Syntax of Predication works on all favorite learning of syntax

1. Structure of Predication
Meeting 5

2. General understanding
Predicate is constituent
It can be as below :
Structure of Modification P
Structure of Complementation P
Structure of Coordination P

6. • The subject and predicate can be either of
the following:
- a single word
- a word with accompanying function words
- a phrase, or
- one of the syntactic structures: modification,
complementation, or coordination

7. • Specifically the subject can be a structure of
predication also which is defined as included
clause.
• The predicate consists of a verb and a verb
phrase in key position.
Examples:
- Money P talks
- Courtesy always >> pays
P
- [The sun] [sets] [in the west ]

8. • A predicate can be filled by a structure of
complementation, such as:
- the snow was cold
- The clerk sold me the shirt
- My neighbor painted his house green
• A predicate can also consist of a structure of
coordination, such as:
- We walked and talked
- People either like this place or hate it

9. • So we can temporarily conclude that:
predicate has verb component in it either
as a single verb though seldom or a more
or less complex structure with the verb at
its core or the heart of the matter.

10. Subject Components
• It is included the part of speech in :
a.Structure of Modification as the Subject
– N >> the wind direction has blown.
– V >> studying this could be interesting.
– Adj >> careless to your money could be
danger.
– Adv >> hopefully now was her pretending.

11. b. Prepositional phrase as the subject
• At the up hill was where he lives
• In Indonesia is where I live
c. Structure of complementation as the subject
• To drive the long way spends plenty of money
• Solving unpredictable problem is always a part of
education
d. Structure of coordination as the subject
• Kill and clean corruptorscorruptors are the work of inquisition
order
• Capable or incapable in studying physics depend
on analyzing comprehension

12. e. Structure of predication as the subject
• Whatever is is right
• That he did it all has not been proved
• But he No longer can survive is the best alibi
f. Nominative case
• They have been seen
• They and I came together
• Who will volunteer for the job
Catatan
Concord = bentuk kesesuaian antara subjek dan objek
There is a joker in a stage
There were three kings
There comes the sun

13. Struture of Predication VERB
forms
• Thus it needs to be clearly known that VERB is
classified into seven heads:
- person
- tense
- phase
- aspect
- mode
- voice, and
- status

14. • In terms of person, verb can be classified
in common and third singular. Examples:
the man walks, he feels, this looks good,
the tall man in the car drives, eating candy
causes tooth decay, what I want costs
money, either his mistakes or his bad luck
keeps him poor.

15. • In terms of Tense, there are two tenses:
common (present) and past (preterit).
They are shown by the inflexion attached
to the verbs: Common: base / base + (-s),
while Past: (base + (-ed).
• The be has its exceptional forms (is, am,
are: present and was, were: past)

16. • In terms of Phase, there are two phases:
simple and perfect (have + past participle
verb). Examples:
- I speak vs I have spoken
- We work vs We have worked

17. • In terms of Aspect, there are three:
- simple: the verb is unmarked
- durative: be + base+ing
- inchoative: get+ present participle

18. • In terms of Mode, it can be seen from:
- the modal auxiliaries + base form: must
go, may come, should see,etc., and
- certain other auxiliaries + infinitive
(to+base form): used to study, ought to
come, have to go, etc.

19. • In terms of Voice, there are two voices: Active
and passive voices. Passive is formed by the
aux. be + past participle verb or get+ past
participle verb.
Examples:
- He kills he is killed/He gets killed
- They built a house A house was built
- We have done the work The work has been
done

20. • Can you analyze these two?
- The man was informed by his wife
- The man was informed about politics

21. • In terms of status, verbs has four statues:
affirmative, interrogative, negative, and
negative interrogative. Examples:
- He is working He works
- He is not working He does not work
- Is he working? Does he work?
- Isn’t he working? Doesn’t he work?

22. • What’s the difference between
Doesn’t he work? And
Does he not work?

24. Functions in the Verb Phrase (VP)
• Head: V
• Dependents:
– Pre-head modifier: AdvP
– Post-head modifier: AdvP/PP
– (Post-head) complement:
NP/PP/AdvP/clause

25. S
Subject:NP Tense:AUX Predicate:VP
The boy has run very quickly
head:V PtHdMod:AdvP
S
Subject:NP Tense:AUX Predicate:VP
The boy has very quickly run
PrHdMod:AdvP V

26. Types of Complement in the VP
• Direct Object: NP
• Indirect Object: NP
• Prepositional Phrase Complement (PPC): PP
• Subject Predicative Complement (PCS): NP/AdjP
• Object Predicative Complement (PCO): NP/AdjP
Post-head modifiers in VP are often referred to as adjuncts

27. Direct Object (DO) Function in VP
• The direct object function is filled by NP
– The dogs chased the cats.
• If the direct object is a pronoun, the pronoun is in
Accusative case form.
– The dogs chased them. (*they)
• In basic sentences, the direct object NP comes
immediately after the verb
– *The dogs chased [quickly] them.
• Exception: if there is also an indirect object NP
– The boy bought [the girl] an icecream.

