massachusetts, computers, computer monitors, laptops, televisions and Maryland, Maine, Virginia and Washington — have other covered electronics. The services must be made already passed legislation for the sustainable manage- available to recycle “computers used by households, small ment of electronic waste. As noted previously, e-waste governments, small businesses, and charities.” Even at the legislation is pending in another 26 states.65 state level, the implications are not trivial. The Washing- For its part, the industry favors options for recovering ton State Department of Ecology, which administers the value and minimizing the environmental impact of IT state electronic product recycling program, estimates that, products, listed here in descending order: between 2003 and the end of the decade, “more than 4.5 4 Reuse of the product by others, including by other million computer processing units, 3.5 million cathode businesses and consumers; ray tube monitors, and 1.5 million flat panel monitors 4 Reuse of components in used equipment and will become obsolete in Washington state” alone.68 refurbished spare parts markets; The improper or irresponsible disposal of old technol- 4 Recycling of materials into raw materials for use in ogy leaves communities and consumers subject to the new products; whim of the law of unintended consequences. Consider 4 Energy recovery (that is, heat is captured from the the 2007 recalls of tens of thousands of lead-painted toys recycling process and used for heating or other made in China, a country which is also a large-scale pur- beneficial purposes); and, chaser of e-waste products for reclamation. Just in time 4 Responsible disposal of obsolete computer equipment.66 for the holiday gift-buying season, a study by professors Three other variations warrant mention here. Cascading at Ashland University in Ohio found “highly leaded aging machines within or across public agencies extracts trinkets sold in the U.S. bore the chemical fingerprints the maximum serviceable life out of machines while manu- of lead from old computers.”69 facturers and other third parties offer to place donated That strikes very close to home. computers to suitable charities for their use. Some manu- 18 Simply Green

Step 4: Home as the New Workplace: With much of government’s carbon footprint consumed in the commute, the greening of IT may finally provide an impetus for telework that is equal to the resistance it has long faced by entrenched bureaucracies and work rules. Shorter is simply better when it comes to the distance Average Adoption of State Government between home and where business gets done. That is Online Services true in terms of the commute of public employees from Fishing & Hunting Licenses 54% their residences to their workplaces, as we will discuss in State Parks & Campsite Reservations 56% a moment, but it is also true of the distance between a resident and where she needs to go to complete a trans- Criminal History Background Checks 90% action with her government. Real Time Emergency Alerts 94% Sex Offender Look Up 98% The e-government initiatives of state and local govern- VIN Validation Search 88% ments are paying a substantial sustainability dividend by Vital Stats Certificate Ordering 56% eliminating trips between peoples’ homes and government facilities. Today’s digital majority — approximately Hospital Accreditation Status Look Up 68% 70 percent of all American homes are connected to the Credential Status Look Up (Medical) 93% Internet,70 more than half using broadband71 — is both Physician License Renewals 71% accustomed to and prefers online self-service to standing Nurse License Renewals 68% in line at a counter in a government building. Contractor Status Look Up 88% The average adoption of state government online ser- Job Search 84% vices (see table) demonstrates how half or more of many Unemployment Insurance Application 52% transaction types have moved online. What was origi- Individual Income Tax Filing & Payment 52% nally conceived of as a matter of convenience for citizens Benefits application & Status Look Up 61% in the mid-1990s at the birth of e-government — de- Master Business Licensing 46% livering services at a time and place of their choosing Business Registration Renewal 55% — now helps in practical ways to save energy, reduce Business Tax Filing & Payment 44% trips and contribute to the greening of communities and Employment Tax/ Wage Report File/Pay 48% government. One example can be found in Utah, where Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) Filings 67% an average of 60,000 vehicle registrations are renewed UCC Searches 93% online each month. “By reducing the number of citizens Source: Center for Digital