Reconstruction of the South

The End Results 258,000 Confederates died in the war Most were adult males South’s economy & society needed rebuilding

258,000 Confederates died in the war

Most were adult males

South’s economy & society needed rebuilding

Reconstruction

Reconstruction

Everybody had a plan … Lincoln’s 10% plan 10% of states’ voters vowed loyalty to Union Form a new government & constitution No slavery

Lincoln’s 10% plan

10% of states’ voters vowed loyalty to Union

Form a new government & constitution

No slavery

Lincoln Was Soft on the South Punishment served no useful purpose Offered amnesty/swear loyalty Not to Confederate leaders Right to vote to African Americans Force equal rights in Southern states (states rights vs. federal government)

Punishment served no useful purpose

Offered amnesty/swear loyalty

Not to Confederate leaders

Right to vote to African Americans

Force equal rights in Southern states (states rights vs. federal government)

Some jumped in quick Louisiana, Arkansas & Tennessee agreed in 1864 Lincoln’s congress refused to let it occur

Louisiana, Arkansas & Tennessee agreed in 1864

Lincoln’s congress refused to let it occur

Plan 2- The Radical Republicans Thought Lincoln was too mild Congress should decide the South’s fate

Thought Lincoln was too mild

Congress should decide the South’s fate

The Wade-Davis Bill July 1864 51% swear loyalty to Union Only males who never took arms against the North could vote on new state congress & constitution Former Confederates – no public office No slavery Lincoln refused to sign this into law

July 1864

51% swear loyalty to Union

Only males who never took arms against the North could vote on new state congress & constitution

Former Confederates – no public office

No slavery

Lincoln refused to sign this into law

Freedmen’s Bureau-What was life like for African Americans Helped African Americans freed from slavery Established- March 1865 Food, clothes, medical services Established schools Established universities Howard, Atlanta, Fisk Helped them acquire land

Helped African Americans freed from slavery

Established- March 1865

Food, clothes, medical services

Established schools

Established universities

Howard, Atlanta, Fisk

Helped them acquire land

Tragedy President Lincoln Assassinated 5 days after Civil War ended Ford’s Theater John Wilkes Booth “ Sic Semper Tyrannus!”

President Lincoln Assassinated

5 days after Civil War ended

Ford’s Theater

John Wilkes Booth

“ Sic Semper Tyrannus!”

Ford’s Theater

Lincoln Memorial

O Captain My Captain by Walt Whitman O Captain my Captain! our fearful trip is done, The ship has weathered every rack, the prize we sought is won, The port is near, the bells I hear, the people all exulting, While follow eyes the steady keel, the vessel grim and daring; But O heart! heart! heart! O the bleeding drops of red, Where on the deck my Captain lies, Fallen cold and dead. O Captain! my Captain! rise up and hear the bells; Rise up--for you the flag is flung for you the bugle trills, For you bouquets and ribboned wreaths for you the shores a-crowding, For you they call, the swaying mass, their eager faces turning; Here Captain! dear father! This arm beneath your head! It is some dream that on the deck, You've fallen cold and dead.

O Captain my Captain! our fearful trip is done, The ship has weathered every rack, the prize we sought is won, The port is near, the bells I hear, the people all exulting, While follow eyes the steady keel, the vessel grim and daring; But O heart! heart! heart! O the bleeding drops of red, Where on the deck my Captain lies, Fallen cold and dead. O Captain! my Captain! rise up and hear the bells; Rise up--for you the flag is flung for you the bugle trills, For you bouquets and ribboned wreaths for you the shores a-crowding, For you they call, the swaying mass, their eager faces turning; Here Captain! dear father! This arm beneath your head! It is some dream that on the deck, You've fallen cold and dead.

My Captain does not answer, his lips are pale and still; My father does not feel my arm, he has no pulse nor will; The ship is anchored safe and sound, its voyage closed and done; From fearful trip the victor ship comes in with object won; Exult O shores, and ring O bells! But I, with mournful tread, Walk the deck my Captain lies, Fallen cold and dead.

