Varsha Sewlal- Cyber Attacks on Critical Critical Infrastructure
Mayan writing
1. Mayan Writing & the
Long Count
Stelae, Codices and Books
Calendric Calculations
Deciphering Hieroglyphs
Maya Long Count Exercise
2. Stelae, Books and Codices: Mayan
writing is depicted in several ways.
• Stelae
– carved, vertical glyphs on stone shafts or
altars.
– also horizontally on steps, benches
– sometimes seen on bone, shell or stones.
3. Stelae
Copan: Stelae 18 Rabbit, a Copan
Ruler, as is usual in full-figure stelae,
carries a ceremonial bar with dragon
heads at either end.
From the dragon heads emerge divine
heads.
http://www.misericordia.edu/users/davies/maya/texta.h
tm
4. Copan, Stela 4
Stela 4's version of "18 Rabbit." The "18"
numeral, is three lines plus three dots, with
each line equal to 5.
The "ubah" sign is included in the Kawil head
through the circle/cross and the "rabbit" head
facing upwards.
5. Erected July 22, 736 A.D.
(9.15.5.0.0)
Stela D is located at the farthest
southern point of the "Grand
Courtyard" of Copan.
Like Stela A, it was erected by
the ruler "18 Rabbit."
18 Rabbit's face is hidden behind
a God-mask.
http://www.misericordia.edu/user
s/davies/maya/stelad.htm
6. Books: Popul Vuh
• Books of the Chilam Balam (Mayan prophet)
– “Book of the Community” is a collection of Quiche and Cakchiquel
people.
– Thought to have been written by Diego Reynos, a converted Indian in
the mid 16th century.
• The manuscript was lost and re-discovered by Father Francisco
Ximenez in 1857.
– Father Ximenez found the book in his parish, the El Calvario Church, at
Chichicastenango, Guatemala.
– The manuscript contains compiled oral histories of Maya culture.
– Original manuscript was written in Quiche language using the Latin alphabet.
• Father Ximenez translated the book into Latin and that work is
located in the Newberry Library in Chicago, the original is lost.
7. Popul Vuh con’d
• This work is considered by many to be a bible of the Maya-
Quiche outlining the origin of the civilization and their
cultural traditions and mythology.
• The history of the Quiches down to 1550 is presented.
Further contained is a collection of legends concerning
Kukulcan, or Quetzalcoatl.
• Contains legends of the Quiche Maya and written in Latin at
an unknown date.
• Not really a codex but certainly written by a historian soon
after the conquest.
• The book contains glyphs of some signs and many accounts
of myths and legends of the early Maya.
8. Maya codices
• Codices
– most elaborate of writing medium, must have existed
in the thousands, but only a few left.
– made out of bark paper, or deer skin.
– prepared from the inner bark of trees, fibers soaked
in lime and then beaten smooth.
– once dry it was white-washed with a thin coat of
limestone or gypsum paste.
9. Classic Codices
• Wright Codex
– “Pottery Codex”
– rectangular vessel, 10 in. high, Guatemalan.
– Each side represents page of a codex.
– Dates between A.D. 600 and 900.
10. Ceren, El Salvador
• Joya de Ceren, a precolumbian village buried by surges and scoria fallfrom
the 1658 eruption of Loma Caldera, a small vent along NW trending
fissures associated to San Salvador volcano.
• In their haste to escape, the villagers left behind utensils, textiles, food,
ceramics, furniture and all of the other accouterments of daily life.
• The village lay hidden until 1976 when it was discovered by Payson Sheets,
an anthropology professor at the University of Colorado in Boulder.
Sheets almost immediately began excavating the site, a process that has
continued ever since.
• Codex from Ceren, San Salvador
– preserved under volcanic ash when Laguna Caldera volcano erupted in
A.D. 600.
– located on a bench in a communal building.
– no text recovered, but painted with kaolin, cinnabar and iron
pigments.
http://www.theculturedtraveler.com/Heritage/Archives/Joya_Ceren.htm
14. The Dresden Codex
• Best of the codices preserved, is at the Royal Library, Dresden, also
known as the Dresdensis.
• Was brought in 1739 to the King of Saxony's library in Dresden, where
an unknown person sold it to the director of the library, Johann
Christian Goetze.
• Existence of the codex was made known to the world in 1774 when the
director published his book: Peculiarities of the Library of Dresden,
First Collection.
• Publicly displayed for the first time in 1834. Contains 39 pages of
prophecies, ceremonies for the new year, and astronomical data. New
year's ceremonies are depicted as well as a sort of agricultural almanac is
contained in this codex.
• The codex was almost destroyed during WWII but today is on display at
the Dresden Museum.
• The codex was vigorously studied by a librarian, Ernest Forstemann,
1822-1906, who after years of work began to break the numerical signs
and code.
15. Dresden Codex
•During the first world war,
Martin Meinshausen deciphered
the famous Calendar of Eclipses.
Pages 57 and 58 of this codex
provide a perpetual lunar
calendar of 11,960 days
consisting of 405 months,
divided into 69 groups of 177,
178, or 148 days.