Government, Digital States Survey, 2007 who drive into a local office to renew their registration, our e-government services contribute to the air quality With much of government’s carbon footprint caused by across the state of Utah by reducing gas consumption the commute of public employees to and from concrete and emissions,” says Kevin Park, assistant director of the buildings and miles of asphalt parking lots, there’s still Utah Division of Motor Vehicles. the issue of the proximity of home to work. Public trans- E-government also delivers paper reduction benefits. portation, informal car pooling and programs such as One example can be found at the Maine Revenue Ser- Ride Share and commute reduction incentives have all vices, where a single tax filing service is eliminating more attempted to mitigate the effects of getting public em- than 40,000 sheets of paper per year from government’s ployees to work and back. Within the IT function, new process flow. Online services not only save fuel and the generations of administrative tools allow staff to trouble- ozone layer, but many trees are being saved as a direct shoot and monitor PCs, printers, scanners and network result of electronic government’s growth. performance without having to travel from workplace to workplace in the majority of cases. A Few Steps in the Right Direction toward Integrating Sustainability into Public Sector IT 19

What if public employees did not have to commute at driving alone, telecommuting is the only commute mode all? Such was the promise of what originated as tele- to gain market share since 1980. commuting, which was subsequently rechristened as The Census Bureau notes that from 1990 to 2000 the telework as it matured into a best practice that com- number of American workers who usually worked at bined all the benefits of reducing the time and costs of home grew by 23 percent, more than twice the rate of commuting without sacrificing productivity. growth of the total labor market. Since 2000, telecom- An excerpt from the Center white paper, Telework 360: muting has continued to grow in popularity. Roughly 4.5 A Best Practices Digest and Guide to Getting Telework million Americans telecommute most workdays, roughly Right in the Public Sector, is instructive on this point: 20 million telecommute for some period at least once per month, and nearly 45 million telecommute at least once Telework can and should be part of the overall policy per year. platform for government. If telework is proposed simply as a way to reduce air pollution or traffic con- And telecommuters drive less than office workers do. gestion the program will most likely never get off the During the days they telecommute, workers reduce their ground. People just don’t seem to care enough about daily trips by 27 to 51 percent, and driving (vehicle miles either of them to undertake such a fundamental traveled) is reduced by 53 to 77 percent. Although they change to the way government operates. That is not effectively receive no public subsidies, telecommuters to say that telework won’t reduce traffic congestion or actually outnumber transit commuters in a majority help improve air quality. It will. (27) of the 50 most populous metropolitan areas. A November 2005 report by the Reason Institute, Telecommuters outnumber transit commuters in places “The Quiet Success: Telecommuting’s Impact on like San Diego, Dallas, and Phoenix. They outnumber Transportation and Beyond,” details the positive commuters by more than two to one in places like impact telework programs can have on transpor- Raleigh-Durham, Tampa-St. Petersburg, and Nashville. tation and the environment in a community. The In Oklahoma City, telecommuters outnumber transit paper states that “telecommuting may be the most commuters nearly five to one. cost-effective way to reduce rush-hour traffic and it In addition to the more obvious benefits of reduced can even improve how a weary nation copes with traffic congestion during rush hours and reductions disasters, from hurricanes to terrorist attacks. It helps in the associated pollution produced by commuter improve air quality, highway safety, and even health automobiles, telework programs can support public care as new technology allows top-notch physicians policy objectives in other areas. to be (virtually) anywhere.” Properly implemented, telework will meet the expec- The report states: tations of tomorrow’s work force and return benefits Telecommuting expands opportunities for the handi- beyond just those enjoyed by the employee. It will capped, conserves energy, and — when used as a substitute provide for improved service delivery infrastructure for offshore outsourcing — can help allay globalization making disaster