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Fitt‟s List
Allocation of Function
1. Introduction
The Technological Revolution

 History:
   Where did our first computers come from?


   In 1822 Charles Babbage


   Herman Hollerith developed the mechanical tabulator


   In 1944 IBM created the Harvard Mark 1


   In 1946 ENIAC was announced
 Progression of technology means progression of
  machines by that they are smaller, faster and more
  accurate than humans can be.
What is „function allocation‟?

 A classic human factor method for deciding whether a particular
  function will be accomplished by a person, technology (hardware
  or software) or some mix of person and technology

 The concept of human-machine function allocation was proposed
  by Fitts (1951)

 Used to determine if a person or a machine could better perform
  the function required be the system. Optimising performance
  makes the work done more efficient, which increases safety,
  quality, and ultimately profit-margins.

 Allocating function, then, is the theoretical basis for delegating
  work to make it optimal.

 Gagne (1962), Meister and Rabideau (1965), and Jordan (1963)...
What is „Fitt‟s list‟?
Fitt‟s List

 Fitt‟s list is a series of statements regarding the abilities of
  humans and machines, which is used to determined the
  allocation of function/task assignment.

 It is otherwise known as HABA-MABA.
    Humans                              Machines
    Are                                 Are
    Better                              Better
    At                                  At
Fitt‟s List
              Humans Are Better At                                    Machines Are Better At
              Detection of nuance                          Operating in environments that are hostile


Perceiving a wide variety of stimuli, i.e., 5 senses              Repetitive, precise operations


               Pattern perception                                    Fast response to signals
         Relevant recall of information                    Processing information in short time periods


                    Creativity                                   Performing with high accuracy
    Reaction to low-probability events, i.e.,           Sensitivity to stimuli beyond human sensitivity, like
               accidents/faults                                              infrared, etc
             Flexible problem solving                                      Multi-tasking
       Utilising experience in the present                  Exerting large amounts of force smoothly


         Performing when overloaded                    Insensitive to extraneous factors, such as mood, etc


       Inductive reasoning/Hypothesising                           Deductive reasoning/Logic
So...what does it mean?

 The fact that “Machines are better at operating in hostile
  environments” allowed the Mars Rover to provide us with
  information about Mars that humans couldn‟t ever attain.
So... What does it mean?

 The fact that “Humans are better at creativity” has
  allowed the product patented US D504,889 S to exist.
Or in other words...
Fitt‟s List

 Utilising the theoretical framework of Fitt‟s List allows for
  the designer to manufacture a product optimally:
    In terms of finish;
    In terms of durability;
    In terms of minimum waste of resources;
    In terms of time.



   Ultimately, in terms of profit-margin.
Disadvantages
Disadvantages

   Function allocation guidelines are often simplistic and provide only limited heuristics for
    allocating functions among people, hardware, and software.

   Function allocation can have effects on human values. For example, automated
    systems may lower user satisfaction due to less human intervention.

   Automated system users, may depend greatly on automation and fail to monitor the
    system effectively

   What about dynamic allocation of functions between software and people (crash
    prevention systems in cars)? However when does the software allow the person to
    override the automation? Does the system know when someone is fatigued or when the
    driver is an expert?

   Fitt's List is outdated, because it doesn't take into account things like hardware upgrades
    and that have improved exponentially since the 50's.

   Difficult to apply allocation function, due to the approach requiring that some aspects
    are done by human operators and some by automation.
Further disadvantages
   The either/or-approach might be best settled by the and-approach: humans and machines
    symbiotically, not humans or machines.


   Over-automation, tendency of complex automation to be incomprehensible (system being too
    complex for the operator to control leading to automation failure).


   Certain situations operators can “under-rely” on the automation, while other situations operators can
    “over-rely” on automation. (Parasuraman et al., 2000). This can be due to operator having insufficient
    knowledge about automation or when confidence is misplaced.
    In many cases automation replaces operator error with design error, due to lack of operational practice
    being incorporated into their design.


   A heavy reliance on machines could lead to further socio-economic problems, such as increased
    unemployment, wages being lowered, work place safety diminishing, etc. (e.g. The Industrial Revolution,
    machines were allocated the majority of tasks in factories due to a leap in efficiency of the means of
    production. Jordan 1963: "to the extent that man becomes comparable to a machine we do not really
    need him anymore since he can be replaced by a machine.”

   The List could be seen to invalid, because it makes a distinction between what we can describe and
    what we can‟t. machines can do a task through the form of a mathematical equation. If all tasks could
    be described in terms of mathematics, then machines could do any tasks. The List, then, distinguishes
    what can be described mathematically and what cannot
3. Evaluation
What is evaluation ?
 Last step of the function allocation process
 “Measure” of the overall efficiency of the function
  allocation by identifying :
           the task structure and its demands
           the knowledge needed to perform the task
           the environmental constraints
           the functional and safety requirements
           …

 Function allocation is optimized when tasks associated with :
         Technical limitations, ethics, safety…
             => allocated to humans
         Human capability limits, hostile environment…
             => allocated to machines
What is evaluation ?
 Sometimes, the evaluation enables to spot that the allocation
  of functions was not optimal.

