Verb phrase

E_English Grammar Course
Unit 5
Lecture 5. Verb & its complements

1. Different classifications of English verbs
2. Grammatical categories of the verb
3. Intensive complementation
4. Monotransitive complementation
5. Ditransitive complementation
6. Complextransitive complementation
Issues
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Classifications of English verbs
classified
Functions of items
Verb
according to
= words or phrases
indicating an action,
an event, or a state
E.g.: kiss, break out, have
Complementation
Possibility of admitting progressive aspect
Structure

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classified
Functions of items
Verbs
according to
Lexical verbs
Auxiliary verbs

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classified
Functions of items
Verbs
according to
Lexical verbs
Auxiliary verbs
E.g.: book, booked, booked
Regular
E.g.: teach, taught, taught
Irregular

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classified
Functions of items
Verbs
according to
Lexical verbs
Auxiliary verbs
Primary
Modal
Marginal
modal auxiliary

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classified
Functions of items
Verbs
according to
Lexical verbs
Auxiliary verbs
include: do, have, be
change meaning when becoming a
full verb
E.g.: I am a student. vs. I am reading.
Primary
Modal
Marginal
modal auxiliary

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classified
Functions of items
Verbs
according to
Lexical verbs
Auxiliary verbs
include:
Can – could
May – Might
Shall-should
Will-would
Must
Ought to
Primary
Modal
Marginal
modal auxiliary

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classified
Functions of items
Verbs
according to
Lexical verbs
Auxiliary verbs
Primary
Modal
Marginal
modal auxiliary
include: used to, dare, need

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classified
Complementation
Verbs
according to
Intensive verbs
Extensive verbs

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classified
Complementation
Verbs
according to
Intensive verbs
Extensive verbs
connect S & C
have the pattern:
SVC or SVA(obli)
E.g.: I feel tired.
He’s in the cab.
E.g.: be, appear, feel, look,
remain, seem
Current copular
E.g.: become, get, go,
grow, turn, make
Resulting copular

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classified
Complementation
Verbs
according to
Extensive verbs
Intensive verbs
Intransitive
Transitive

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classified
Complementation
Verbs
according to
Extensive verbs
Intensive verbs
require no Object
have the pattern: SV
make complete sense
themselves
E.g.: He’s singing.
The baby cried.
Intransitive
Transitive

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classified
Complementation
Verbs
according to
Extensive verbs
Intensive verbs
Mono-transitive
Intransitive
Di-transitive
Transitive
Complex-transitive

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classified
Complementation
Verbs
according to
Extensive verbs
Intensive verbs
Mono-transitive
Intransitive
require one direct Object (Od)
have the pattern: SVOd
E.g.: I kissed her.
He caught the ball.
Di-transitive
Transitive
Complex-transitive

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classified
Complementation
Verbs
according to
Extensive verbs
Intensive verbs
Mono-transitive
Intransitive
Di-transitive
Transitive
Complex-transitive
require both direct Object (Od) & indirect Object (Oi)
have the pattern: SVOdOi
E.g.: I gave her such a lovely present.

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classified
Complementation
Verbs
according to
require Object and Object Complement
(Co) or Obligatory Averbial (A(obli))
have the pattern: SVOCo or SVOA(obli)
E.g.: He made me really crazy.
He sent his son to the kindergarten.
Extensive verbs
Intensive verbs
Mono-transitive
Intransitive
Di-transitive
Transitive
Complex-transitive

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classified
Verbs
according to
Stative verbs
Dynamic verbs

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classified
Verbs
according to
Stative verbs
= verbs that show the
condition or status
and do not accept the
progressive aspect
E.g.: I am a boy.
It feels thin.
Verbs of inert perception & recognition
Relational verbs

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classified
Verbs
according to
Stative verbs
adore, astonish, believe, hate, hear,
impress, know, like, etc.
E.g.: I like you
He said he hated cooking.
Relational verbs

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classified
Verbs
according to
Stative verbs
apply to, equal, deserve, involve, lack, matter, need, owe, resemble, possess,
sound, tend, etc.
E.g.: She resembles her mother.
Relational verbs