recovery and business continuity fears. It can even make companies more profitable — more robust and sustainable. Telework will create eco- good news for our nation’s managers, many of whom nomic development opportunities by encouraging the have long been suspicious of telecommuting. Other than recruitment of well paying jobs — not just companies. It supports efforts to ensure a healthy environment and improved air quality. Telework takes pressure off overburdened urban transportation systems and saves governments money by reducing the demand Telework 360 for fixed facilities. Finally, telework saves employees money by reducing travel, parking and other personal The Center for Digital Government costs associated with transporting themselves every white paper Telework 360: A Best day to and from the work site. Practices Digest and Guide to Getting Telework Right in the Public Sector is available as a digital download under the publications tab at www.centerdigitalgov.com 20 Simply Green

If green is at some kind of societal tipping point, Digital conferencing services — teleconferencing, telework would seem to be an obvious part of the video conferencing and media rich Web conferencing strategy. But here again, simple may not be easy. So — provide a platform for changing work patterns and argues Jim Dillon, who retired last year from the reducing commutes. In a survey of private sector work- role as the first state CIO in New York, which was places, almost two-thirds of respondents (64 percent) the capstone to a career in public service that in- said they had used Web conferencing to replace in-per- cluded 16 years in the state Assembly and senior po- son meetings.73 Digital conferencing services have the sitions in the state Department of Labor. During a advantage of being used both on an ad hoc basis and in panel discussion at a recent meeting of the National support of full-time telework as work habits change. Association of State Chief Information Officers, Dillon said, “You must be dreaming if you think telework will take hold in state government.” In his judgment, the civil service rules are too inflexible, the cultures too entrenched and some incumbent players see such changes as running contrary to their interests.72 Conclusion: Stepping Up to Simple Steps “IT can help us green…. We still need more investment in those motivated by other agendas at the risk of missing basic research to get to applied research. We need to be able a rare opportunity to make meaningful change. to reduce trips as much as possible, to replace getting in a If you sit in a legislative chamber, you have likely noted vehicle and going from place to place. Use of the Internet the irony that disparate interests around environmen- and broadband technology has a lot to do with that. When tal issues have managed to fill your inbox with paper. we connect people so that they do not have to physically go For you, sustainability is about ensuring the long-term everywhere, then we can have a much less impact on the health of communities but it is ultimately measured by environment.” the budget. Can we afford to make public investments Sunne Wright McPeak in green? Can we afford not to? President and CEO of the California Emerging If you sit in the offices of a public executive, you worry Technology Fund about meeting the infinite demand for service deliv- Conventional wisdom endures because of an underly- ery in an environment of increasingly finite resources. ing, undeniable truth. It is, in a word, simple. So it Speaking of environment, “moral imperative” sounds is with a phrase often invoked by leaders, “where you to your ears like an unfunded mandate, even though stand depends on where you sit,” which is well worn you favor finding ways to operate more efficiently and in organizations of any size, public and private, when effectively — and welcome opportunities to reduce deliberating on issues of common concern but where energy consumption. You are becoming bolder in your consensus is elusive. convictions that online self service, Web conferencing and telework are changes whose time has come in If you sit within the environmental advocacy com- support of the greening of government. munity, you are likely gratified that sustainability has reached a tipping point such that awareness is being If you sit in a cubicle amid a sprawling bureaucracy, you translated into commitments to change by individu- may see the sustainability movement as an opportunity als and institutions. You are also likely wary that this for upward mobility as new green programs are created “moral imperative” could be used opportunistically by and staffed. But you also know better. Despite noble A Few Steps in the Right Direction toward Integrating Sustainability into Public Sector IT 21