          Re-allocation of functions.
Aspects that are evaluated
 System performance

                       Evaluation and
                       re-allocation




                                        Evaluation and
                                        re-allocation
Aspects that are evaluated
 Safety (Nina)
Aspects that are evaluated
 Social impact




              Evaluation and
              re-allocation
Aspects that are evaluated
 Usability




                Evaluation and
                re-allocation
Aspects that are evaluated
 Cost (Nina)
Aspects that are evaluated
 Job satisfaction


                     Performance 




                                     Satisfaction 

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Fitt's list presentation

  • 3. The Technological Revolution  History:  Where did our first computers come from?  In 1822 Charles Babbage  Herman Hollerith developed the mechanical tabulator  In 1944 IBM created the Harvard Mark 1  In 1946 ENIAC was announced
  • 4.  Progression of technology means progression of machines by that they are smaller, faster and more accurate than humans can be.
  • 5. What is „function allocation‟?  A classic human factor method for deciding whether a particular function will be accomplished by a person, technology (hardware or software) or some mix of person and technology  The concept of human-machine function allocation was proposed by Fitts (1951)  Used to determine if a person or a machine could better perform the function required be the system. Optimising performance makes the work done more efficient, which increases safety, quality, and ultimately profit-margins.  Allocating function, then, is the theoretical basis for delegating work to make it optimal.  Gagne (1962), Meister and Rabideau (1965), and Jordan (1963)...
  • 7. Fitt‟s List  Fitt‟s list is a series of statements regarding the abilities of humans and machines, which is used to determined the allocation of function/task assignment.  It is otherwise known as HABA-MABA.  Humans Machines  Are Are  Better Better  At At
  • 8. Fitt‟s List Humans Are Better At Machines Are Better At Detection of nuance Operating in environments that are hostile Perceiving a wide variety of stimuli, i.e., 5 senses Repetitive, precise operations Pattern perception Fast response to signals Relevant recall of information Processing information in short time periods Creativity Performing with high accuracy Reaction to low-probability events, i.e., Sensitivity to stimuli beyond human sensitivity, like accidents/faults infrared, etc Flexible problem solving Multi-tasking Utilising experience in the present Exerting large amounts of force smoothly Performing when overloaded Insensitive to extraneous factors, such as mood, etc Inductive reasoning/Hypothesising Deductive reasoning/Logic
  • 9. So...what does it mean?  The fact that “Machines are better at operating in hostile environments” allowed the Mars Rover to provide us with information about Mars that humans couldn‟t ever attain.
  • 10. So... What does it mean?  The fact that “Humans are better at creativity” has allowed the product patented US D504,889 S to exist.
  • 11. Or in other words...
  • 12. Fitt‟s List  Utilising the theoretical framework of Fitt‟s List allows for the designer to manufacture a product optimally:  In terms of finish;  In terms of durability;  In terms of minimum waste of resources;  In terms of time. Ultimately, in terms of profit-margin.
  • 14. Disadvantages  Function allocation guidelines are often simplistic and provide only limited heuristics for allocating functions among people, hardware, and software.  Function allocation can have effects on human values. For example, automated systems may lower user satisfaction due to less human intervention.  Automated system users, may depend greatly on automation and fail to monitor the system effectively  What about dynamic allocation of functions between software and people (crash prevention systems in cars)? However when does the software allow the person to override the automation? Does the system know when someone is fatigued or when the driver is an expert?  Fitt's List is outdated, because it doesn't take into account things like hardware upgrades and that have improved exponentially since the 50's.  Difficult to apply allocation function, due to the approach requiring that some aspects are done by human operators and some by automation.
  • 15. Further disadvantages  The either/or-approach might be best settled by the and-approach: humans and machines symbiotically, not humans or machines.  Over-automation, tendency of complex automation to be incomprehensible (system being too complex for the operator to control leading to automation failure).  Certain situations operators can “under-rely” on the automation, while other situations operators can “over-rely” on automation. (Parasuraman et al., 2000). This can be due to operator having insufficient knowledge about automation or when confidence is misplaced. In many cases automation replaces operator error with design error, due to lack of operational practice being incorporated into their design.  A heavy reliance on machines could lead to further socio-economic problems, such as increased unemployment, wages being lowered, work place safety diminishing, etc. (e.g. The Industrial Revolution, machines were allocated the majority of tasks in factories due to a leap in efficiency of the means of production. Jordan 1963: "to the extent that man becomes comparable to a machine we do not really need him anymore since he can be replaced by a machine.”  The List could be seen to invalid, because it makes a distinction between what we can describe and what we can‟t. machines can do a task through the form of a mathematical equation. If all tasks could be described in terms of mathematics, then machines could do any tasks. The List, then, distinguishes what can be described mathematically and what cannot
  • 17. What is evaluation ?  Last step of the function allocation process  “Measure” of the overall efficiency of the function allocation by identifying :  the task structure and its demands  the knowledge needed to perform the task  the environmental constraints  the functional and safety requirements  …  Function allocation is optimized when tasks associated with :  Technical limitations, ethics, safety… => allocated to humans  Human capability limits, hostile environment… => allocated to machines
  • 18. What is evaluation ?  Sometimes, the evaluation enables to spot that the allocation of functions was not optimal.  Re-allocation of functions.
  • 19. Aspects that are evaluated  System performance Evaluation and re-allocation Evaluation and re-allocation
  • 20. Aspects that are evaluated  Safety (Nina)
  • 21. Aspects that are evaluated  Social impact Evaluation and re-allocation
  • 22. Aspects that are evaluated  Usability Evaluation and re-allocation
  • 23. Aspects that are evaluated  Cost (Nina)
  • 24. Aspects that are evaluated  Job satisfaction Performance  Satisfaction 