What is Poetry?
By Dominique Gerald Cimafranca
dominique.cimafranca@gmail.com
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Philippines License. To view a copy of this
license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ph/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street,
Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA.

Starting exercise
Write a short poem, taking any topic and using any form.
Then, let's compare it against the criteria for poetry.

Class discussion
Let's read out the poems. Which poems do we like most?
What makes these poems especially appealing?

Four aspects of poetry
● Function: “what is it supposed to do?”
● Content: “what is the significant communication
it shares?”
● Form: “why does it choose a particular way to
say it?”
● Other poetic constituents: “how do these other
elements contribute to the poem?”

Functions of poetry
● To entertain
● To render deep truths about the human being
and the attributes of his reality
“...to delight and to instruct...”
--Horace

“Love Song”
Your little hands,
Your little feet,
Your little mouth –
Oh, God, how sweet!
Your little nose,
Your little ears,
Your eyes, that shed
Such little tears.
Your little voice,
So soft and kind;
Your little soul,
Your little mind!
--Samuel Hoffenstein

Content of poetry
● Everything is suitable poetic material.
● The crucial substance of poetry is its human
relevance and the philosophic truth it reveals.
● The content of all poetry that is considered
authentic is revealed from a point of view that is
universal and enduring.
● The content of poetry recognizes the
paradoxical nature of man and the tensive
forces under which he moves.

“The Dying Airman”
A handsome young airman lay dying,
As on the aerodrome he lay,
To the mechanics who round him came sighing,
These last words he did say:
“Take the cylinders out of my kidneys,
The connecting-rod out of my brain,
Take the cam-shaft from out of my backbone,
And assemble the engine again.”
--Anonymous

“The Coming of Wisdom with Time”
Though leaves are many, the root is one;
Through all the lying days of my youth
I swayed my leaves and flowers in the sun;
Now I may wither into the truth.
--William Butler Yeats

Appreciating poetry at the basic level
● The story being told by the poem.
● The rhythm, rhyme, and other devices of sound
that create a pleasant effect.
● The evocative images and details that stir the
senses and stimulate the imagination.

Appreciating poetry at the higher level
● A poetic idea is best expressed not by statement that
explains, but through a special use of image and situation
that embody the idea.
● Poetry is artistically projected by suggesting and
condensing its insights and crucial ideas.
● The conclusions projected by a poem are reached by a
special use of its situations, details, and characters.
● Some direct statements and factual details in a poem
have a metaphysical function and are not to be
considered merely as literal facts and assertions.

Key Point
Images and Metaphors!

Metaphor enhances
● goes beyond the bare presentation of literal
statement
● allows and facilitates the reader's right to make
his own creative response

“A Song of the Southern River”
Since I married the merchant of Ch'u-'ang
He has failed each day to keep his word...
Had I thought how regular the tide is,
I might have chosen a river-boy.
--Li Yi

“Zapote: Market-Going”
Here too is our faith of Sundays:
In the bleary morning,
In the early prattle of streets –
Rainwashed in the canals,
Or steaming in plumes of exhaust,
In the vapor of flies, among garbage heaps.
Stooped man and son
Trundling a pushcart of fruits,
Family unloading bundles of leaves from a jeep,
Housewife and daughter
Alighting from a pedicab – the one clutching
Her purse, the other a bag made of plastic –
And matron issuing from the door
Of sedan, announced by chauffer and maid... All partake in the communion of stalls,
In the anointment of thin blood and dishwater
From the silver offerings of fish,
Hung flesh, gnarled root, cut leaf –
Under a pentecost of lamps,
In the raucous cathedral of our daily eucharist.
--Marne Kilates

Ambiguity
● Ambiguity contributes complexity and richness
of meaning to a poem
● Anything ambiguous can be interpreted in two
or more ways

Allusion
● The special use of images and situation rather
than statement.
● Suggesting and condensing the use of
ambiguous terms and positioning of certain
components of the poem

How can we tell if it is really poetry?
● subtlety
● indirection
● fresh insights
● literary instruments

Characteristics of poetry
● indirect, structure in metaphor
● articulated in metaphor
● manifested as image
● "casting the material in metaphor or
image...dramatic, suggestive image"
● "without the structuring of metaphor, there is no
poetry"

Other components of poetry
● Theme – the core of ● The central symbol,
poetry and the symbolic
● Narrative base / thread
storyline ● Allusion
● Sound as internal ● Varieties of diction
device: rhythm,
rhyme, euphony
● Approach to the poetic
meaning: tone or
attitude

Technical Aspects of Poetry

External limits
● length and formation of lines
● meter
● rhyme
● rhythm
● euphonic diction patterns
● juxtaposition
● typographical idiosyncracies

Internal limits
● tone ● contrast
● nuances ● ellipses
● understatement ● fresh stratagems and
insights
● ambiguity
● inventive reproductive
● suggestiveness
use of words
● indirection ● internal rhyme and
● thematic tension alliteration
● symbolic details

Music-related attributes
● rhythm ● onomatopoeia
● metrical beat ● repetition
● rhyme ● assonance
● euphony ● dissonance
● alliteration ● other sound effects

Lines
● minimalist lines
● long lines
● stanzas
● interludes

Questions?

References
● “Introduction to Poetry”, Dr. Edith Tiempo
● "Six Poetry Formats and the Transforming
Image: A Monograph on Free Verse", Dr. Edith
Tiempo

What is Poetry?
By Dominique Gerald Cimafranca
dominique.cimafranca@gmail.com
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Philippines License. To view a copy of this
license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ph/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street,
Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA.