Brain Imaging for Fun and Profit

Slide 1: Brain imaging for fun and profit Daniel Marcus, PhD Director, Neuroinformatics Research Group @ Washington University School of Medicine

Slide 2: Outline ‣ Brain imaging 101 ‣ Brain imaging & emerging technologies ‣ Brain imaging for hackers

Slide 3: 100 billion neurons in the human brain 100 trillion synapses in the human brain Neuron is the basic computational unit in the brain

Slide 4: Neurons are organized into circuits in the cerebral cortex

Slide 5: Neuron  Network  Whole brain

Slide 6: Brain imaging: single neuron In vivo microscopy Misgeld & Kerschensteiner, 2006

Slide 7: Brain imaging: neuronal networks Transgenics & fluorescence microscopy Livet, et al. Nature (2007)

Slide 8: Brain imaging: whole brain ‣ Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) - Structural MRI - Functional MRI - Functional connectivity MRI ‣ Computed tomography (CT) ‣ Positron emission tomography (PET) ‣ EEG, MEG, MRS, SPECT, DTI,…

Slide 9: Structural MRI ‣ Essential in clinical care. ‣ Radiologists perform qualitative “lightbox” reads. ‣ Most psychiatric and neurological disorders are invisible to reading radiologists.

Slide 10: Aging of the brain 20s 80s aging 80s with mild gracefully Alzheimer’s http://www.oasis-brains.org

Slide 11: Brain volume declines with age Marcus et al., 2007

Slide 12: Advanced structural methods Van Essen et al., 2006 Csernansky et al., 2005

Slide 13: fMRI

Slide 14: fMRI depends on functional localization

Slide 15: The sad tale of Phineas Gage “[P]ossessed a well-balanced mind, and was looked upon by those who knew him as a shrewd, smart businessman, very energetic and persistent” “fitful, irreverent, indulging at times in the grossest profanity (which was not previously his custom), manifesting but little deference for his fellows, impatient of restraint or advice when it conflicts with his desires, at times pertinaciously obstinate, yet capricious and vacillating...” Harlow, J.M. (1868)

Slide 17: Natural History Museum, London

Slide 18: Another sad tale “A preexisting strong interest in pornography dating back to adolescence...” “An increasing interest in pornography... acquired an expanding collection of pornographic magazines and increasingly frequented Internet pornography sites.” “Much of this prurient material emphasized children and adolescents and was specifically targeted to purveyors of child pornography. He also solicited prostitution, which he had not previously done.” “Despite his strong desire to avoid prison, he could not restrain himself from soliciting sexual favors from staff at the rehabilitation center. ” Burns and Swerdlow, 2003

Slide 19: Another sad tale

Slide 20: Anatomy of an fMRI study Study Test (in scanner) Buckner & Wheeler, 2001

Slide 21: Anatomy of an fMRI study Old New - = Buckner & Wheeler, 2001

Slide 22: Applications of fMRI ‣ Discovery of basic brain function ‣ Discovery of brain dysfunction in disease ‣ Evaluation of treatment efficacy ‣ Sketchy things

Slide 23: http://www.noliemri.com

Slide 24: “This is your brain on politics”, NY Times, Nov. 11, 2007

Slide 25: 1. Voters sense both peril and promise in party brands. 2. Emotions about Hillary Clinton are mixed. 3. The gender gap may be closing. 4. Mitt Romney shows potential. 5. In Rudy Giuliani versus Fred Thompson, the latter evokes more empathy. 6. John Edwards has promise — and a problem. 7. Barack Obama and John McCain have work to do.

Slide 27: Where are the language areas? Where are the motor areas?

Slide 29: With fMRI, patients must perform an action, which is unreliable in clinic.

Slide 30: Functional connectivity MRI (fcMRI) requires NO task. Highly reliable.