My Captain does not answer, his lips are pale and still; My father does not feel my arm, he has no pulse nor will; The ship is anchored safe and sound, its voyage closed and done; From fearful trip the victor ship comes in with object won; Exult O shores, and ring O bells! But I, with mournful tread, Walk the deck my Captain lies, Fallen cold and dead.

A New President Vice President Andrew Johnson becomes President Not quite as “gentle” as Lincoln Wanted to punish South No desire to help African Americans

Vice President Andrew Johnson becomes President

Not quite as “gentle” as Lincoln

Wanted to punish South

No desire to help African Americans

Johnson’s Plan Restoration

Restoration

Amnesty – for those who swore an oath to the Union High ranking officials had to do it personally Appointed governors Only pardoned, whites could vote No equal rights for African Americans, no voting Left it up to individual states to “manage their freed people”

Amnesty – for those who swore an oath to the Union

High ranking officials had to do it personally

Appointed governors

Only pardoned, whites could vote

No equal rights for African Americans, no voting

Left it up to individual states to “manage their freed people”

No slavery Denounce secession Ratify the 13 th Amendment Abolished slavery End of 1865 most of the South was “restored”

No slavery

Denounce secession

Ratify the 13 th Amendment

Abolished slavery

End of 1865 most of the South was “restored”

South “Restored” but not settled Struggle in Washington D.C. Congress did not want to readmit southern states on Johnson’s terms felt it robbed the Union of it’s victory treatment of African Americans was not improving Ku Klux Klan emerged terrorized African Americans in the South– burning houses, churches, schools, rioting and murder

Struggle in Washington D.C.

Congress did not want to readmit southern states on Johnson’s terms

felt it robbed the Union of it’s victory

treatment of African Americans was not improving

Ku Klux Klan emerged

terrorized African Americans in the South– burning houses, churches, schools, rioting and murder

Black Codes passed by southern states to control freed men, women children helped plantation owners exploit them as workers Similar to “slave codes”

passed by southern states

to control freed men, women children

helped plantation owners exploit them as workers

Similar to “slave codes”

Examples of the Code could be arrested for not having a job forced to work for plantation owner to pay off the fine some laws refused to let freed slaves own or rent farms orphaned babies were taken as unpaid apprentices Freed slaves could neither vote nor own guns

could be arrested for not having a job

forced to work for plantation owner to pay off the fine

some laws refused to let freed slaves own or rent farms

orphaned babies were taken as unpaid apprentices

Freed slaves could neither vote nor own guns

Radical Republicans vs. Black Codes Republicans in Congress very angry about Black Codes. They blamed Johnson’s Restoration Plan for encouraging southern states to pass these codes In response to Black Codes, Republicans pass the Civil Rights Act of 1866

Republicans in Congress very angry about Black Codes.

They blamed Johnson’s Restoration Plan for encouraging southern states to pass these codes

In response to Black Codes, Republicans pass the Civil Rights Act of 1866

Civil Rights Act of 1866-passed by Congress full citizenship to African Americans Federal government could intervene in state affairs overturned black codes Dred Scott decision African Americans were no longer seen as “property,” they were now citizens

full citizenship to African Americans

Federal government could intervene in state affairs

overturned black codes

Dred Scott decision

African Americans were no longer seen as “property,” they were now citizens

President Johnson says no! Vetoes both the Freedmen’s Bureau Bill and Civil Rights Amendment Congress had enough votes to override Rift between Congress and President grew

Vetoes both the Freedmen’s Bureau Bill and Civil Rights Amendment

Congress had enough votes to override

Rift between Congress and President grew

14 th Amendment of 1866 Congress passed Amendment to ensure Civil Rights Act was not overturned by Supreme Court Full citizenship to anyone born in the USA No state could take away ones life, liberty or property without due process all had equal protection of the laws

Congress passed Amendment to ensure Civil Rights Act was not overturned by Supreme Court

Full citizenship to anyone born in the USA

No state could take away ones life, liberty or property without due process

all had equal protection of the laws

The 14 th Amendment Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. Section 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State , excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election … is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.

Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

Section 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State , excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election … is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.

Section 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void. Section 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.

Section 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void.

Section 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.

-Johnson to Congress, “It’s on NOW!” Johnson encourages southern states to reject 14 th Amendment Johnson campaigns against his own (Republican) party and their reconstruction plan in 1866

Johnson encourages southern states to reject 14 th Amendment

Johnson campaigns against his own (Republican) party and their reconstruction plan in 1866

Election of 1866 Johnson rallied for rejection of Amendment from North and South campaigned against the Republicans Republicans gained control of congress created their own reconstruction plan

Johnson rallied for rejection of Amendment from North and South

campaigned against the Republicans

Republicans gained control of congress

created their own reconstruction plan

Radical Reconstruction Congress was in control could override any veto that Johnson issued 10 remaining states that did not accept 14 th amendment divided into 5 MILITARY districts African American males allowed to vote former Confederate leaders could not hold office

Congress was in control

could override any veto that Johnson issued

10 remaining states that did not accept 14 th amendment divided into 5 MILITARY districts

African American males allowed to vote

former Confederate leaders could not hold office

How to get back into the Union… ratify the 14 th amendment submit new constitutions for approval

ratify the 14 th amendment

submit new constitutions for approval

Johnson and Congress Fight Congress passed Tenure of Office Act; didn’t allow the President to remove government officials without Senate approval

Congress passed Tenure of Office Act; didn’t allow the President to remove government officials without Senate approval

Johnson suspends the Secretary of War without approval Appointed commanders to southern districts that congress opposed

Johnson suspends the Secretary of War without approval Appointed commanders to southern districts that congress opposed

Impeach, Impeach, Impeach House of Representatives vote to impeach trial lasted 3 months both sides saying it was just politically motivated 35-19 to convict. 1 vote short of 2/3rds majority

House of Representatives vote to impeach

trial lasted 3 months

both sides saying it was just politically motivated

35-19 to convict. 1 vote short of 2/3rds majority

Identify & evaluate the Reconstruction Plans conditions Proposed by Rad Reconstruction Restoration Wade-Davis 10% Plan Plan

New Election, New President 1868 Gen. Ulysses S. Grant– Republican Horatio Seymour– Democrat Grant won; also received 500,000 African American votes in the South

1868 Gen. Ulysses S. Grant– Republican

Horatio Seymour– Democrat

Grant won; also received 500,000 African American votes in the South

15 th Amendment– 1869 prohibited state and federal governments from denying the right to vote to any MALE citizen because of race, color or previous condition of servitude

prohibited state and federal governments from denying the right to vote to any MALE citizen because of race, color or previous condition of servitude

The Reconstruction Amendments 15 th Amendment 14 th Amendment 13 th Amendment

The South During Reconstruction 3 groups in the South African Americans- supported Republicans white Southerners– supported Democrats white settlers from the North- supported Republicans

3 groups in the South

African Americans- supported Republicans

white Southerners– supported Democrats

white settlers from the North- supported Republicans

Group 1– African Americans important in politics helped with Republican victories held some positions in political office at state level national level: Hiram Revels– senator Blanche K Bruce former runaway slave established a school for African Americans became superintendent of schools in MS US senator

important in politics

helped with Republican victories

held some positions in political office at state level

national level:

Hiram Revels– senator

Blanche K Bruce

former runaway slave

established a school for African Americans

became superintendent of schools in MS

US senator

Scalawags Some southerners didn’t want to secede agreed with Republicans in the North non-slave holding farmers businessmen Called Scalawags

Some southerners didn’t want to secede

agreed with Republicans in the North

non-slave holding farmers

businessmen

Called Scalawags

Carpetbaggers Northerners who moved South to make a new life doctors, lawyers, teachers, former Union soldiers

Northerners who moved South to make a new life

doctors, lawyers, teachers, former Union soldiers

Resistance to Reconstruction Some white Southerners could not let go of old ways wouldn’t let ex-slaves leave refused to rent land to ex-slaves stores refused to grant credit employers would not hire them used fear to keep them in line

