Basic Word Structure

Analyze the medical words in components part i.e suffixes, prefixes & combining form

Relate the words to the particular structure & function of the body

Aware of the pronunciation & spellings

(key to your speed typing)

Root (greek / latin): foundation of word, they are one or two in number

Combining Vowel: Joining the 1 or 2 words, no meaning

Combining form: is the root + combining vowel formation of word

Prefix: it is at the beginning of word

e.g. sub/gastr/ic, epigastric

Suffix: at the word ending

e.g.: HEMAT /O/ LOGY

root combing vowel Suffix

ELECTR /O/ CARDI /O/ GRAM

ELECTRICITY cv Heart CV Record suffix

Gastri / tis

root suffix

GASTOENTROLOGY

Combining Form hematology Blood Haemat/o Neurologist Nerves Neur/o Psychiatrist Mind Psych/o Pediatrics Child Ped/o clot blood Thromb/o Rhinology Nose Rhin/o Pathology disease Path/o osteopath Bone Oste/o Nephrologists Kidney Nephr/o Ophthalmology Eye Opthalm/o WBC White Leuk/o Gynecology female Gynec/o Diagnosis Knowledge Gnos/o Cut Incision Incis/o Cerebral Cerebrum Cerebr/o Hepatology Liver Hepat/o Cephalic Head Cephal/o Cardiology Heart Cardi/o Biology Life Bio/o Arthritis Joint Arthr/o adenoma Gland Aden/o ventral Belly side of body Ventr/o visceral Internal organs Viscer/o Vertebral Backbone Vertebr/o Umbilical Umbilicus Umbilic/o Thoracic Chest Thorac/o

spinal Spines Spin/o Proximal Near Proxim/o Pelvic cavity Hip Palv/o Nucleic Nucleus Nucle/o Medial Middle Medi/o Lumbosacral Lower back Lumb/o Lateral Away from midline Later/o Inguinal Growing Inguin/o Iliac Ilium Illio Histology Tissue Hist/o Dorsal Back Dors/o Distal Far Dist/o Cytoplasm Cell Cyt/o Craniotomy Skull Crani/o Coccygel Tailbone Coccyg/o Chromosomes Colour Chrom/o Chondroma Cartilage Chondr/o Cervical Neck Cervic/o Anabolism Throw Bolo Anterior Front Anter/o Adipose tissue Fat Adip/o Abdominal Abdomen Abdomin/o spinal Spines Spin/o Proximal Near Proxim/o Pelvic cavity Hip Palv/o Nucleic Nucleus Nucle/o Medial Middle Medi/o Lumbosacral Lower back Lumb/o Lateral Away from midline Later/o Inguinal Growing Inguin/o Iliac Ilium Illio Histology Tissue Hist/o Dorsal Back Dors/o Distal Far Dist/o Cytoplasm Cell Cyt/o Craniotomy Skull Crani/o Coccygel Tailbone Coccyg/o Chromosomes Colour Chrom/o Chondroma Cartilage Chondr/o Cervical Neck Cervic/o Anabolism Throw Bolo Anterior Front Anter/o Adipose tissue Fat Adip/o Abdominal Abdomen Abdomin/o

Suffix osteotomy Process of cutting Tomy Gastroscopy Visually examine Scopy Endoscope Instrument to examine Scope Neuropathy Diseases Pathy Nephrosis Abnormal condition Osis Biopsy To see Opsy Osteoma Tumour Oma Endocrinology Study Logy Tonsillitis Inflammation itis Gynecologist Specialist ist Incision Process Ion Encephalogram Record Gram Carcinogenic Produce Genic Leukemia Blood Emia Nephrectomy Removal Ectomy Astrocyte Cell Cyte Otalgia Pain Olgia Cardiac Pertaining to ac TERMINOLOGY MEANING SUFFIX

Anatomy & Physiology

It is the study of Structures and there relationship among themselves

Types:

Surface: form and marking of the surface of body

Gross/macroscopic: seen with naked eyes

Systemic: System of the body e.g CVS

Regional: specific region e.g ENT

Developmental: Egg to adult form

Embroyology: Egg to 8 th week in uterus

Pathological: diseases causing structural changes

Histology: Microscopic study of structure of tissue

Cytology: Study of cells

Radigraphic: study by X-ray & Ct Scan

Physiology(fiz’- ẽ-OL-O-jẽ)

It deals with functions of body part, i.e how they work

It goes hand in hand with anatomy

Structural Level of Human Body

Chemical level consist of atoms & molecules

Cellular level made of chemicals e.g mucus cell

Tissue are made of group of cells e.g epithelium

Organ are made up of tissue e.g heart, liver

System consist of association of organ e.g digestive system

Organism all parts of the body working with one another

Anatomical characteristics:

Vertebral/backbone

Tube within tube

Bilaterally symmetrical

Branches to be covered

More Focus:

Neurology (related to nervous system)

Orthopedics (related to bony & muscular system)

Cardiology/Pulmonology (related to heart & lungs)

Pharmacology - more focus on similar sounding drugs related to different systems, common drugs & pain killers