intentions, larger bureaucracies, new agencies and even But when you sit with family and friends at the kitch- the appointment of a Chief Green Officer ultimately en table, or on the back deck or in the neighborhood expand government’s carbon footprint, unless existing park, you realize that it is not at all unreasonable to units are cannibalized in favor of a new green group. take a few simple steps toward a healthy and sustainable future. To paraphrase Warren Buffet one last If you sit in a data center, you know that the energy time, it is simple, just not easy. But then again, if it consumption on the raised floor at existing rates is was easy, anybody could do it. unsustainable. You are anxious to see the new product and service offerings that are in the pipeline from the technology industry and know of things that you can start with today, including making sure the staff un- derstands what they can do — and that it matters. But even as power pulses through the environment, you also know that these digital infrastructures are uniquely able to scale in support of today’s needs and tomorrow’s expectations for the delivery of public services. Endnotes 1 Lois Rogers, “Climate change: Why we don’t believe it,” New Statesman, April 23, 2007. (See http://www.newstatesman.com/200704230025) 2 Adapted from Paul W. Taylor, “An Inscrutable Hunch,” Government Technology, December 2007. 3 Thomas Friedman, “The Power of Green,” New York Times Magazine, April 15, 2007. (See http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60F1 1FE3E5B0C768DDDAD0894DF404482) 4 “Australia’s Rudd unveils cabinet,” BBC NEWS, Nov. 29, 2007. (See http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/asia-pacific/7118265.stm) 5 “Green-wash (green’wash’, -wôsh’) — verb: the act of misleading consumers regarding the environmental practices of a company or the environmental benefits of a product or service.” See Terrachoice Environmental Marketing, Six Sins of Green Washing, November 2007. 6 See entry for Occam’s Razor at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occam’s_Razor. 7 Adapted from Paul W. Taylor, “Simply Green and the Road Home,” Public CIO, August 2007. 8 See the Pew Center’s listing of state legislation on climate change at http://www.pewclimate.org/what_s_being_done/in_the_states/state_ legislation.cfm. 9 Simon Mingay, Green IT — Dealing With the New Industry Shockwave — Part 2, Gartner, Inc., April 2007. 10 See the full text of the U.S. Conference of Mayors Climate Protection Agreement at http://www.usmayors.org/climateprotection/agreement.htm. 11 LEED is the nationally accepted benchmark for the design, construction and operation of high performance green buildings. (See http://www. usgbc.org/DisplayPage.aspx?CMSPageID=222) 12 “Stormy Weather: Is climate change really the greatest threat to mankind?,” Ipsos MORI UK, March 26, 2007 (See http://www.ipsos-mori. com/publications/jl/stormy-weather.shtml.) 13 Interview by the author on March 19, 2007 in Washington, D.C. 14 “Gartner Identifies the Top 10 Strategic Technologies for 2008,” Gartner Inc., Stamford, Conn., Oct. 9, 2007. 15 John Davies, The Rise of the Chief Green Officer, AMR Research, Nov. 14, 2007. 16 Interview by the author, Dec. 5, 2007. 17 E-mail correspondence with the author, Nov. 27, 2007. 18 E-mail correspondence with the author, Nov. 26, 2007. 19 Interview by the author, Dec. 7, 2007. 20 Adapted from Paul W. Taylor, “Does the Critic Still Count?”, Public CIO, February 2008. 21 See the OTA archives maintained by Princeton University at http://www.princeton.edu/~ota/ns20/proces_f.html 22 See an overview of NASCIO committee and working group activities for the 2007-08 program year at http://www.nascio.org/aboutNascio/ committeeSignUp.cfm. 23 Ibid. 24 Andy Opsahl, “Money Talking: Green IT emerges as a solution to rising energy prices,” Government Technology, November 2007: 38. 25 Gartner, Oct. 9, 2007, Op. cit. 26 R, Kumar, J. Hardcastle, and M. Bell, The impact of high-density server growth on data center power and cooling metrics, Gartner, Inc., 2006. 27 Interview by author. Op. cit. 28 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Energy Star Program, Report to Congress on Server and Data Center Energy Efficiency Public Law 109-431, Aug. 2, 2007 (See www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/prod_development/downloads/EPA_Datacenter_Report_Congress_Final1.pdf.) 29 Interview by author, Op. cit. 22 Simply Green