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classified
Verbs
according to
Dynamic verbs
= verbs that show the action or the
change of status
E.g.: She learns English.
He hit me.
She is English. ( ‘is’ isn’t
dynamic verb because it denotes a
permanent status)
Verbs of body sensation
Activity verbs
Transitional event verbs
Momentary verbs
Process verbs

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classified
Verbs
according to
Dynamic verbs
Activities verbs
ache, hurt, itch, fell, etc.
Momentary verbs
Process verbs

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classified
Verbs
according to
Dynamic verbs
Activities verbs
ask, eat, help, learn, say, throw, write etc.
Momentary verbs
Process verbs

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classified
Verbs
according to
Dynamic verbs
Activities verbs
arrive, land, leave, lose, die etc.
Momentary verbs
Process verbs

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classified
Verbs
according to
Dynamic verbs
Activities verbs
hit, jump, kick, knock, nod, tap etc.
Momentary verbs
Process verbs

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classified
Verbs
according to
Dynamic verbs
Activities verbs
change, deteriorate, grow, mature, slow down etc.
Momentary verbs
Process verbs

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classified
Structure
Verbs
according to
One-word verbs
Multi-word verbs
+
Finite
Non-finite
infinitive
ing-participle
ed-participle

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classified
Structure
Verbs
according to
One-word verbs
as the name suggests, these are verbs of ONE
WORD
E.g.: change, kiss, make, love, etc.

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classified
Structure
Verbs
according to
Multi-word verbs
Phrasal verbs
Prepositional verbs
Phrasal-prepositional verbs

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classified
Structure
Verbs
according to
Multi-word verbs
Phrasal verbs
make out, call up, put on, take off, give up, etc.
Prepositional verbs

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classified
Structure
Verbs
according to
Multi-word verbs
Phrasal verbs
Prepositional verbs
look up, clear up, get at, etc.

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classified
Structure
Verbs
according to
Multi-word verbs
Phrasal verbs
come up with, make up for, stand in for, put up with, etc.
Prepositional verbs

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classified
Structure
Verbs
according to
One-word verbs
Multi-word verbs
+
Finite
Non-finite
E.g.: I am/ He is
a student.
Being a
student, she’s
hardworking.

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Grammatical categories of verbs
Tense
Aspect
Mood
Voice
Progressive
Indicative
Active
Present
Perfective
Imperative
Passive
Past
Perfective-progressive
Subjunctive
Simple

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Tense
= the correspondence between the form of the verb and
our concept of time
language specific
while TIME: universal, non-linguistic
includes PAST and PRESENT
no FUTURE TENSE because there’s no verb form
corresponding to future time.
E.g.: She is studying now.
(verb form: ing-participle + present time: now
 present time)

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Aspect
the manner in which a verbal action is experienced or regarded
with respect to time
progressive aspect: verbal action experienced as in progress
perfective aspect: verbal action experienced as completed
E.g.: I am writing with a special pen. (progressive aspect)
I have written with a special pen. (perfective aspect)
Tense & aspect are intermingled.

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&
Aspect
Tense

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= a grammatical category that relates the verb action to such
conditions such as certainty, obligation, necessity, possibility
Mood
= statement of the fact
E.g.: She’s nice to me.
(fact - indicative)
Be nice to me.
(command - imperative)
I suggest she be nice to me.
(non-fact - subjunctive)
Indicative
= command, request
Imperative
= non-fact, unreal
Subjunctive

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Subjunctive mood
Mandative
Formulaic
Subjunctive “were”

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Subjunctive mood
Mandative
Found in “-that clause” (verbs: recommend, demand,
request, insist, suggest, ask, it is necessary that)
Form: the base
Aim: to be formal
E.g.: The chairman demands that the farmer kill all his
chicken.
It is necessary that every student pay the tuition
fee.
Formulaic

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Subjunctive mood
Mandative
Found in clause in certain set expressions
Form: the base
E.g.: May god bless you.
Long live the King.
God save the Queen.
Come what may, we’ll go ahead.
Formulaic

