Web 2.0 Applications Tutorial

What is Web 2.0?

Web 2.0: the term Coined by T. O’Reilly Used as a title for a series of conferences since 2004 Misleading No new designed version of the Web Impressive A simple ajax-based application now is called a Web 2.0 application

Coined by T. O’Reilly

Used as a title for a series of conferences since 2004

Misleading

No new designed version of the Web

Impressive

A simple ajax-based application now is called a Web 2.0 application

Evolution NOT Revolution

Web 2.0 “compact” definition Web 2.0 is the network as platform, spanning all connected devices Web 2.0 applications are those that make the most of the intrinsic advantages of that platform get better the more people use it consume and remix data from multiple sources including individual users while providing their own data and services create network effects through an " architecture of participation ” go beyond the page metaphor of Web 1.0 to deliver rich user experiences By Tim O’Reilly http://radar.oreilly.com/archives/2005/10/web_20_compact_definition.html

Web 2.0 is the network as platform, spanning all connected devices

Web 2.0 applications are those that make the most of the intrinsic advantages of that platform

get better the more people use it

consume and remix data from multiple sources including individual users while providing their own data and services

create network effects through an " architecture of participation ”

go beyond the page metaphor of Web 1.0 to deliver rich user experiences

By Tim O’Reilly

http://radar.oreilly.com/archives/2005/10/web_20_compact_definition.html

Key aspects of Web 2.0 Openess User generated metadata Interaction Rich and interactive user interfaces Community/Collaboration Social networks The Web as “the global platform” Sharing of services & data

Openess

User generated metadata

Interaction

Rich and interactive user interfaces

Community/Collaboration

Social networks

The Web as “the global platform”

Sharing of services & data

Some Web 2.0 applications Blogs Wikis Collaborative tagging systems / Folksonomies

Blogs

Wikis

Collaborative tagging systems / Folksonomies

Blogs

Blog Definition Weblog = Web + Log A diary available on the Web that is frequently updated and intended for general public consumption

Weblog = Web + Log

A diary available on the Web that is frequently updated and intended for general public consumption

Blog Features Classical Background subject Content organized in posts presented in inverse chronological order Multilple roles: author, commentator, reader Asynchronous & asymmetric communication Extra Permalink RSS feed Trackback / Pingback

Classical

Background subject

Content organized in posts presented in inverse chronological order

Multilple roles: author, commentator, reader

Asynchronous & asymmetric communication

Extra

Permalink

RSS feed

Trackback / Pingback

Wikis

Wiki as a collaborative tool Web pages editing through the browser Replace HTML with an easier syntax or a editor WYSWYG Foster the creation of “au pair” online communities Users are at the same time authors and readers of the wiki pages

Web pages editing through the browser

Replace HTML with an easier syntax or a editor WYSWYG

Foster the creation of “au pair” online communities

Users are at the same time authors and readers of the wiki pages

Principles : a wiki is… Open Everybody can contribute Dynamic Automatic generation of links Incremental Each page can be always improved Simple HTML not mandatory Monitorable Previous versions are stored Uniform No distinction between author and reader

Open

Everybody can contribute

Dynamic

Automatic generation of links

Incremental

Each page can be always improved

Simple

HTML not mandatory

Monitorable

Previous versions are stored

Uniform

No distinction between author and reader

Basic functionalities : a wiki provides… Editing and preview of pages Recent changes list History of versions Comparison of versions and Rollback Pages Index Search Easy links ( WikiWord e Link Pattern) Backlinks

Editing and preview of pages

Recent changes list

History of versions

Comparison of versions and Rollback

Pages Index

Search

Easy links ( WikiWord e Link Pattern)

Backlinks

Access Levels (Leuf, B. & Cunningham, W., 2001) Restrictions Description Level Login in the PC Private system Personal Login in the network Members of the same LAN Firewalled Login for access into the wiki Resticted access for both browse and editing Members-only Login for editing and for browsing of some pages Some restricted pages Restricted Editing Gate Login for editing Public pages Restricted access Lockable None Orignal Wiki Fully open

(Leuf, B. & Cunningham, W., 2001)

Wiki trade-off Benefits No distinction between author and reader Automatic and bidirectional links Fosters collaboration Exploits the Web as a collaborative environment (no clients to install) Limits Content accuracy Limited layout and graphics No standard Wiki syntax

Benefits

No distinction between author and reader

Automatic and bidirectional links

Fosters collaboration

Exploits the Web as a collaborative environment (no clients to install)

Limits

Content accuracy

Limited layout and graphics

No standard Wiki syntax

What do I need server-side? Web Server Apache, IIS Wiki Engine Rendering in HTML CMS Storage System Database Flat Files WEB Server Markup Rendering Engine CMS Flat Files Database

Web Server

Apache, IIS

Wiki Engine

Rendering in HTML

CMS

Storage System

Database

Flat Files

Which wiki engine do I need? MediaWiki PHP MySQL GNU General Public License Used in Wikipedia PmWiki Uses PHP scripting language Flat file GNU General Public License MoinMoin Implemented in Python Flat file GNU General Public License UseModWiki Perl programming language Flat file GNU General Public License Wiki Matrix http://www.wikimatrix.org/

MediaWiki

PHP

MySQL

GNU General Public License

Used in Wikipedia

PmWiki

Uses PHP scripting language

Flat file

GNU General Public License

MoinMoin

Implemented in Python

Flat file

GNU General Public License

UseModWiki

Perl programming language

Flat file

GNU General Public License

Collaborative Tagging

Folksonomy or Collaborative Tagging? Folksonomy Folk ” + “ Taxonomy ” (taxonomy of the people) Broad or Narrow Collaborative Tagging Each user tag items individually that aggregate at at a higher level via a collaborative action The creation of metadata is shifted from an individual professional activity to a collective endeavor

