This document discusses effective classroom strategies for teaching summarization skills. It provides a model for rule-based summarizing that involves deleting trivial material, deleting redundant material, substituting superordinate terms, and selecting or inventing a topic sentence. Research shows that students must analyze information at a deep level to effectively summarize by deleting, substituting, and keeping information. Teachers should provide focused practice opportunities and feedback to help students master summarization as a procedural skill. Planning should identify the information and strategy students will use to summarize.

1. Effective Classroom Strategies Effective Classroom Strategies Mostafa Ewees

2. Classroom Instruction That Works Effective Classroom Strategies Identifying similarities and differences Summarizing and note taking Reinforcing effort and providing recognition Homework and practice Nonlinguistic representations Cooperative learning Setting objectives and providing feedback Generating and testing hypotheses Questions, cues and organizers

5. Classroom Instruction That Works – Effect Size Effective Classroom Strategies Category Ave. Effect Size Percentile Gain # of Studies Identifying similarities and differences 1.61 45 31 Summarizing and note taking 1.00 34 179 Reinforcing effort and providing recognition .80 29 21 Homework and practice .77 28 134 Nonlinguistic representations .75 27 246 Cooperative learning .73 27 122 Setting objectives and providing feedback .61 23 408 Generating and testing hypotheses .61 23 63 Questions, cues and organizers .59 22 1251

7. Effect Size and the Normal Curve Effective Classroom Strategies 2% 16% 50% 84% 98% 99.9%

22. Effective Classroom Strategies Comparing The process of identifying and articulating similarities and differences among items. Classifying The process of grouping things into definable categories on the basis of their attributes. Creating Metaphors The process of identifying and articulating the underlying theme or general pattern in information. Creating Analogies The process of identifying relationships between pairs of concepts (e.g., relationships between relationships). 4 Strategies for Similarities and Differences

24. Effective Classroom Strategies Characteristic 1 _____________________ Characteristic 2 _____________________ Easy to see that items are very different for this characteristic… … and very similar for this characteristic.

25. What are the steps in the comparison process? Effective Classroom Strategies COMPARING 1. Select the items you want to compare. 2. Select the characteristics of the items on which you want to base your comparison. 3. Explain how the items are similar and different with respect to the characteristics you selected. To

27. Effective Classroom Strategies Tips Related to the Comparison Process One key to a rigorous comparison is to identify items and characteristics that are meaningful and interesting. To do this, students need extensive modeling and feedback. If the items and characteristics are not meaningful, students will not make new distinctions or come to new conclusions about the targeted knowledge. TIP Make sure that students understand that the purpose of doing the comparison is to extend and refine their understanding of the knowledge they are learning. Asking students to select different characteristics will help them move beyond the obvious. TIP

31. Effective Classroom Strategies CLASSIFYING 1. Identify the items you want to classify. 2. Select what seems to be an important item, describe its key attributes, and identify other items that have the same attributes. 3. Create a category by specifying the attribute(s) that the items must have for membership in this category. 4. Select another item, describe its key attributes, and identify other items that have the same attributes. What are the steps in the classifying process? Birds Fish Dogs

32. Effective Classroom Strategies 5. Create the second category by specifying the attribute(s) that the items must have for membership in the category. 6. Repeat the previous two steps until all items are classified and the specific attributes have been identified for membership in each category. 7. If necessary, combine categories or split them into smaller categories and specify attribute(s) that determine membership in the category. CLASSIFYING (cont’d) Birds Fish Dogs

33. Effective Classroom Strategies We have been learning that different animals live in different environments. Classify the following animals in terms of whether they live in lakes or oceans, forests, in the soil, or in the desert. raccoons moles clams scorpions squirrels frogs bears lizards deer fish ants turtles worms ducks snakes Now, reclassify these animals using another set of attributes. For example, you might identify attributes that relate to the animal’s skin or outer covering (e.g., has fur, scales, has a shell). You may use a blank classifying graphic or your own chart to do this task. Content Area: Science Knowledge: Understands that different animals live in different environments.

37. Metaphor Organizer Effective Classroom Strategies Element Literal Pattern Abstract Relationship Literal Pattern Element Internet Coffee shop

43. Analogies Organizer – Great Depression Effective Classroom Strategies Stock Market Crash of 1929 U.S. Economy A Is to B Something attacks a system and weakens its ability to prevent serious affliction. AS C D

44. Effective Classroom Strategies Bob Marzano says… “ Summarizing has a robust and long history of research.”

48. Effective Classroom Strategies The word photography comes from the Greek word meaning “drawing with light”….Light is the most essential ingredient in photography. Nearly all forms of photography are based on the fact that certain chemicals are photosensitive- that is, they change in some way when exposed to light. Photosensitive materials abound in nature; plants that close their blooms at night are one example. The films used in photography depend on a limited number of chemical compounds that darken when exposed to light. The compounds most widely used today are called halogens (usually bromine, chlorine, or iodine. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia

49. Effective Classroom Strategies The word photography comes from the Greek word meaning “drawing with light”….Light is the most essential ingredient in photography. Nearly all forms of photography are based on the fact that certain chemicals are photosensitive- that is, they change in some way when exposed to light. Photosensitive materials abound in nature; plants that close their blooms at night are one example. The films used in photography depend on a limited number of chemical compounds that darken when exposed to light. The compounds most widely used today are called halogens (usually bromine, chlorine, or iodine. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia

53. Procedural Knowledge Effective Classroom Strategies Summarizing is “procedural knowledge.” If students are expected to become proficient in procedural knowledge, they need to be able to “practice.” Mastering a skill or process requires a fair amount of focused practice. Practice sessions initially should be spaced very closely together. Over time, the intervals between sessions can be increased. Students also need feedback on their efforts. While practicing, students should adapt and shape what they have learned.

54. A Rubric for Summarizing Effective Classroom Strategies 4 The student identifies the main pattern running through the information along with minor patterns. 3 The student identifies the main pattern running through the information. 2 The student addresses some of the features of the main pattern running through the information but excludes some critical aspects. 1 The student does not address the main pattern running through the information. 0 Not enough information to make a judgment.

57. For Information on Summary Frames please visit the Saginaw Midland Intermediate School District Website. http://www.sisd.cc/departments/HOUSSEmainpage_003.htm Effective Classroom Strategies