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Subjunctive mood
Mandative
Found in conditional & concessive clauses,
subordinate clauses after verbs like Wish and Suppose
Form: WERE
Meaning: hypothetical/unreal
E.g.: If I were rich, I would buy you anything you wanted.
Just suppose everyone were to give up smoking.
Formulaic

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Voice
= a grammatical category that makes it possible to view
the action of a sentence in either of two ways, without
change in the facts reported
include: passive and active voice
E.g.: He ate all the apples. (active)
The dog was bitten by our neighbor. (passive)

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Intensive complementation
Intensive verb complementation
(SVC - SVA)
A (adverbial)
C (complement)

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(SVC - SVA)
A (adverbial)
C (complement)
Adjective phrase
Noun phrase
Nominal phrase

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(SVC - SVA)
A (adverbial)
C (complement)
Adjective phrase
E.g.: She is so crazy.
That is ridiculous!
Noun phrase
Nominal phrase

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(SVC - SVA)
A (adverbial)
C (complement)
Adjective phrase
E.g.: She isn’t a good student.
It appears the only solution.
Noun phrase
Nominal phrase

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(SVC - SVA)
A (adverbial)
C (complement)
Adjective phrase
Noun phrase
finite clause
Nominal clause
non-finite clause

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(SVC - SVA)
“that clause”
E.g.: The problem is that it costs a lot.
“wh-interrogative clause”
E.g.: The problem is not who will go.
“nominalrelative clause”
E.g.: Quality is what counts most.
A (adverbial)
C (complement)
Adjective phrase
Noun phrase
finite clause
Nominal clause
non-finite clause

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(SVC - SVA)
“bare-infinitive clause”
E.g.: All I did was hit him on the head.
“to-infinitive clause” with(out) “Subject” (S)
E.g.: My wish is to be a pilot. (without S)
The idea is for us to meet at 8. (with S)
“-ing clause”
E.g.: Seeing is believing.
A (adverbial)
C (complement)
Adjective phrase
Noun phrase
finite clause
Nominal phrase
non-finite clause

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Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation
(SVO)
Non-finite clause
Finite clause
Noun phrase

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Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Noun phrase
Direct object (O)
Prepositional O
With passive
Prepositional verbs
one-word verbs
phrasal verbs
Phrasal prepositional verbs
Without passive

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Direct object (O)
Prepositional O
With passive
Prepositional verbs
one-word verbs
E.g.: Tom caught the ball.
The ball was caught by Tom.
phrasal verbs
Without passive

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Direct object (O)
Prepositional O
With passive
Prepositional verbs
one-word verbs
phrasal verbs
E.g.: They passed over the question.
The question was passed over.
Without passive

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Direct object (O)
Prepositional O
With passive
Prepositional verbs
one-word verbs
E.g.: She has a nice house.
A house is had by her.
phrasal verbs
Without passive

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Direct object (O)
Prepositional O
With passive
Prepositional verbs
one-word verbs
E.g.: The management paid for his
air fares.
phrasal verbs
Without passive

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Direct object (O)
Prepositional O
With passive
Prepositional verbs
one-word verbs
phrasal verbs
E.g.: He looked down on them.
Without passive

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Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause
That- clause
Wh- clause

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That- clause
Wh- clause
Extraposed subject
that-clause
E.g.: I don’t care what you are saying.
Tom doubted whether they would come to the party.
I wondered who did make the bed for me.
Can you confirm which flight we are taking?
I realized what a fool I had been.
I know how busy you are.
Extraposed object that-clause
That- clause
as object

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That- clause
That- clause as object
Super-ordinate verbs
Subordinate verbs

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Factual
Major
That- clause
Suasive
Emotive
Hypothesis
Minor
Subordinate verbs

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Factual
Major
That- clause
introduce what one might generally describe
as factual or propositional information
E.g.: They agree/admit/claim that she was
misled.
Suasive
Emotive
Hypothesis
Minor
Subordinate verbs

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Factual
Major
That- clause
Suasive
imply intentions to bring about some change
in the future, whether or not these are verbally
formulated as commands, suggestions, etc
E.g.: The are demanding that she leaves.
Emotive
Hypothesis
Minor
Subordinate verbs