•An accurate lunar calendar,
with accurate predictions of
solar eclipses. 11,960 divided by
405 gave the Maya a 29.5308
lunar cycle. Modern astronomers
compute a lunar calendar at
29.5309 days.
•Dates from A.D. 1250-1345.
16. Codex Tro-Cortesiano
– Incomplete, now in Madrid
– Drawn on amate paper and is 56 pages long.
– Sold to the Museum by Pilar Bermudez de Castro.
– For a considerable time it was thought to be two different codices. The
first part "Tro", was brought to the attention of the abbe Brasseur de
Bourbourg, who discovered it in the private library of Juan Tro y
Ortelano, a Professor of Paleography and a descendant of Hernan
Cortes.
– According to some sources the second half of the name "Cortesian",
refers to the professor's Spanish ancestry, some however, believe it
derives from the codex being found in Extremadura, where it may have
been taken by Cortes.
18. Other Post Classic Codices
• Codex Peresiano
– prophesies and ceremonies, possibly of east coast origin.
– dates from the period of Mayapans rule in Yucatan, A.D. 1200.
– Leon de Rosny, a botanist and Japanese language expert, found this
codex in a wastebasket at the National Library of Paris in 1859, it's
papers blackened by chimney smoke.
– A small codex of only eleven pages measuring 1.45 meters long by 22
centimeters wide. Thought to have been made in the twelfth or
thirteenth century.
– The codex contains information of prophecy and history and almanacs
dealing with divinity.
– One complete side of the manuscript details eleven successive katuns,
or twenty year periods of time. It is not known how it came to Paris or
how long it was there.
• Grolier Codex
– found in a dry cave by looters, northern part of Chiapas
– almanac based on planet Venus
– originally about 20 pages, A.D. 1230
20. Calendric Calculations
• Maya Calendar
• Calendar Round
– Basic unit was a day, not broken down
further.
– two recurring cycles of time 260-day and 365-
day ran simultaneously making up a period of
52 years.
22. Sacred Almanac (Tzokin)
• 260-day cycle
• Maya:Tzokin, Aztec:Tonalpohualli
– primarily religious and divinatory
– guidance of daily affairs
– 20 named days, combined with numbers 1-13, in
which the exact combination of name and number
would recur every 260 days.
– not based on natural phenomenon.
23. What is the Tzolkin?
• The Tzolkin date is a combination of two "week" lengths.
• While our calendar uses a single week of seven days, the Mayan calendar used two
different lengths of week:
– a numbered week of 13 days, in which the days were numbered from 1 to 13
– a named week of 20 days, in which the names of the days were:
• As the named week is 20 days and the smallest Long Count digit is 20 days, there is
synchrony between the two;
– if, for example, the last digit of today's Long Count is 0, today must be Ahau; if it is 6, it
must be Cimi.
– Since the numbered and the named week were both "weeks," each of their name/number
change daily; therefore, the day after 3 Cimi is not 4 Cimi, but 4 Manik, and the day after
that, 5 Lamat.
– The next time Cimi rolls around, 20 days later, it will be 10 Cimi instead of 3 Cimi. The
next 3 Cimi will not occur until 260 (or 13 x 20) days have passed.
– This 260-day cycle also had good-luck or bad-luck associations connected with each day,
and for this reason, it became known as the "divinatory year."
• The "years" of the Tzolkin calendar are not counted.
• When did the Tzolkin Start?
– Long Count 13.0.0.0.0 corresponds to 4 Ahau. The authorities agree on this.
25. Astronomical Year
• 365-day cycle
• Maya:Haab, Aztec:Xihuitl)
– 18 named months of 20 days each, plus 5
additional days of apprehension and bad luck
at the end of the year.
– Days numbered from 0-19, and to return to
any given date, 52 years would have to pass.
26. The Haab
• In contrast to the Tzolkin dates, the Haab month names changed every
20 days instead of daily; so the day after 4 Zotz would be 5 Zotz,
followed by 6 Zotz ... up to 19 Zotz, which is followed by 0 Tzec.
• The days of the month were numbered from 0 to 19. This use of a 0th
day of the month in a civil calendar is unique to the Maya system; it is
believed that the Mayas discovered the number zero, and the uses to
which it could be put, centuries before it was discovered in Europe or
Asia.
• The Uayeb days acquired a very derogatory reputation for bad luck;
known as "days without names" or "days without souls," and were
observed as days of prayer and mourning. Fires were extinguished and
the population refrained from eating hot food. Anyone born on those
days was "doomed to a miserable life."
• The names of the month: 1.Pop 2.Uo 3.Zip 4.Zotz 5.Tzec 6.Xul
7.Yaxkin 8.Mol 9.Chen 10.Yax 11.Zac 12.Ceh 13.Mac 14.Kankin
15.Muan 16.Pax 17.Kayab 18.Cumku
• When did the Haab Start?
– Long Count 13.0.0.0.0 corresponds to 8 Cumku. The authorities agree on
this.
