Life-Cycle Assessment of Salmon Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Northeast Pacific A Presentation for LCM2007 Zurich, Switzerland August 2007 Credit: American Rivers Sarah Kruse 1 Astrid Scholz 1 , Ulf Sonesson 2 , Peter Tyedmers 3 , Nathan Ayer 3 , Anna Flysjö 2 , and Nathan Pelletier 3 Ecotrust SIK-Swedish Institute for Food and Biotechnology Dalhousie University

Sarah Kruse 1

Astrid Scholz 1 , Ulf Sonesson 2 ,

Peter Tyedmers 3 , Nathan Ayer 3 ,

Anna Flysjö 2 , and Nathan Pelletier 3

Ecotrust

SIK-Swedish Institute for Food and Biotechnology

Dalhousie University

Project Overview LCA of major salmon fishing & farming systems globally Complimented by ecological and socio-economic dimensions Phase 1: North-East Pacific October 2005 to March 2007 Phase 2: North-East Atlantic and Chile May 2007 to December 2008

LCA of major salmon fishing & farming systems globally

Complimented by ecological and socio-economic dimensions

Phase 1: North-East Pacific

October 2005 to March 2007

Phase 2: North-East Atlantic and Chile

May 2007 to December 2008

Project Overview Source: Bjørndal et al. 2003 BC, wild 21,000 MT

Methodological Issues Functional unit: mass of salmon Allocation Inputs to salmon feed and salmon processing co-products allocated based on energy content or mass Effort invested in ecological and socio-economic development Focus today on results of conventional LCA Global warming potential Ozone depletion potential Acidification potential

Functional unit: mass of salmon

Allocation

Inputs to salmon feed and salmon processing co-products allocated based on energy content or mass

Effort invested in ecological and socio-economic development

Focus today on results of conventional LCA

Global warming potential

Ozone depletion potential

Acidification potential

LCA of Salmon Fishing Alaskan: Purse Seine Drift Gillnet Troll Fillets: Fresh Frozen Smoked Fish in Wild Landing & Sale Storage & Wholesale Home Preparation Retail Fishing Processing & Packaging Transport link

Alaskan:

Purse Seine

Drift Gillnet

Troll

Fillets:

Fresh

Frozen

Smoked

LCA of Salmon Farming Also modeled alternative feeds … and grow-out systems Storage & Wholesale Home Preparation Retail Processing & Packaging Fillets: Fresh Frozen Smoked Transport Link Fish in wild Reduction fisheries Agriculture Hatchery & Grow-out Processing Processing Feed Milling

Fillets:

Fresh

Frozen

Smoked

Results – Farming Systems Within conventional farming system, feed provision is key Relative contributions to GHG emissions per live tonne of farmed Atlantic salmon produced in BC to the dock (total emissions 2.1 t CO 2 eq./tonne)

Within conventional farming system, feed provision is key

Results – Farming Systems Within conventional farming system, animal-derived inputs contribute disproportionately Percent Contribution Relative contribution by mass and GHG emissions per tonne of farmed salmon feed milled to the gate

Within conventional farming system, animal-derived inputs contribute disproportionately

Results – Farming Systems Alternative culture systems address some issues of local ecological concern but may contribute to global challenges DFO, n.d. Future SEA systems, n.d. Agrimarine, n.d.

Alternative culture systems address some issues of local ecological concern but may contribute to global challenges

Results – Farming Systems Alternative culture systems address some issues of local ecological concern but may contribute to global challenges GHG emissions per live weight tonne of salmon produced in conventional net pen and alternative containment systems to the farm gate GHG Emissions (kg CO 2 eq./tonne) BC electricity mix

Alternative culture systems address some issues of local ecological concern but may contribute to global challenges

Results – Farming Systems Alternative culture systems address some issues of local ecological concern but may contribute to global challenges GHG emissions per live weight tonne of salmon produced in conventional net pen and alternative containment systems GHG Emissions (kg CO 2 eq./tonne) BC electricity mix Canadian elect.mix

Alternative culture systems address some issues of local ecological concern but may contribute to global challenges

Results – Fishing Systems Within fisheries, fuel use while fishing is key GHG Emissions (kg CO 2 eq./tonne) GHG emissions from Alaskan troll, drift gillnet and purse seine fisheries for salmon up to the dock

Within fisheries, fuel use while fishing is key

Results – Location Matters GHG Emissions (kg CO 2 equiv.) Wild Alaska Purse Seine Sockeye Farmed BC Atlantic Cradle-to-Fork GHG Emissions to Deliver a 225 gram fillet to Consumer in San Francisco

Results: Contributions to O 3 Depletion O 3 Depleting Emissions (kg CFC-11 eq.) Wild Alaska Purse Seine Sockeye Farmed BC Atlantic Cradle-to-Fork Ozone Depleting Emissions to Deliver a 225 gram fillet to Consumer in San Francisco

Results: Contribution to Acidification Wild Alaska Purse Seine Sockeye Farmed BC Atlantic Cradle-to-Fork Acidifying Emissions to Deliver a 225 gram fillet to Consumer in San Francisco Acidifying Emissions (g SO 2 equiv.)

Results – Novel Use of LCA Data Can calculate the integrated “food miles” and associated emission intensity

Can calculate the integrated “food miles” and associated emission intensity

Results – Novel Use of LCA Data Can calculate the integrated “food miles” and associated emission intensity

Can calculate the integrated “food miles” and associated emission intensity

Results – Novel Use of LCA Food miles and associated emissions Integrated transport distance and resulting GHG emissions associated with delivery of 225 gm salmon fillet to San Francisco Feed Related

Food miles and associated emissions

Summary of Findings How salmon are “produced” is critical Up to the dock: In farming, feeds are key—large scope for improvements Land-based systems can exacerbate some global concerns in addressing local issues In fishing, fuel input is key—hard to improve on purse seining but trolling… Where salmon are “produced” can be important Affects source of primary energy for electricity Transport mode matters—potentially more than “food miles”, and is driven in part by product form and production locale

How salmon are “produced” is critical

Up to the dock:

In farming, feeds are key—large scope for improvements

Land-based systems can exacerbate some global concerns in addressing local issues

In fishing, fuel input is key—hard to improve on purse seining but trolling…

Where salmon are “produced” can be important

Affects source of primary energy for electricity

Transport mode matters—potentially more than “food miles”, and is driven in part by product form and production locale

Acknowledgements Lenfest Ocean Program Project team Consultants N. Kasperczyk, M. Gorny, J. Ford, N. Arsenault Ecotrust communications and design staff Countless generous data sources

Lenfest Ocean Program

Project team

Consultants N. Kasperczyk, M. Gorny, J. Ford, N. Arsenault

Ecotrust communications and design staff

Countless generous data sources