28. Unlike PP complements in NPs and AdjPs the direct
object (DO) NP is usually obligatory in English
The boy discovered the treasure.
The boy discovered it.
*The boy discovered.
The discovery of the treasure
The discovery

29. Indirect Object (IO) function in VP
• Indirect object (IO) function is only filled by NP
• IO follows V and precedes DO
– I gave my brother [a new bicycle].
• The IO pronoun is Accusative (or Reflexive)
Accusative IO I baked him a cake
Reflexive IO I baked myself a cake

30. Preposition Phrase Complement in VP
(PPC)
• a PP may fill a complement function in a VP
• It may be the only complement
– John relies on his friend.
• It may follow an NP (DO) complement
– John put [the book] on the table.
• As with PP complements in an NP or AdjP, the
choice of preposition is restricted by the verb.
– relies on/*in/*from; believes in/*on/*about

31. Subjective Predicative Complement (PCS)
• PCS is filled by NP or by AdjP
• PCS comes directly after the verb
• The PCS describes an attribute or property of the
referent of the subject NP
Compare:
– The man saw a doctor. (DO)
– The man became a doctor. (PCS)
– *The man saw very clever. (DO)
– The man became very clever. (PCS)

32. Another property of PCS
• If the PCS is a NP, it normally agrees with the subject
NP
The gentleman is a lawyer.
The gentlemen are lawyers.
*The gentleman is lawyers.
*The gentlemen are a lawyer.
• Only a limited set of verbs take an NP as PCS:
– be, become, seem, look, resemble...

33. Tests to distinguish PCS from DO
Test 1 - Substitution
Marjorie looked a fright.
• PCS can be NP or AdjP.
• DO can only be NP.
Can you replace the NP with an AdjP?
Marjorie looked frightful /angry /very sad.
Therefore - PCS.

34. Tests to distinguish PCS from DO
Test 2 - Agreement
The doctor seems a nice man.
• PCS must agree with the subject.
• DO does not agree with the subject
The doctor saw a nice man/nice men.
Can you make the NP plural?
*The doctor seems nice men.
Therefore - PCS.

35. Objective Predicative Complement (PCO)
• Similar to PCS in many respects, but a PCO
describes an attribute of the DO of a sentence.
We consider him our leader.
Subj Verb DO PCO
• The PCO function is filled by NP or AdjP.
– We consider him very trustworthy.
• An NP in the PCO function agrees in number with the
DO phrase.
– We consider them our leaders.

36. Distinguish PCO construction from IO
construction
• VP → V NP NP
We consider him our leader. (DO PCO)
We gave him our leader. (IO DO)
• Substitute AdjP for NP if PCO
• We consider him very stong.
• Cannot substitute AdjP for NP if DO
• *We gave him very strong.

37. Distinguish PCO construction from IO
construction
• VP → V NP NP
We consider him our leader. (DO PCO)
We gave him our leader. (IO DO)
• DO NP and PCO NP agree in number
• We consider him our leader. (singular)
• We consider them our leaders. (plural)
• No number agreement between IO and DO
• We gave him our leader/leaders.
• We gave them our leader/leaders.

38. • Post-head dependents which are not complements in a
VP are adjuncts
• Adjuncts are never obligatory
• Adjuncts modify some aspect of the possible reference
of the VP
• Different types of phrases can act as an adjunct in a
VP (XP is an abbreviation for an unspecified type of
phrase)
• Adjuncts can be fronted to pre-Subject
Adjuncts

39. I left very quickly. (AdvP)
I left.
Very quickly I left.
I saw John on Tuesday. (PP)
I saw John.
On Tuesday I saw John.
Mary left the following day. (NP)
Mary left.
The following day Mary left.
Multiple adjuncts
Sue slept very badly in the plane on Tuesday after the
meeting

40. I behave very badly. (COMP:AdvP)
*I behave ___. (incomplete - opposite meaning)
I put John on the ground. (COMP:PP)
*I put John ___.
Mary left her bag. (COMP:NP)
*Mary left ____.
Santa depends on Rudolph. (COMP:PP)
*Santa depends ___.
Complements cannot be omitted (except in special cases)

41. Complements precede adjuncts
John read [the book] carefully/in the lounge
*John read carefully/in the lounge [the book].
Exception: 'Heavy' DO NP may follow an adjunct phrase
John examined (very) carefully [every single document in
the safe].

42. Summary
Every phrase has a head
A phrase may have dependents
Dependents may precede or follow the head
Dependents with a close semantic and syntactic
relationship with the head are complements
In some phrases (e.g., VP) complements may be
obligatory
Dependents which are freely added to a phrase to modify
the head are adjuncts

43. End of slides