27. Did the Mayas Think a Year Was 365
Days?
• Although there were only 365 days in the Haab year, the Mayas were aware that
a year is slightly longer than 365 days, and in fact, many of the month-names are
associated with the seasons; Yaxkin, for example, means "new or strong sun"
and, at the beginning of the Long Count, 1 Yaxkin was the day after the winter
solstice, when the sun starts to shine for a longer period of time and higher in
the sky.
• When the Long Count was put into motion, it was started at 7.13.0.0.0, and
0 Yaxkin corresponded with Midwinter Day, as it did at 13.0.0.0.0 back in
3114 B.C.E. The available evidence indicates that the Mayas estimated that a
365-day year precessed through all the seasons twice in 7.13.0.0.0 or 1,101,600
days.
• We can therefore derive a value for the Mayan estimate of the year by dividing
1,101,600 by 365, subtracting 2, and taking that number and dividing 1,101,600
by the result, which gives us an answer of 365.242036 days, which is slightly
more accurate than the 365.2425 days of the Gregorian calendar.
• (This apparent accuracy could, however, be a simple coincidence. The Mayas
estimated that a 365-day year precessed through all the seasons twice in 7.13.0.0.0
days. These numbers are only accurate to 2-3 digits. Suppose the 7.13.0.0.0 days
had corresponded to 2.001 cycles rather than 2 cycles of the 365-day year, would
the Mayas have noticed?)
28. Zero and the Long Count
• Numbers represented with a one as a dot
and a five as a bar.
– value is determined by its position.
• No idea when zero invented
– needed for calculating dates in the past.
– invented in the Old World-India and
Babylonia ca. 500 B.C.
29. Long Count
• A starting point in the past as August 13, 3114 B.C.,
significance may be mythological such as the creation of
the three Maya worlds.
• Time in groups of 20 days:
– kin=one day
– uinal=20 days
– tun=360 days
– katun=7200 days
– baktun=144,000 days
• We translate them as 9.14.8.0.0 which is 9 baktuns, 14
katuns, 8 tuns, 0 uinals, and 0 kins.
30. When did the Long Count Start?
• Logically, the first date in the Long Count should be
0.0.0.0.0, but as the baktun (the first component) are
numbered from 1 to 13 rather than 0 to 12, this first date is
actually written 13.0.0.0.0.
• The authorities disagree on what 13.0.0.0.0 corresponds to
in our calendar. I have come across three possible
equivalences:
• 13.0.0.0.0 = 8 Sep 3114 BC (Julian) = 13 Aug 3114 BC
(Gregorian)
13.0.0.0.0 = 6 Sep 3114 BC (Julian) = 11 Aug 3114 BC
(Gregorian)
13.0.0.0.0 = 11 Nov 3374 BC (Julian) = 15 Oct 3374 BC
(Gregorian)
• Assuming one of the first two equivalences, the Long Count
will again reach 13.0.0.0.0 on 21 or 23 December AD 2012 -
a not too distant future.
31. Gregorian vs. Julian Calendar
• The Gregorian Calendar is a revision of the Julian Calendar
which was instituted in a papal bull by Pope Gregory XIII in
1582. The reason for the calendar change was to correct for
drift in the dates of signifigant religious observations
(primarily Easter) and to prevent further drift in the dates.
• The important effects of the change were:
– Drop 10 days from October 1582, to realign the Vernal Equinox
with 21 March
– Change leap year selection so that not all years ending in "00" are
leap years.
– Change the beginning of the year to 1 January from 25 March
32. Deciphering Maya Hieroglyphics
• It is the combination of imagery and hieroglyphs
wich gives patterns meaning.
– no list of signs with meaning for each.
– no real alphabet.
• Maya inscriptions thought to relate only to
calendrics and astronomy because they were the
first to be deciphered.
33. Mayan Epigraphers
• Today epigraphers recognize the writing as a political or
dynastic theme.
– Researchers such as Yuri Knorosov, Tatiana Proskouriakoff,
and Heinrich Berlin.
• Knorosov-combining signs (consonant plus vowel) words were
formed phonetically.
• Berlin-emblem glyphs stood for centers, regions, or dynasties.
• Proskouriakoff-dates corresponded to historical events of rulers
and their families at Pedras Negras.
• Linda Schele “Breaking the Maya Code”
– dates on stelae and in codices are associated with events in
rulers lives. assumption to the throne is dated then bloodletting
or other rituals and their corresponding dates.
• Still about 1/3 cannot be deciphered.
34. Maya Long Count Exercise
1. Calculate the year that the New World was
discovered in Mayan long count.
2. What year did WWI begin in Mayan long
count?
3. Write the year of your birth in Mayan long
count.
4. In what year did you graduate high school
as calculated by the Mayan long count?
35. Conversion
• Gregorian to Mayan
– http://www.pauahtun.org/cgi-bin/gregmaya.py
• Long Count to Gregorian
– http://www.pauahtun.org/cgi-bin/mayagreg.py