30 Recounted in Nicholas Carr’s, The Big Switch: Rewiring the World, from Edison to Google, New York, W. W. Norton & Company, 2008: 178. 31 Storage Networking Industry Association (SNIA), The SNIA Green Storage Initiative, November 2007. (See www.snia.org) 32 Amory Lovins of the Rocky Mountain Institute, “Seven Steps to a Green Data Center,” Computerworld UK, April 24, 2007. 33 Adam Braunstein of the Robert Frances Group, “The Greening of the CIO,” CIO Insight, July 11, 2006. 34 Rakesh Kumar, Why ‘Going Green’ Will Become Essential for Data Centers, Gartner, Inc. Oct. 10, 2006. 35 Info-Tech Research Group, Greening of the Data Center: Take an Asset Lifecycle Approach, April 12, 2007. 36 Gartner Strategic Top 10, op. cit. 37 Matt Stansberry, The Green Data Center: Energy-efficient computing in the 21st Century, 2007. 38 A 2006 survey indicated that only 28 percent of companies do so. (See “The Greening of the CIO,” op. cit.) 39 “Overview of Advanced Power Management (APM) and Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) Revision 3.3,” 40 The Green Grid Data Center Power Efficiency Metrics: PUE and DCiE, The Green Grid, 2007. 41 Center for Digital Government (See Step 1) and Simon Mingay, Tutorial for the Environmental Metrics of an IT Organization, Gartner, Inc. Nov. 19, 2007. 42 “The Green Grid announces Technology Roadmap and Key Deliverables for 2007,” The Green Grid Association, Aug. 7, 2007. 43 “The ‘Greening’ of IT,” Analyst Perspectives Consensus Report, November 2007. (See www.AnalystPerspectives.com.) 44 Fewer than half of companies (42 percent) monitor IT-related energy spending, according to a rack space study of 380 data center operators in 2007, Economist Intelligence Unit. 45 In a separate study, storage is on pace to continue to grow at 50 percent annually but the installed based is running, by one industry estimate, at only 30 percent efficiency. See Art Wittmann, “The Cold, Green Facts,” InformationWeek, Sept. 1, 2007 (www.informationweek.com/story/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=201803326 .) 46 “Unlock Your Hidden Data Center,” Dell, Fall 2007. 47 See ASHRAE Technical Committee (http://tc99.ashraetcs.org) and Matt Stansberry, “ASHRAE to expand recommended server temp and humidity range,” SearchDataCenter.com, Nov. 2, 2007 48 Mark Fontecchio, “Cooling data centers with outside air gets the go-ahead,” SearchDataCenter.com, March 4, 2007 (See searchdatacenter. techtarget.com/originalContent/0,289142,sid80_gci1246084,00.html.) 49 “Washington State Department of Information Services Selects Developer to Build Data Center Facilities” (Media Release), Washington State Department of Information Services (DIS), Nov. 19, 2007. (See http://dis.wa.gov/wheeler_site_dev_release.pdf.) 50 “Executive Order 05-01: Establishing Sustainability and Efficiency Goals for State Operations,” State of Washington Office of the Governor, Jan. 5, 2005. 51 Interview by author, Nov. 30, 2007. 52 “San Jose to require LEED Silver,” (Media Release) City of San Jose, Dec. 14, 2006, (See http://www.usgbc.org/News/PressReleaseArchiveDetails. aspx?ID=2812) 53 Gartner, Oct. 9, 2007, op cit. 54 Executive Order S-20-04, State of California Office of the Governor, Dec. 14, 2004. (See http://gov.ca.gov/index.php?/executive-order/3360.) 55 “New State Plan Sets Goals For Reducing Energy Costs, Curbing Pollution And Addressing Global Climate Change,” State of New York Office of the Governor, April 19, 2007 (See http://www.ny.gov/governor/press/0419071.html) 56 Michael R. Mittleman, “The Greening of Information Technology: A Call for Energy Efficiency,” Office of the New York State Chief Information Officer, March 2007: 13-14. 57 SWaP (Space, Watts and Performance) Metric, Sun Microsystems, Inc. (See www.sun.com/servers/coolthreads/swap) 58 Michael S. Dell, Global Environmental, Health & Safety Policy, Dell, March 31, 2006. 59 See HP’s Instant-on function described at www.hp.com/go/environment 60 See the Carbon Disclosure Project at www.cdproject.net. 61 Agencies of the U.S. government are required to purchase energy-efficient products and activate power management settings in furtherance of two federal initiatives. The Energy Star program provides a guide to product purchasing and computer power management for federal agencies at www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=fed_agencies.fed_ag_index 62 See the Climate Savers White Paper at www.climatesaverscomputing.org/tools/index.html 63 AnalystPerspectives, November 2007, Op. cit. 64 See the UN initiated Solving the E-waste Problem (StEP) program at www.step-iniative.org. 65 Mingay, Gartner, Inc., April 2007. Op. cit. 66 See the HP Global Citizenship Report on product use and recycling at http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/globalcitizenship/gcreport/productreuse.html 67 Joe Strathmann, “Making the Most of Asset Disposal,” GreenerComputing.com, Aug. 29, 2007. 