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Gestation ,[object Object],[object Object],Leonardo da Vinci, "The Foetus in Utero," 1489
Fertilization  ,[object Object],[object Object]
Cleavage ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Preattachment development of the embryo Senger, pg 286 8-cell embryo morula early blastocyst hatched blastocyst
Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Pregnancy Recognition Signals ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Senger, pgs 291-295
Differentiation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Three Embryonic Germ Layers ,[object Object],[object Object],Ectoderm Nervous system, skin, hair Mesoderm Muscle, skeleton, Cardiovascular system, Reproductive system Endoderm Digestive system, lungs, endocrine system Senger, pg 81-82 ICM Blastocoele
Extraembryonic Membranes Senger, pg 290
Function of Fetal Membranes and Fluids Yolk Sac  –  Originates from fetal midgut.  Nutrient supply for early embryo.  Absorbs uterine sectretions from endometrium to stimulate early embryonic development. Amnion  –  Innermost membrane directly surrounding the fetus.  Protects from injury and provides lubrication for parturition.  Prevents lung collapse and opens digestive tract. Allantois  –  Originates from the gut and forms the umbilicus. Supports blood vessels.  Reservoir of nutrients and wastes. Chorioallantois: product of fusion between the allantoic and chorionic membranes Chorion  – Outermost membrane in direct contact with uterine tissue.  Becomes vascularized by allantoic vessels.  Site of hormone production, nutrient and gas exchange.
Placenta ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Placental Shapes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Senger pgs 308-310
Diffuse Placenta Uterine  Endometrium Fetal Chorion Senger, pg 308
Cotyledonary Placenta Senger, pg 310
Cotyledonary Placenta Fetus Umbilicus Placentomes
Types of Placentas Maternal Blood Maternal endothelium Maternal connective tissue Maternal epithelium Fetal epithelium Fetal connective tissue Fetal endothelium Fetal Blood Type = degree of invasiveness, based on  layers separating maternal blood from the  fetal epithelium Least Invasive  epitheliochorial synepitheliochorial endotheliochorial Most Invasive hemochorial
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Placentation by Species
Hormones Produced by the Placenta ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Relative Development Cleavage  Differentiation   Growth More than 50% of the total weight of the fetus at parturition is gained during the last two months of gestation fertilization ZP Disintegration   parturition  placentation   Shift from classification as embryo to fetus
Days 45-147 Days 11-45 Days 0-10 Sheep Days 68-336 Days 15-68 Days 0-14 Mare Days 28-113 Days 7-28 Days 0-6 Sow Days 45-283 Days 13-45 Days 0-12 Cow Growth Differentiation Cleavage Species
Parturition The process by which the uterus expels the products of conception
Stages of Parturition ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Brief Definitions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Cattle ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Cattle ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Sheep ,[object Object],[object Object]
Swine ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Horses ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Foaling ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Horses ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Hormones of Parturition ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Hormones of Parturition ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Induction of Parturition **Not Recommended Unless the Life of the Dam or the Fetus is Threatened** ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Agents Used to Induce Parturition ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Oxytocin:  Works well, but the dose and timing are extremely important.  All impending signs of parturition must be present. (general rule: give ~ 1hr before parturition)
Senger, pg 321
synepitheliochorial Cotyledonary IFNtau 147 days Sheep epitheliochorial Diffuse Migration-estrogen/protein 336 days Mare epitheliochorial Diffuse Estrogen 113 days Sow epitheliochorial Cotyledonary IFNtau 283 days Cow Placental Type Placental Shape Pregnancy recognition signal Gestation Length Species
Lactation
Neuroendocrine Reflex Arc ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],1 3 2 4 5 6 7 8 5
Mammary Gland Anatomy Tissue of Mammary Gland: Secretory cells Alveoli Myoepithelial cells Ducts Blood Vessels
Mammary Gland Anatomy
Initiation of Lactation: (lactogenesis) 1. Increased formation and development of duct system 2. Increased formation and development of secretory cells 3. Development of capacity for milk synthesis    
Hormones Required for Lactation   1.  Estrogen :  stimulates duct growth 2.  Progesterone :  stimulates alveolar development 3.  Growth Hormone  (somatotropin):  stimulates milk production 4.  Thyroid Hormones:   enhance development and function of mammary  tissue 5.  Corticoids:  enhance synthesis of enzymes necessary for milk  biosynthesis 6.  Prolactin:  initiation of lactogenesis 7.  Oxytocin:  stimulate myometrial contractions to release milk from  alveoli to ducts 8.  Insulin:   maintain function and survival of secretory cells 9.  Placental Lactogen:   general mammary tissue growth Adrenalin:  prevents milk ejection; blocks secretion of oxytocin, causes vasoconstriction  in mammary gland Administration of  bST to dairy cattle increases milk production 15-40%.  Suggested that bST  stimulates insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) which stimulates the secretory cells.