Some white Southerners could not let go of old ways

wouldn’t let ex-slaves leave

refused to rent land to ex-slaves

stores refused to grant credit

employers would not hire them

used fear to keep them in line

Ku Klux Klan formed in 1866 “midnight rides” kept African Americans from voting or standing up for their rights

formed in 1866

“midnight rides”

kept African Americans from voting or standing up for their rights

The White League Terrorist organization Kept African Americans from voting or asserting their rights They operated openly – no masks – their identities weren’t secret

Terrorist organization

Kept African Americans from voting or asserting their rights

They operated openly – no masks – their identities weren’t secret

Some Improvements Education Freedmen’s bureau helped create schools teachers from North came South by 1870 50% white kids and 40% African Americans in public school; segregated

Education

Freedmen’s bureau helped create schools

teachers from North came South

by 1870 50% white kids and 40% African Americans in public school; segregated

Life for the freed slaves Sharecropping Rented: land, crude shacks, seeds, tools, mule % of crop back to landowner not much better than slavery Always owed the landlord

Sharecropping

Rented: land, crude shacks, seeds, tools, mule

% of crop back to landowner

not much better than slavery

Always owed the landlord

End of Reconstruction Both sides tired of it; ready to move on Amnesty act– 1872 pardoned most Confederates They could vote, hold office, & get their land back Democrats regained political power in the South

Both sides tired of it; ready to move on

Amnesty act– 1872 pardoned most Confederates

They could vote, hold office, & get their land back

Democrats regained political power in the South

Democrats take control Democrats easily took over in former Confederate states Ku Klux Klan & White league helped democrats gain control in heavily African American populated states by terrorizing black voters

Democrats easily took over in former Confederate states

Ku Klux Klan & White league helped democrats gain control in heavily African American populated states by terrorizing black voters

Republican Scandals Grant chose old war buddies instead of qualified people to be in his cabinet Many of those friends were very corrupt They got caught in large scandals Grant pardoned them or did nothing

Grant chose old war buddies instead of qualified people to be in his cabinet

Many of those friends were very corrupt

They got caught in large scandals

Grant pardoned them or did nothing

1876 election Grant does not run for a third term (scandals) Rutherford B. Hayes (R) vs. Samuel Tilden (D) Close election 1 electoral vote (20 disputed votes)

Grant does not run for a third term (scandals)

Rutherford B. Hayes (R) vs. Samuel Tilden (D)

Close election

1 electoral vote (20 disputed votes)

Compromise of 1877 deal made to settle election dispute Republicans get Presidency if… more aid ($) to the South withdraw troops from Southern states

deal made to settle election dispute

Republicans get Presidency if…

more aid ($) to the South

withdraw troops from Southern states

Hayes: no friend to the African American states would deal with the “African American” issue alone. Reconstruction was over Republicans traded Presidency for an end to Reconstruction (party abandons African Americans)

states would deal with the “African American” issue alone.

Reconstruction was over

Republicans traded Presidency for an end to Reconstruction (party abandons African Americans)

Changes in the South Democrats in control Redeemers: “ save” the south from republican rule

Democrats in control

Redeemers:

“ save” the south from republican rule

The South’s Economy lags behind the nation industrialization slow Rise of “New South” Henry Grady rise of textile mills; Northern companies moved south James Duke; tobacco

lags behind the nation

industrialization slow

Rise of “New South”

Henry Grady

rise of textile mills; Northern companies moved south

James Duke; tobacco

The “New South” industry grew (not as fast as North) workers worked hard, long hours cheap wages child labor RR boom

industry grew (not as fast as North)

workers worked hard, long hours

cheap wages

child labor

RR boom

A divided society 15 th Amendment allowed African Americans to vote Southern states looked for loop holes

15 th Amendment allowed African Americans to vote

Southern states looked for loop holes

Loopholes poll tax – had to pay before you could vote literacy test – read & explain constitution grandfather clause – if father or grandfather voted before Reconstruction; didn’t have to pass literacy test Very few African Americans voted

poll tax – had to pay before you could vote

literacy test – read & explain constitution

grandfather clause – if father or grandfather voted before Reconstruction; didn’t have to pass literacy test

Very few African Americans voted

Jim Crow Laws 1890’s– segregation was prominent Laws required separation in most public places

1890’s– segregation was prominent

Laws required separation in most public places

Who was Jim Crow? ‘ Jim Crow’ was a character in an old song who was revived by a white comedian called ‘Daddy’ Rice. Rice used the character to make fun of African Americans and the way that they spoke. The term ‘Jim Crow’ came to be used as an insult against African Americans.