Folksonomy

Folk ” + “ Taxonomy ” (taxonomy of the people)

Broad or Narrow

Collaborative Tagging

Each user tag items individually that aggregate at at a higher level via a collaborative action

The creation of metadata is shifted from an individual professional activity to a collective endeavor

Features Bottom-up (Created by Users) No structure No fixed vocabulary No explicit relationships between terms No authority Distribution Collaboration

Bottom-up (Created by Users)

No structure

No fixed vocabulary

No explicit relationships between terms

No authority

Distribution

Collaboration

What’s new? Collaboration You can tag items owned by others Instant feedback All items with the same tag All tags for the same item Communication through shared metadata Tight feedback loop Negotiation about the meaning of the terms You could adapt your tags to the group norm Never forced

You can tag items owned by others

Instant feedback

All items with the same tag

All tags for the same item

Communication through shared metadata

Tight feedback loop

Negotiation about the meaning of the terms

You could adapt your tags to the group norm

Never forced

Collaborative Tagging model User Resource Tag

Collaborative tagging trade-off Benefits Reflects user vocabulary Sensitive to knowledge drift Creates a strong sense of community Emerging consensus Limits Synonymy Polysemy Basic level variation Low precision & recall

Benefits

Reflects user vocabulary

Sensitive to knowledge drift

Creates a strong sense of community

Emerging consensus

Limits

Synonymy

Polysemy

Basic level variation

Low precision & recall

Collaborative Tagging applications Social Bookmarking Del.icio.us, Fuzzzy Social Media sharing Flickr, YouTube, Last.fm Social reference management CiteULike, Bibsonomy, Connotea Other… Library Thing, Upcoming, 43 things, …

Social Bookmarking

Del.icio.us, Fuzzzy

Social Media sharing

Flickr, YouTube, Last.fm

Social reference management

CiteULike, Bibsonomy, Connotea

Other…

Library Thing, Upcoming, 43 things, …

Taxonomy vs Collab.Tagging Hierarchical Parent/child & sibling relationship Exclusive The same item can not be in two distinct categories Top-down Established by an authority Flat No levels, order, explicit relationship Not Exclusive An item can be associated to many tags Bottom-up Created by users

Hierarchical

Parent/child & sibling relationship

Exclusive

The same item can not be in two distinct categories

Top-down

Established by an authority

Flat

No levels, order, explicit relationship

Not Exclusive

An item can be associated to many tags

Bottom-up

Created by users

Ontology Differ from taxonomic approach Not just “stamp collecting” Do not follow a rigid parent/child hierarchical structure Terms may inherit meaning from more than one parent More complex relationship is maintained May add inference engines

Differ from taxonomic approach

Not just “stamp collecting”

Do not follow a rigid parent/child hierarchical structure

Terms may inherit meaning from more than one parent

More complex relationship is maintained

May add inference engines

Collab.Tagging vs Ontology Domain Large corpus Informal categories Unstable entities Unestricted entities Unclear edges Participants Naive catalogers No Authority Uncoordinated users Amateur users critical mass needed Domain Small corpus Formal categories Stable entities Restricted entities Clear edges Participants Expert catalogers Authoritative source of judgment Coordinated users Expert users Not too many (in the development process)

Domain

Large corpus

Informal categories

Unstable entities

Unestricted entities

Unclear edges

Participants

Naive catalogers

No Authority

Uncoordinated users

Amateur users

critical mass needed

Domain

Small corpus

Formal categories

Stable entities

Restricted entities

Clear edges

Participants

Expert catalogers

Authoritative source of judgment

Coordinated users

Expert users

Not too many (in the development process)

Research directions… Collaborative tagging fosters participation but lacks in accuracy Enhance current collaborative tagging systems with power of semantics Classical ontology development provides accuracy but lacks in participation Augment current ontologies with large-scale user participation

Collaborative tagging fosters participation but lacks in accuracy

Enhance current collaborative tagging systems with power of semantics

Classical ontology development provides accuracy but lacks in participation

Augment current ontologies with large-scale user participation

Selected references O'Reilly, T.: What is Web 2.0 . (2005) Leuf, B. & Cunningham, W.: The Wiki way: Quick collaboration on the Web. Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA: Addison Wesley. (2001) Speller, E.: Collaborative tagging, folksonomies, distributed classification or ethnoclassification: a literature review . Library Student Journal. (2007) Golder, S. A., Huberman, B. A., The Structure of Collaborative Tagging Systems . ( 2005) Gendarmi,D., Abbattista,F. and Lanubile,F.: Fostering knowledge evolution through community-based participation . Workshop on Social and Collaborative Construction of Structured Knowledge at WWW’07, (2007) Gendarmi,D. and Lanubile,F.: Community-Driven Ontology Evolution Based on Folksonomies . Community Informatics Workshop at OTM’06, (2006)

O'Reilly, T.: What is Web 2.0 . (2005)

Leuf, B. & Cunningham, W.: The Wiki way: Quick collaboration on the Web. Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA: Addison Wesley. (2001)

Speller, E.: Collaborative tagging, folksonomies, distributed classification or ethnoclassification: a literature review . Library Student Journal. (2007)

Golder, S. A., Huberman, B. A., The Structure of Collaborative Tagging Systems . ( 2005)

Gendarmi,D., Abbattista,F. and Lanubile,F.: Fostering knowledge evolution through community-based participation . Workshop on Social and Collaborative Construction of Structured Knowledge at WWW’07, (2007)

Gendarmi,D. and Lanubile,F.: Community-Driven Ontology Evolution Based on Folksonomies . Community Informatics Workshop at OTM’06, (2006)