Less Focus:

Gastroentrology (related to Gastro-intestinal-tract)

ENT (related to ear, nose & throat)

Gynecology & obstetrics (related to female reproductive system)

Dentistry (teeths & gums)

Psychiatry (mental problems)

Radiology & Oncology (x rays & cancer)

Integumentary (Skin)

Anatomical Position & Directional terms

Definition:

The subject stands erect facing the observer, upper extremities are placed on the sides, palms of the hands are turned forward

Directional terms Meaning

Superior(Cephalic/Cranial) Towards the head

Inferior(caudad) Away from the head

Anterior(ventral) Front of the body

Posterior(dorsal) Back of the body

Medial Midline of body/structure

Lateral Away from midline

Intermediate Between two structures

Ipsilateral On the same side of the body

Contralateral On the opposite side of body

Proximal Nearer to the attach. of an extremity

Distal Farther to the attach. Of an extremity

Superficial Surface of the body

Deep Away from the surface of body

Parietal Outer wall of the body cavity

Visceral Covering of the organ

Planes of Human Body

Mid-sagittal(median) plane(imaginary flat surface)divedes body into equal half

Sagital(para sagital) // to sagittal divides body into unequal half

Frontal ( Coronal) plane is right angle to sagittal, divides body into anterior & posterior

Horizontal(Transverse) // to ground divide body into superior & inferior portion

Body cavities

Spaces within the body, which contain internal organs Pleural cavity

Thoracic(chest)

Ventral Diaphragm Mediastinum

Abdominopelvic Abdominal

Pelvic

Cranial(brain)

Dorsal

Vertebral(Spinal cord & nerves)

Pleura & Mediastinum

Two in number: Visceral & Parietal

Space between them is the pleural space

Mediastinum is a space extending from sternum to thoracic vertebra

It is divided into Anterior, Middle & Posterior containing the Thymus, pericardium& heart, esophagus, trachea & large blood /lymphatics

Abdominopelvic Regions

Divided into nine regions:

1.Epigastric contains liver, stomach, duodenum,pancreas & adrenal gland

2.Right Hypochondriac region has liver, gallbladder & right kidney.

3.Left hypochondriac has stomach, spleen, colon, left kidney & pancreas

4.Umbilical region has colon, dudenum, jejunum, ileum, abdominal aorta & inf. vena cava

5.Right Umbilical region has cecum, colon,kidney & SI

6. Left umbilical region has colon, kidney & SI

7.Hypogastric region contains urinary bladder, SI & sigmoid colon

8.Right iliac(inguinal) region has cecum, appendix & SI

9.Left Illiac region has colon & SI

Abdominopelvic Quadrants RUQ LUQ RLQ LLQ

Movements of Body Adduction Extension/hyperextension/plantar flexion Abduction Flexion/dorsiflexion Elevation/depression Supination/pronation Pro/retraction circumduction Inversion/eversion Rotation

Radiographic Anatomy

X-ray( Roentgenogram)

Barium Swallow & meals

HRCT Scan: High resolution Computed Tomography

CECT:contrast enhanced CT

MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging

PET(Positron emission tomography)

Ultrasonography(USG)

Homeostasis

It is a condition in which body environment remains constant by maintaining optimum conc. of chemicals, temperature & pressure of the extracellular, intercellular & intracellular fluid.

STRESS due to internal or external factors can disturb homeo

Homeostasis of BP(blood pressure):BP is the force exerted by blood against the walls of arteries.A negative feedback system helps in keeping BP in check.

Homeostasis of Blood sugar(BS)level:sugar principal source of energy.The levels are maintained by pancreatic hormones:insulin & glucagon. Insulin lowers the BS by increasing sugar uptake by cells & storing sugar in liver & muscles, while Glucagons raises BS by releasing it from liver.

Measuring HUMAN BODY for understanding the body system. e.g organ dimension & wt., physiological response time, amount of medications. The fundamental units are foot, pound & second

Chemical Level of organization

Body is made of matter, which in turn made of atoms & molecules, which in turn undergo various chemical reaction in the body.

Chemicals exist as compounds, which are two principle types:

1.Organic like carbohydrates(sugars & Starches), lipids(fats & prostaglandins), proteins(amino acids,enzymes), nucleic acid(DNA & RNA)

2.Inorganic like water, many salts(NA+, K+), acids & bases (help in maintaining PH of 7)

Cellular level of organization & Medical Terminology Atrophy:is the decrease in the size of the cell Biopsy: removal of cell tissue for examination Hyperplasia:increase in number of cells Hypertrophy:increase in size of cell Metaplasia:transformation of one cell into another Metastasis:transfer of disease from one part of body to another with no direct connection Necrosis:death of group of cells Neoplasm: abnormal formation of cells Progeny: offsprings Tissue Level of Organization: It is group of similar cells & intercellular substance Types are: Epithelial: covering of body surfaces Connective tissue: protects & supports the body Muscular tissue: responsible for movements Nervous tissue: initiates & transmits nerve impulse

Major System of Human Body