Ecosystems are the home of the worlds biodiversity

Ecosystems are fragile and vulnerable to change but they can also be resilient

Human Population Growth and the Problem of Biodiversity Human population has increased at an almost exponential rate. With this growth comes an increase in demand for land, food, water, energy and other resources. As human numbers grow species and their habitat diminish.

Human population has increased at an almost exponential rate.

With this growth comes an increase in demand for land, food, water, energy and other resources.

As human numbers grow species and their habitat diminish.

Biodiversity Biodiversity is the variety of all forms of life throughout an ecosystem. High rates of extinction are quickly reducing biodiversity especially in areas of the world with high human population density and growth. The direct and indirect effects that humans have had on biodiversity is challenging as can be seen from the following flow chart.

Biodiversity is the variety of all forms of life throughout an ecosystem.

High rates of extinction are quickly reducing biodiversity especially in areas of the world with high human population density and growth.

The direct and indirect effects that humans have had on biodiversity is challenging as can be seen from the following flow chart.

Human Population Size Resources use Land Transformation Land Clearing Forestry Grazing Intensification Biotic Additions and Loss Invasion Hunting Fishing Carbon Nitrogen Water Climate Change Enhanced Greenhouse Aerosols Land cover Loss of Biological Diversity Extinction of species and populations Loss of ecosystems Vitousek et. al (1997) Science, 277, p.494-499 Human Enterprises Agriculture Industry Recreation International Commerce Global Biogeochemistry

Humans Change of the Earth Expressed as % Change Vitousek et. al (1997) Science, 277, p.494-499

Biodiversity and People Places on earth with some of the greatest biodiversity such as: South America, Equatorial Africa, India, Indonesia and coastal regions also show the greatest density and fastest rate of growth of people.

Places on earth with some of the greatest biodiversity such as: South America, Equatorial Africa, India, Indonesia and coastal regions also show the greatest density and fastest rate of growth of people.

Biodiversity

World Population

Extinction Extinction is the natural order. In fact, of all the species which have ever existed, 99.9 % are now extinct! The current extinction rates, however, may be as much as 40 - 100 times the normal “background” or natural rate for extinction.

Extinction is the natural order. In fact, of all the species which have ever existed, 99.9 % are now extinct!

The current extinction rates, however, may be as much as 40 - 100 times the normal “background” or natural rate for extinction.

Extinction Paul Ralph Ehrlich at Stanford University predicts that soon, this rate may be as much as 400 times the "normal", average, rate of extinction! Much of this increase in extinction rate appears to be due to the impact of humans. Habitat Depletion Pollution Introduction of disease Introduction of invasive species Over exploitation

Paul Ralph Ehrlich at Stanford University predicts that soon, this rate may be as much as 400 times the "normal", average, rate of extinction!

Much of this increase in extinction rate appears to be due to the impact of humans.

Habitat Depletion

Pollution

Introduction of disease

Introduction of invasive species

Over exploitation

Extinction 25% of the earth’s birds species have been driven to extinction by humans (especially on islands). Threatened with Extinction 11% of birds 18% of mammals 5% of fish 8% of plants Great Auk

25% of the earth’s birds species have been driven to extinction by humans (especially on islands).

Threatened with Extinction

11% of birds

18% of mammals

5% of fish

8% of plants

Loss of birds http://www.audubon.org/campaign/population_habitat/

Extinction Rate

The Oceans and the Coast Globally, the number of people living within 100 km of the coast increased from roughly 2 billion in 1990 to 2.2 billion in 1995 (39 percent of the world's population).

Globally, the number of people living within 100 km of the coast increased from roughly 2 billion in 1990 to 2.2 billion in 1995 (39 percent of the world's population).

Coastal Area Population Density 3.2 Billion (1/2 of the plant) live and work within 125 miles from a coastline. 4 Billion (2/3) live within 250 miles from the coast.

3.2 Billion (1/2 of the plant) live and work within 125 miles from a coastline.

4 Billion (2/3) live within 250 miles from the coast.

Coastline, Estuaries and Reefs While 75% of the earth is covered by oceans, the greatest levels of marine biodiversity are found near the coast. This Neritic zone of the ocean has depth of less than 250 meters and so the abundant photosynthetic organisms create a habitat for great biodiversity.

While 75% of the earth is covered by oceans, the greatest levels of marine biodiversity are found near the coast.

This Neritic zone of the ocean has depth of less than 250 meters and so the abundant photosynthetic organisms create a habitat for great biodiversity.

Kelp Forest Near Monterey California

Approximately 50% of mangrove ecosystems globally have been transformed or destroyed by human activity

Great Barrier Reef, Australia

Human causes of Coral Reefs Depletions Pollution runoff : nitrates from fertilizers, point-source pollution, oil spills. Exploitation : Over 90% of saltwater aquarium fish are taken directly from reefs. Increased water temperatures : global warming, increased El Nino. Direct Destruction : Boats, fishing nets, removal of coral for sale.

Pollution runoff : nitrates from fertilizers, point-source pollution, oil spills.

Exploitation : Over 90% of saltwater aquarium fish are taken directly from reefs.

