Information for learning object exchange

Information For Learning Object eXchange (ILOX) David Massart, EUN

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Disclaimer
The work described in this presentation is partially supported by the European Community eContent plus programme - project ASPECT: Adopting Standards and Specifications for Educational Content (Grant agreement number ECP-2007-EDU-417008). The author is solely responsible for the content of this presentation. It does not represent the opinion of the European Community and the European Community is not responsible for any use that might be made of information contained therein.

Outline
Materialization
Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR)
FRBR & LOM
Describing LOs at Different FRBR Levels
Metadata description in practice
Handling LOM (instead of LOs)
Discussion: ILOX versus OAI-ORE

An abstraction mechanism (conceptual modeling)
The relationship between a class of categories (e.g., a book) and a class of more concrete objects (e.g., a book copy)

Materialization (cont.)
Supports some sort of attribute-propagation mechanism
I.e., many attributes of the more abstract class are naturally applicable to the more concrete class
E.g., the title of a book applies to all its copies

Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records – FRBR [fɝbɚ]

FRBR Is an Example of Materialization

Learning Object Copies

FRBR and LOM
Some LOM data elements are typical of one FRBR aspect of learning objects
Some LOM data elements are potentially relevant to describe more than one FRBR aspect
Other LOM elements do not describe any FRBR aspect of learning objects
In principle, all LOM data elements being optional, a LOM instance can be used to describe any of the 4 FRBR aspects of a learning object

FRBR and LOM

Describing LOs at Different FRBR Levels
General Principle
Describing a learning object as a
FRBR Work
FRBR Expression
FRBR Manifestation
FRBR Item

General Principle
Describe each FRBR level with
Optional Identifier
Level-specific metadata (e.g., LOM, DC, …)
Additional level specific information (when needed)
Information about the direct lower FRBR level

Describing an LO as a FRBR Work

Describing with Metadata

Work-Level Metadata
Metadata elements typical of a work
LOM examples:
General.Title
General.Description
Educational
Classification

Description Facets
Content Provider Metadata
Folksonomies
Translation
NOTE: Will require a controlled vocabulary

License as a Facet
Identifier: A URI (e.g., http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/be/ )
Description: Metadata (e.g., lom.rights or a DREL expression)

License Facet
Can be present at any FRBR-level
License applied to an object at one level
Applies to all its materialization at the lowest levels
Unless it is overridden at a lower level
Note that more than one license can apply to the same object (i.e., a facet is not a key – It is possible to have more than one license facet)

Describing an LO as a FRBR Expression

Expression-Level Metadata
Metadata elements typical of an Expression
LOM examples:
General.language
Life-cycle

Describing an LO as a FRBR Manifestation

Manifestation Names & <Parameters>
Preview (will require best practice)
Thumbnail of <Mime Type image/xxxx>
Metadata in <URI of the schema>
Experience (as rendered in my user interface – “remote play”)
Package in <format>

Package in <format>
Vocabulary: http://imsglobal.org/vdex/imscp_terms_resource.xml
Note: Look at W3C HTTP Content Negotiation for compression, encodings

Manifestation-Level Metadata
Metadata elements typical of a Manifestation
LOM examples: All the technical elements but location

Describing an LO as a FRBR Item

Item Location
URI (resolvable location: e.g., a URL or a persistent identifier for a copy of the LO - handle, DOI, PURL)
Description: Metadata (optional)

Item-Level Metadata
Metadata elements typical of an Item
LOM example: Technical.location

Digital Right Management @ LRE

LRE DRM and Item Location
How does the Requestor find the LRE DRM Service? item.location.URI
How does it select the relevant context? item.location.description

Metadata Description In Practice
Best practice rather than strict rules
Selecting the right level
What goes in a description depends on:
The context: Harvesting, search, publishing
The selected FRBR level: Work, expression, manifestation, item
The informational needs

Selecting The Right Level
Work: One result entry by learning object (LO): No immediate distinction between the LO versions
Expression: One result entry by LO version: No immediate distinction between the different formats of a given LO version
Manifestation: One result entry by LO format: No immediate distinction between the different copies of an LO.
Item: One result entry by LO copy

What Goes In A Description: Context
Harvesting: Full metadata record(s) attached to the selected level
Publishing: Full metadata record(s) attached to the selected level
Search: Metadata elements relevant to the selected levels

What Goes In A Description: FRBR Level

What Goes In A Description: FRBR Level (cont.) Selected Level /Description Work Expression Manifestation Item Work Work Expression Manifestation Item Expression N/A Work + Expression Manifestation Item Manifestation N/A N/A Work + Expression + Manifestation Item Item N/A N/A N/A Work + Expression + Manifestation + Item

What Goes In A Description: Informational Needs

Handling LOM (instead of LOs)
Work
Meta-metadata.identifier
Meta-metadata.contribute
Expression
Meta-metadata.language
Manifestation
Meta-metadata.schema

ILOX versus OAI-ORE
OAI-ORE and ILOX are orthogonal
Conceptually,
OAI-ORE implements the “Aggregation” abstraction mechanism
ILOX implements the “Materialization” abstraction mechanism
They can be combined: E.g., materialization of aggregation

Kill (more than) Two Birds With One Stone
ILOX is a conceptually clean solution for
Selecting from several LO versions
Selecting from several package formats
Attaching licenses to the right level
Handling an LO description split into several metadata instances
Providing the appropriate amount of information in search results
Supporting DRM approaches

Information for learning object exchange

by dmassart

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