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Factual
Major
That- clause
E.g.: I regret that she worry.
Suasive
Emotive
Hypothesis
Minor
Subordinate verbs

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Factual
Major
That- clause
Suasive
E.g.: I wish that he were here.
Emotive
Hypothesis
Minor
Subordinate verbs

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That- clause
Indicative verbs
Putative “should”
Subordinate verbs
Subjunctive verbs

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That- clause
Indicative verbs
E.g.: I recommend that he be here.
Subordinate verbs
Subjunctive verbs

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That- clause
Indicative verbs
E.g.: I insist that he shouldn’t smoke.
Subordinate verbs
Subjunctive verbs

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That- clause
Indicative verbs
E.g.: I require that he give up smoking.
Subordinate verbs
Subjunctive verbs

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Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Non-finite clause
Wh-infinitive clause
Without subject
With subject
To-infinitive clause
Ing-participle clause

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Without subject
With subject
E.g.: I don’t like the houseto be left empty.

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Without subject
With subject
E.g.: I dislike himdriving my car.

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Without subject
With subject
E.g.: Mary longed to leave home.

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Without subject
With subject
E.g.: Mary loves listening to music.

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Without subject
With subject
E.g.: He learned how to sail a boat as a small child.
You must not forget when to keep your mouth shut.
I could not decide (on) which bicycle to buy.

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Di-transitive complementation
Di-transitive verb complementation (SVOO)
Od & Oi = NP
Oi = NP, Od = non-finite clause
Oi = NP, Od = finite clause
Idiomatic expressions: V + NP + Prep
Di-transitive prepositional verbs

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Od & Oi = NP
E.g.: He gave the girla doll.

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Od & Oi = NP
E.g.: He persuaded meto give up smoking.

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Od & Oi = NP
E.g.: He convinced methat he was right.

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verbs combined with certain NPs followed by prepositions
 two passive forms of the sentence
these expressions include: catch sight of, make fun of, take
account of, give way to, etc.
E.g.: They make best use of the garage.
The garage is made best use of.
Best use is made of the garage.
Od & Oi = NP

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Od introduced by a preposition
one passive form with Oi only
these verbs include: remind of, charge with, compare to,
rob of, refer to, etc.
E.g.: He reminds me of the agreement.
I am reminded of the agreement.
Exceptions for: explain, provide, supply, blame, etc.
E.g.: He explained it to me.
It was explained to me.
I was explained about it.
Od & Oi = NP

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Complex-transitive complementation
Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOA - SVOC)
Adjectival Object Complement (Co)
Nominal Co
Adverbials
To-infinitive
Bare-infinitive
Ing-clause
Ed-clause

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Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOdA - SVOdC)
Nominal Co
E.g.: He drives mecrazy.
Adverbials
To-infinitive
Bare-infinitive
Ing-clause
Ed-clause

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Nominal Co
Adverbials
E.g.: The Queen appointed Williamher personal secretary.
To-infinitive
Bare-infinitive
Ing-clause
Ed-clause

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Nominal Co
Adverbials
To-infinitive
Adverbials are obligatory.
E.g.: Take your handsout of your pocket.
Bare-infinitive
Ing-clause
Ed-clause

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Nominal Co
Adverbials
To-infinitive
Bare-infinitive
E.g.: John believed the strangerto be a policeman.
Ing-clause
Ed-clause

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Nominal Co
Adverbials
To-infinitive
Bare-infinitive
Ing-clause
E.g.: You shouldn't let your familyinterfere with our plans.
Ed-clause

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Nominal Co
Adverbials
To-infinitive
E.g.: Tim watched Billmending the lamp.
Bare-infinitive
Ing-clause
Ed-clause

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Nominal Co
Adverbials
To-infinitive
Bare-infinitive
E.g.: They found himworn out by travel and exertion.
Ing-clause
Ed-clause
ed-clause

That’s the end of unit 5.

Verb phrase

by Dr. Shadia Banjar on Oct 30, 2010

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Verb phrase — Presentation Transcript