Minerals

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    Minerals - Presentation Transcript

    1. Minerals
    2. What is a Mineral?
      • Naturally-formed solid substance with a crystal structure
      Pyromorphite
    3. What do all minerals have in common?
        • All:
          • Are formed by natural processes.
          • Are NOT alive and NEVER were alive
          • Have a definite volume and shape
          • Are elements or compounds with a unique chemical makeup
          • Are made up of particles that are arranged in a pattern that is repeated over and over (called a CRYSTAL )
      • Watch “Crystals” by Brainpop…
        • .What element are diamonds made from?
        • . What do all crystals have in common?
    4. Groups of Minerals
      • Minerals are grouped by the elements they are made of.
      Amethyst Beryl (Emerald) Calcite
    5. MICA Quartz Quartz, mica
      • Contain oxygen & silica
      • The most abundant group of minerals
      Silicates Examples Characteristics Mineral Group
    6. Silver Gold Ruby Iron Copper Diamond iron, copper, gold, silver, diamonds, rubies
      • Make up only 5% of the Earth’s crust
      • Include some of the most important minerals
      Non-Silicates Examples Characteristics Mineral Group
    7. Calcite with Duftite inclusions Calcite (CaCO 3 )
      • Carbon & oxygen and a positive ion, such as calcium
      Carbonates Examples Characteristics Mineral Group
    8. Hematite (Fe 2 )O 3
      • Metallic ion and oxygen
      Oxides Examples Characteristics Mineral Group
    9. Galena (PbS)
      • Sulfur and a metallic ion
      Sulfides Examples Characteristics Mineral Group
    10. Barite on Calcite BaSo4 / CaCO3 Barite BaSo4 Barite (BaSO 4 )
      • Metallic ion, Sulfur & oxygen
      Sulfates Examples Characteristics Mineral Group
    11. Gold (Au), Diamond (C), Silver (Ag)
      • Single elements
      Native Elements Examples Characteristics Mineral Group
    12. How do minerals form?
      • 1) Cooling of magma (hot, liquid rock and minerals inside the earth (from the mantle))
        • Fast Cooling = No Crystals (mineraloids)
        • Medium Cooling = small crystals
        • Slow Cooling = large crystals
    13. How do minerals form?
      • 2) Elements dissolved in liquids (usually water)
    14. Physical Properties of Minerals (can be used to identify the mineral)
      • Color
      • Can be misleading
      • Can vary with the type of impurities
    15. Physical Properties of Minerals (can be used to identify the mineral)
      • Luster
      • Surface reflection
      • metallic = shiny like metal
      • non-metallic = dull, non-shiny surface
      Pyrite has a metallic luster Calcite has a non-metallic luster
    16. Physical Properties of Minerals (can be used to identify the mineral)
      • Streak
      • The color of the powdered form of the mineral
      • The color of the streak can be different than the mineral
      • Minerals must be softer than the streak plate
    17. Streak…can help identify quartz BUT... http://www.childrensmuseum.org/geomysteries/cube/b3.html
    18. Physical Properties of Minerals (can be used to identify the mineral)
      • Hardness
      • How easily a mineral scratches materials
      • Mohs Hardness Scale
          • Scale from 1 ( softest ) to 10 ( hardest )
          • Test by seeing if the mineral can scratch different objects (like human fingernail, copper, penny, glass, steel file)
    19. Find out more…
      • “ Electronic” Hardness Test
      • http://www.childrensmuseum.org/geomysteries/cube/b2.html
    20. Physical Properties of Minerals (can be used to identify the mineral)
      • Cleavage & Fracture
        • The way the mineral breaks
        • Cleavage —minerals break along smooth , flat surfaces and every fragment has the same general shape
        • Fracture —minerals that break at random with rough or jagged edges
    21.  
    22. Cleavage or Fracture? 1. 4. 3. 2.
    23. Physical Properties of Minerals (can be used to identify the mineral)
      • Other Properties
        • Specific gravity (*excellent clue to mineral’s identity)
        • Attraction to magnets
        • Bending of light
        • Reaction with hydrochloric acid
        • Smell & taste
      http://www.childrensmuseum.org/geomysteries/cube/b4.html
      • Watch Brainpop—“Mineral Identification”
        • . If a mineral can scratch your fingernail, the mineral is _______________ than your fingernail.
        • 2. What is luster?
    24. Watch Classifying Minerals Clip
    25. What is a gem?
      • A Mineral OR Rock that has value
      • Rare !
      • Sometimes polishing or cutting will add value

    + duncanpattiduncanpatti, 2 years ago

    custom

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    Notes from class on minerals and gems

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