68 The e-waste legislation has been codified as Chapter 70.95N RCW Electronic Product Recycling in the Revised Code of Washington. The program is described in “Focus on Washington’s Electronic Product Recycling Program,” Washington State Department of Ecology, Undated. (See http://www.ecy.wa.gov/pubs/0607017.pdf) 69 Scott Tong, “Our e-waste comes back to haunt us,” Marketplace/American Public Media, Nov. 14, 2007. 70 Pew Internet & American Life Project, Feb. 15 - March 7, 2007 Tracking Survey. 71 Neilson/Netratings, May 2007. 72 Adapted from Paul W. Taylor, “Kermit was Right,” Forum Section, Texas Technology, July 10, 2007. 73 Wainhouse Research, quoted in “Using Web Conferencing to Boost Productivity,” ThinkStrategies, Inc. 2006. A Few Steps in the Right Direction toward Integrating Sustainability into Public Sector IT 23

The Center for Digital Government, a division of e.Republic, Inc., is a national research and advisory institute on information technology policies and best practices in state and local government. Through its diverse and dynamic programs and services, the Center provides public and private sector leaders with decision support, knowledge and opportunities to help them effectively incorporate new technologies in the 21st century. The Center’s special reports and papers provide two decades of experience and insight into the most important policy and management issues facing governments, and offer strategic approaches for planning and implementing technology, funding sources, and case studies from jurisdictions. ©2008 e.Republic, Inc.|All rights CA 95630 | 916.932.1300 phone | 916.932.1470 fax 100 Blue Ravine Road Folsom, reserved. www.centerdigitalgov.com CDW•G is a trusted technology advisor to federal, state and local government agencies, as well as educational institutions at all levels. CDW•G offers best-in-class technology products and services from top-name brands. For more information call 1.800.863.4239 or visit CDWG.com Dell Inc. (NASDAQ: DELL) listens to customers and delivers innovative technology and services they trust and value. Uniquely enabled by its direct business model, Dell is a leading global systems and services company and No. 34 on the Fortune 500. For more information, visit www.dell.com, or to communicate directly with Dell via a variety of online channels, go to www.dell.com/conversations. To get Dell news direct, visit www.dell.com/RSS EMC Corporation (NYSE: EMC) is the world’s leading developer and provider of information infrastructure technology and solutions that enable organizations of all sizes to transform the way they compete and create value from their information. Information about EMC’s products and services can be found at www.EMC.com. HP provides products and services with the environment in mind — from product design through manufacturing, distribution and recycling. Microsoft provides software solutions for Public Sector organizations, addressing the citizen-centric demands of government while providing learning tools and infrastructure technology for schools and universities nationwide. www.microsoft.com/publicsector NIC is the nation’s leading provider of eGovernment portals and online services. We build, manage, and market official government Web sites and eServices on behalf of 21 states and hundreds of local governments in the United States. Our solutions use technology to simplify time-consuming processes, increase efficiencies and reduce costs for both governments and the citizens and businesses they serve. www.nicusa.com A singular vision, e Network is the Computer™, drives Sun in delivering industry-leading technologies that focus on the whole system — where hardware, software, and services combine. With a proven history of sharing, building communities, and innovation, Sun creates opportunities, both social and economic, around the world. You can learn more about Sun at sun.com. ABOUT THE AUTHOR: Paul W. Taylor, Ph.D., is the Chief Strategy Officer at the Center for Digital Government. A former deputy state CIO, he served as the Deputy Director of the Washington State Department of Information Services (DIS) and Chief of Staff of the Washington State Information Services Board (ISB). He is also an affiliated expert with the Information Technology and Innovation Foundation (ITIF) in Washington, D.C. and back page columnist and commentator for Government Technology and Public CIO magazine. He has been teleworking full-time since 2002. Printed on post-consumer recycled paper

Simply Green -- A Few Steps in the Right Direction toward Integrating Sustainability into Public Sector IT

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Simply Green -- A Few Steps in the Right Direction toward Integrating Sustainability into Public Sector IT — Document Transcript