‘ Jim Crow’ was a character in an old song who was revived by a white comedian called ‘Daddy’ Rice. Rice used the character to make fun of African Americans and the way that they spoke. The term ‘Jim Crow’ came to be used as an insult against African Americans.

Segregation becomes Legal Plessy vs. Ferguson separate section on train access to public facilities = to whites kept segregation in south for 50 years “ Separate but equal” Facilities for African Americans were not equal

Plessy vs. Ferguson

separate section on train

access to public facilities = to whites

kept segregation in south for 50 years

“ Separate but equal”

Facilities for African Americans were not equal

Legal Segregation African Americans lost jobs in government, which they gained after the Civil War. Whites owned the land, the police, the government, the courtrooms, the law, the armed forces, and the press. The political system denied blacks the right to vote.

African Americans lost jobs in government, which they gained after the Civil War.

Whites owned the land, the police, the government, the courtrooms, the law, the armed forces, and the press. The political system denied blacks the right to vote.

Terror Murders were conducted in secret and in public by white men. The blacks were harassed and abused, physically and verbally. These violent acts became a part of their life.

Murders were conducted in secret and in public by white men. The blacks were harassed and abused, physically and verbally. These violent acts became a part of their life.

“ The slave went free, stood a brief moment in the sun then moved back again toward slavery.” W.E.B. DuBois

“ The slave went free, stood a brief moment in the sun then moved back again toward slavery.” W.E.B. DuBois

Writing a DBQ There is no right or wrong answer. Your answer is YOUR interpretation of what’s in of the documents. As long as your answer makes sense and is supported by the content of the document you are correct.

There is no right or wrong answer. Your answer is YOUR interpretation of what’s in of the documents. As long as your answer makes sense and is supported by the content of the document you are correct.

1. Read carefully the question and the historical background. Underline the tasks. 2. Read the documents carefully. a) Make sure that you understand the content of the document. b) What is the author's Point of View?

1. Read carefully the question and the historical background. Underline the tasks.

2. Read the documents carefully.

a) Make sure that you understand the content of the document.

b) What is the author's Point of View?

3. Don’t just list the documents, organize them into categories and use them appropriately 4. Re-read the question just to make sure

3. Don’t just list the documents, organize them into categories and use them appropriately

4. Re-read the question just to make sure

Steps 1-4 Read Question, Read Documents, organize documents, re-read question

Read Question, Read Documents, organize documents, re-read question

Thesis Topic + What you’re trying to prove Example: Social Studies (Topic) is the most important subject in school (what you’re trying to prove)

Topic + What you’re trying to prove

Example: Social Studies (Topic) is the most important subject in school (what you’re trying to prove)

Use the Documents to support your thesis You have already organized the docs and you understand what each is trying to say Plug them in and cite them in some way “ ..as shown in document 2” “… according to document 5” “… the population of immigrants steadily rose (doc. 7).”

You have already organized the docs and you understand what each is trying to say

Plug them in and cite them in some way

“ ..as shown in document 2”

“… according to document 5”

“… the population of immigrants steadily rose (doc. 7).”

Using Documents Use at least ½ the number of documents + 1, for example; if there are 8 documents use at least 5 in your essay.

Use at least ½ the number of documents + 1, for example; if there are 8 documents use at least 5 in your essay.

Outside Information In order to get the highest DBQ score possible, you must use outside information.

In order to get the highest DBQ score possible, you must use outside information.

Conclusion Restate (don’t recopy) thesis Summarize your points

Restate (don’t recopy) thesis

Summarize your points