Slide 31: 2 1.5 % BOLD Change 1 0.5 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 -0.5 -1 Time (sec) -1.5

Slide 32: 2 1.5 % BOLD Change 1 0.5 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 -0.5 -1 Time (sec) -1.5 2 1.5 % BOLD Change 1 0.5 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 -0.5 -1 Time (sec) -1.5

Slide 33: Functional connectivity MRI (fcMRI) requires NO task.

Slide 35: Emerging technology: quantitative radiology 1. Quantitative 1. fcMRI 1. Doctor 1. Patient visits brain analysis 1. Doctor receives doctor. scan. report. makes dx. Doctor and plans orders fcMRI. treatment. Quantitative report provides diagnostic measures, guides treatment, assesses response.

Slide 36: Emerging technology: digital lab on the cloud Input: Output: Raw MRI scans Quantitative reports

Slide 37: Emerging technology: Patient-driven care Microsoft HealthVault

Slide 38: Emerging technology: Patient-driven care Google Health (prototype)

Slide 39: Brain imaging for hackers ‣ Get yourself some brain images ‣ Get yourself some brain analysis tools ‣ Discover something, invent something

Slide 40: Get your own brain scanned ‣ Buy a scanner and install it in your basement

Slide 41: Get your own brain scanned ‣ Buy a scanner and install it in your basement ‣ Inflict severe brain injury

Slide 42: Get your own brain scanned ‣ Buy a scanner and install it in your basement ‣ Inflict severe brain injury ‣ Volunteer for a study - Contact local research centers - Ask for your scans (“I’ve brought a blank CD with me. Will you please copy the DICOM files of my scans onto it?”)

Slide 43: Use open access data ‣ Neuron: Neuron Database @ Yale Sense Lab ‣ Gene expression: Allen Brain Atlas ‣ Structural MRI: Open Access Structural Imaging Series (OASIS), mBIRN Data Repository ‣ Functional MRI: fMRI Data Center, fBIRN Data Repository ‣ Functional connectivity MRI: Brainscape

Slide 44: oasis-brains.org

Slide 45: brainscape.org

Slide 46: Get yourself some tools Slicer, Caret, AFNI, Freesurfer, SPM, FSL, ImageJ Neuron  Network  Whole brain Genesis Ed Boyden, Thursday 11:50 “Synthetic Neurobiology: Towards Engineering Brain Neuron Circuits for Health and Human Augmentation” See also NITRC (http://www.nitrc.org/)

Slide 47: Some unsolved problems ‣ Automated brain extraction ‣ How many networks are in the brain ‣ Methods for distinguishing differences between populations ‣ Predicting disease and aptitude ‣ Data sharing ‣ Individual differences in performance (“gifted”, “savant”) ‣ Neuroethics ‣ “Deidentifying” images ‣ Bridging the spatial divide ‣ Security and privacy ‣ Data mining

Slide 48: Start hacking.

Slide 49: Brain imaging: gene expression Lein et al. Nature (2007)

Slide 50: Functional Brain Imaging and Brain Blood Flow Veber den Kreislauf des Blutes in Menschlichen Gehirn (Concerning the circulation of the blood in the human brain) Verlag von Viet & Company: Leipzig, 1881 Angelo Mosso

Slide 51: Forearm Brain Resting quietly Forearm Brain Arrow: room clock strikes 12 noon and of church bells heard Forearm Brain Arrow: Mosso asked Bertino if the Ave Maria should have been said Brain Forearm Arrow: “What is 8 x 12?” ω: response From: Angelo Mosso (1881) Monday noon, September 23, 1878

Slide 52: The Bac kg ro und & Bas is o f the BOLD Effe c t in fMRI Mic hae l Faraday Linus Pauling S e iji Og awa 1845 1937 1990 Ro o m Air Ro o m Air 100% Oxyg e n 100% Oxyg e n “BOLD” Co ntras t

Slide 53: fMRI depends on blood oxygenation levels “Re s t” “Ac tivatio n” fMRI BOLD Signal Diffe re nce Image ∆ Blo o d Flo w > ∆ Oxyge n Cons umption