1. D r Dhananjaya sabat MS, DNB, MNAMS
Assistant Professor Orthopedics
MAMC & STC, New delhi
2. INTRODUCTION
Lateral deviation of the great toe and medial
deviation of the first metatarsal
Progressive subluxation of the first
metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint
Static deformity due to valgus angulation of
the distal articular surface of the first
metatarsal or the proximal phalangeal
articular surface.
3. Pathophysiology
No single cause
Intrinsic conditions: 1. Metatarsus primus varus: congenital
/ heriditary ( AD), 2. Pes planus, 3. ligamentous laxity, 4.
neromuscular
Footwear: 15 times increased incidence
female sex
4th-6th decade age
Rheumatoid arthritis
4. Anatomy
Four groups that encircle the first MTP
joint
1) Extensor hallucis longus and brevis
2) Flexor hallucis longus and brevis
3) Abductor
4) Adductor
Deforming Musculature
1. Abductor Hallucis
-Inserts in the plantar aspect of the proximal
phalanx
-Can draw the phalanx medial and push metatarsal
head lateral
2. Adductor Hallucis
-2 origins
-common tendon to plantar aspect of proximal
phalanx and lateral aspect of plantar
plate/sesamoid complex
5. Anatomy
Plantar Plate
2 seasmoids
incorporated into
tendons of FHB
Plantar Plate formed
by tendons of
Adductor
Hallucis, Abductor
Hallucis, FHL and
Joint Capsule
7. Clinical Presentation
PAIN over the medial eminence (Bunion).
Pressure from footwear is the most frequent cause of this
discomfort.
Bursal inflammation
Irritation of the skin
Breakdown of the skin may be noted.
Bunion consists of:
Bony exostosis / prominence of the metatarsal head
Overlying subcutaneous bursa
Hyperkeratosis of dermis
9. Physical Examination
Skin : calluses, areas of redness
Sites of pain
Magnitude of the hallux valgus deformity
Pronation of the great toe
Motion of 1st MTP joint- increased or decreased, Pain or crepitus,
or both, with motion of the MTP joint
Metatarsocuneiform joint for hypermobility
Examiner grasps the first metatarsal with the thumb and
index finger and pushes it in a plantar lateral-to-dorsomedial
direction; mobility > 9 mm represents hypermobility
Pes planus deformity , Contracture of the Achilles tendon
Mobility and structure of foot in general
Gait analysis
10. Radiographic Examination
Weightbearing AP & Lateral
Axial (Sesamoid)
Assess for bone and joint deformity
Length and shape of 1st MT
Congruent vs. Incongruent joint
Osteoarthrosis
Forefoot alignment is evaluated for metatarsus Adductus
Hindfoot is Inspected for Pes Planus or Pes Cavus.
11. Measure Angles
Hallux Valgus angle:
Intersection of longitudinal axis
of 1st MT and proximal
phalanx. Normal < 150
Intermetatarsal angle
Intersection of 1st and 2nd MT.
Normal < 90 ; increased with
metatarsus primus varus
12. Distal Metatarsal Articular Angle
(DMMA)
Defines the relationship of the distal articular
surface of the 1st MT to the longitudinal axis.
Quantities the magnitude of lateral slope of
articular surface.
With subluxation, the articular surface deviates
laterally in relationship to the 1st Metatarsal.
Usually < 60 .
Proximal Phalangeal Articular Angle
(PPAA)
13. SEVERITY OF
DEFORMITY
CLASSIFICATION MILD MODERATE SEVERE
Hallux valgus angle < 20° 20° to 40° >40°
1-2 intermetatarsal angle 11° or less. 12- 15° 16° or more
Subluxation of the < 50% 50% to 75% > 75%
lateral sesamoid, as
measured on an AP
radiograph
14. TREATMENT
Non-operative vs. Operative
All patients should be treated non-operatively
first.
Despite conservative measures, some patients
eventually need surgical intervention.
15. Treatment
NON-OPERATIVE
Footwear Modification
Widen toe box
decrease lateral deviation of great toe
decrease inflammation and pain
Decrease heel height
prevent forward slide of the foot
Arch support
may negate effects of pes planus
16. Contracture of the Achilles tendon
Stretching exercises
Lengthening of the Achilles tendon
Thermoplastic night splints
17. Treatment
SURGICAL
Indications:
Persistent PAIN not cosmetic complaints
Progression of deformity
Failure of non-operative treatment
Goals:
Correct all pathologic elements and yet maintain a
biomechanically functional forefoot
Usually will not result in a foot with normal
appearance
Combine soft tissue procedures with bony
procedures in almost all cases.
18. Treatment
SURGICAL: SOFT TISSUE PROCEDURE
Distal Soft-Tissue Reconstruction
Medial and lateral procedures
Hallux Valgus angle <30 degrees
IMA < 15 degrees
High rate of recurrence if done without bony procedure
Medial and lateral procedures at the same time contraindicated.
Medial Procedures Lateral Procedures
Tighten lax capsule Capsular release
advancement, plication or resection adductor longus release or transfer
Abductor must not be detached Division of transverse MT ligament
risk NV bundle
•Medial side procedure recommended
•Be aware of cutaneous branch of medial plantar nerve.
• Lateral procedure more difficult.
•Neurovascular risk.
19.
20. Treatment
SURGICAL: Bony Procedures
Distal MT: for IM angle 12-150
Mitchell {step cut}
Wilson {Oblique}
Chevron
Proximal MT: for IM angle > 150.
Medial opening wedge, lateral
closing wedge, cresentic or dome
Phalangeal: Proximal Phalanx Osteotomy-Akin
Combination osteotomies
Arthrodesis of MCP jt / Keller’s excission for arthritis of MTP jt.
Metatarsocunieform procedures: arthrodesis (Lapidus) for hypermobile
first ray
25. Surgical Algorhythm
HVA IMA Procedure
< 40° < 13° to 15° modified McBride or
distal chevron osteotomy
< 40 ° > 13° to 15° modified McBride and
proximal osteotomy
>40° > 20° modified McBride and
proximal osteotomy or arthrodesis