Increased water temperatures : global warming, increased El Nino.

Direct Destruction : Boats, fishing nets, removal of coral for sale.

Over fishing Aquaculture is a vital aspect of the food-production industry Global human population is expected to rise to over 9 billion by 2050 Placing tremendous pressure on food-production systems Culture 0 Global Fish Supply Year 1980 1950 1960 1970 1990 2000 2025 Million Metric Tons 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Capture (Grainger 1998)

Aquaculture is a vital aspect of the food-production industry

Global human population is expected to rise to over 9 billion by 2050

Placing tremendous pressure on food-production systems

Invasive species With the increase in ease of travel and shipping, one of the greatest threats by humans is the introduction of invasive species. San Francisco Bay (example) 1850 – 1970 : new species established every 36 weeks 1970-1996: new species every 24 weeks 1996-present: new species every 12 weeks. Release of Ballast water

With the increase in ease of travel and shipping, one of the greatest threats by humans is the introduction of invasive species.

San Francisco Bay (example)

1850 – 1970 : new species established every 36 weeks

1970-1996: new species every 24 weeks

1996-present: new species every 12 weeks.

Invasive species Zebra Mussel US and UK Asian Clam San Francisco Coqui frog Hawaii Brow Tree Snake Guam Rabbits Australia Africanized Honeybee South America

Tropical Rainforests Facts Contains more than half of the 5 to 80 million species of plants and animals worldwide. Approximately 1/3 of the world’s bird species are found in South American Rainforests.

Contains more than half of the 5 to 80 million species of plants and animals worldwide.

Approximately 1/3 of the world’s bird species are found in South American Rainforests.

Tropical Rainforests Facts Each year approximately 78 million acres of rainforest are destroyed. As many as 137 species are going extinct each day. The substrate (soil) is poor with most of the nutrients existing in the trees and plants.

Each year approximately 78 million acres of rainforest are destroyed.

As many as 137 species are going extinct each day.

The substrate (soil) is poor with most of the nutrients existing in the trees and plants.

Tropical Rainforest Facts Poor soil leads to burning the land to increase top-soil nutrients. Burning trees releases carbon into the atmosphere which exacerbates the greenhouse effect and increases temperature.

Poor soil leads to burning the land to increase top-soil nutrients.

Burning trees releases carbon into the atmosphere which exacerbates the greenhouse effect and increases temperature.

Tropical Rainforest and Population Growth Today, more than 3 billion people live in the tropics alone; more than lived in the entire world in 1950. Millions of people are destroying the rainforest simply to survive. These people, usually small farmers, have nowhere to grow crops to feed their families, so they wander into the rainforest.

Today, more than 3 billion people live in the tropics alone; more than lived in the entire world in 1950.

Millions of people are destroying the rainforest simply to survive.

These people, usually small farmers, have nowhere to grow crops to feed their families, so they wander into the rainforest.

Rainforest and Primates In Ghana and parts of the Ivory Coast, the Miss Waldron’s Red Colobus monkey is now extinct. “ Chimpanzees lived in what was Africa’s great equatorial forest belt, but it’s not belt anymore just pockets of shrinking forest areas…If things carry on at the present rate in 15 years there will be very, very few chimpanzees left.” Jane Goodall

In Ghana and parts of the Ivory Coast, the Miss Waldron’s Red Colobus monkey is now extinct.

“ Chimpanzees lived in what was Africa’s great equatorial forest belt, but it’s not belt anymore just pockets of shrinking forest areas…If things carry on at the present rate in 15 years there will be very, very few chimpanzees left.” Jane Goodall

http://www.audubon.org/campaign/population_habitat/

Conclusion Humans require a great deal of resources and space and have not had a record of sharing. The earth is losing biodiversity at a rate not seen since the mass extinction that killed the dinosaurs 65 million years ago. Our increasing numbers will certainly increase the rate at which animals and plants are lost.

Humans require a great deal of resources and space and have not had a record of sharing.

The earth is losing biodiversity at a rate not seen since the mass extinction that killed the dinosaurs 65 million years ago.

Our increasing numbers will certainly increase the rate at which animals and plants are lost.

Conclusion " For if one link in nature's chain might be lost, another might be lost, until the whole of things will vanish by piecemeal ." - Thomas Jefferson

" For if one link in nature's chain might be lost, another might be lost, until the whole of things will vanish by piecemeal ." - Thomas Jefferson

But why is biodiversity important?

Total Value of Ecosystem

Identifying a protected area's goods and services, determining who values those goods and services, and measuring these values is not always a straightforward process. The goods and services include recreation and tourism, plant and wildlife habitat, genetic resources, water supply, protection against natural disasters, and so on. Many of these goods and services are not traded on commercial markets and therefore have no evident market value. The values of non-market goods and services need to be measured and expressed in monetary terms, where possible, so that they can be weighed on the same scale as commercially traded components.

The concept of total economic value (TEV) is now a well-established and useful framework for identifying the various values associated with protected areas. The total economic value of a protected area consists of its use values and non-use values.

Barbier 1997 Total Economic Values