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Gestationplacentationlactation

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  • 4. Preattachment development of the embryo Senger, pg 286 8-cell embryo morula early blastocyst hatched blastocyst
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  • 10. Function of Fetal Membranes and Fluids Yolk Sac – Originates from fetal midgut. Nutrient supply for early embryo. Absorbs uterine sectretions from endometrium to stimulate early embryonic development. Amnion – Innermost membrane directly surrounding the fetus. Protects from injury and provides lubrication for parturition. Prevents lung collapse and opens digestive tract. Allantois – Originates from the gut and forms the umbilicus. Supports blood vessels. Reservoir of nutrients and wastes. Chorioallantois: product of fusion between the allantoic and chorionic membranes Chorion – Outermost membrane in direct contact with uterine tissue. Becomes vascularized by allantoic vessels. Site of hormone production, nutrient and gas exchange.
  • 11.
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  • 13. Diffuse Placenta Uterine Endometrium Fetal Chorion Senger, pg 308
  • 15. Cotyledonary Placenta Fetus Umbilicus Placentomes
  • 16. Types of Placentas Maternal Blood Maternal endothelium Maternal connective tissue Maternal epithelium Fetal epithelium Fetal connective tissue Fetal endothelium Fetal Blood Type = degree of invasiveness, based on layers separating maternal blood from the fetal epithelium Least Invasive epitheliochorial synepitheliochorial endotheliochorial Most Invasive hemochorial
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  • 20. Relative Development Cleavage Differentiation Growth More than 50% of the total weight of the fetus at parturition is gained during the last two months of gestation fertilization ZP Disintegration parturition placentation Shift from classification as embryo to fetus
  • 21. Days 45-147 Days 11-45 Days 0-10 Sheep Days 68-336 Days 15-68 Days 0-14 Mare Days 28-113 Days 7-28 Days 0-6 Sow Days 45-283 Days 13-45 Days 0-12 Cow Growth Differentiation Cleavage Species
  • 22. Parturition The process by which the uterus expels the products of conception
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  • 37. synepitheliochorial Cotyledonary IFNtau 147 days Sheep epitheliochorial Diffuse Migration-estrogen/protein 336 days Mare epitheliochorial Diffuse Estrogen 113 days Sow epitheliochorial Cotyledonary IFNtau 283 days Cow Placental Type Placental Shape Pregnancy recognition signal Gestation Length Species
  • 39.
  • 40. Mammary Gland Anatomy Tissue of Mammary Gland: Secretory cells Alveoli Myoepithelial cells Ducts Blood Vessels
  • 42. Initiation of Lactation: (lactogenesis) 1. Increased formation and development of duct system 2. Increased formation and development of secretory cells 3. Development of capacity for milk synthesis    
  • 43. Hormones Required for Lactation   1. Estrogen : stimulates duct growth 2. Progesterone : stimulates alveolar development 3. Growth Hormone (somatotropin): stimulates milk production 4. Thyroid Hormones: enhance development and function of mammary tissue 5. Corticoids: enhance synthesis of enzymes necessary for milk biosynthesis 6. Prolactin: initiation of lactogenesis 7. Oxytocin: stimulate myometrial contractions to release milk from alveoli to ducts 8. Insulin: maintain function and survival of secretory cells 9. Placental Lactogen: general mammary tissue growth Adrenalin: prevents milk ejection; blocks secretion of oxytocin, causes vasoconstriction in mammary gland Administration of bST to dairy cattle increases milk production 15-40%. Suggested that bST stimulates insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) which stimulates the secretory cells.