Religiosity in Asian America: Spiritual Vitality, Secularism and Racialization © Russell Jeung, Ph.D. San Francisco State University Do not use or reprint without permission of author [email_address]

Introduction: Kuan Kong v. Confucius Kuan Kong in Romance of Three Kingdoms Video game Confucianism as an explanation for Chinese cultural identity and behaviors What are the religious affiliation and practices of the Asian American community?

Kuan Kong in Romance of Three Kingdoms Video game

Confucianism as an explanation for Chinese cultural identity and behaviors

What are the religious affiliation and practices of the Asian American community?

Religious Affiliation of Asian Americans Source: Pew Forum U.S. Religious Affiliation Survey, 2007 (N=~700) Social Capital Community Benchmark Survey 2000 ages 21-45 (N=460) National Study of Religion and Youth, 2003-4 (N=45)

Changes in Asian American Religious Affiliation (1990-2007) Sources: Pew Forum U.S. Religious Affiliation Survey, 2007 (N=~700) Pilot Asian American Political Survey 2000-01 (N=1,218) National Survey of Religious Identification 1990 (N=460)

Spiritual Vitality: Immigration as a Theologizing Experience Filipinos (94%) and Koreans (87%) are highly religious. Koreans (87%) and Filipinos (71%) have higher church attendance rates than others. Asian Americans professing “Asian” religions have almost tripled since 1990. Asian Americans make up 88% of the Hindus, 32% of the Buddhists, and 20% of Muslims in the US. Even among 21-45 year old Asian Americans, 46% attend services weekly compared to 36% of US total population Nand Shiv Durga Mandir Montebello, CA

Filipinos (94%) and Koreans (87%) are highly religious.

Koreans (87%) and Filipinos (71%) have higher church attendance rates than others.

Asian Americans professing “Asian” religions have almost tripled since 1990.

Asian Americans make up 88% of the Hindus, 32% of the Buddhists, and 20% of Muslims in the US.

Even among 21-45 year old Asian Americans, 46% attend services weekly compared to 36% of US total population

2 nd Generation Asian American Religion and Ethnic Identity* The Model Model Minority Religion as a primordial source of identity—home faith as real Indian-ness Ethno-religious communities as a third space for extended family Ethno-religious communities as preservers and transmitters of culture Desire for authentic, other-worldly spirituality * See Khyati Joshi, New Roots in America’s Sacred Ground, New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2006

The Model Model Minority

Religion as a primordial source of identity—home faith as real Indian-ness

Ethno-religious communities as a third space for extended family

Ethno-religious communities as preservers and transmitters of culture

Desire for authentic, other-worldly spirituality

Religiously Unaffiliated Asian Americans Chinese (39%) and Japanese (26%) affiliate with religious groups much less than other ethnicities 23% of Asian Americans overall are unaffiliated with a religion Asian Americans (11%) are almost twice as secular as other Americans (6%) 5 6 Religious unaffiliated 11 6 Secular 4 2 Agnostic 3 2 Atheist 23% of Asian American Pop. 16% of Total Pop. Unaffiliated

Chinese (39%) and Japanese (26%) affiliate with religious groups much less than other ethnicities

23% of Asian Americans overall are unaffiliated with a religion

Asian Americans (11%) are almost twice as secular as other Americans (6%)

Sources of Non-Affiliation Selective immigration: 44% of Asian Americans are college graduates Nature of Asian American religiosity: inclusive, spiritual practices (v. exclusive, theological tenets) Continuing significance of Asian ethical and moral systems Los Angeles Chinatown Temple, 1938

Selective immigration: 44% of Asian Americans are college graduates

Nature of Asian American religiosity: inclusive, spiritual practices (v. exclusive, theological tenets)

Continuing significance of Asian ethical and moral systems

Racialization of Asian American Religions Religious Racialization of South Asians Brown = Muslim Coded Zoning Opposition to Asian temples

Religious Racialization of South Asians

Brown = Muslim

Coded Zoning Opposition to Asian temples

Racialized Panethnicity: Asian American Mainline Christians Historical Discrimination “ Where are you from?”--Contemporary Stereotypes Ethnic Reinvention Jesus and the Kingdom of God: Peace and Justice Asian Americans as a Oppressed Minority Group

Historical Discrimination

“ Where are you from?”--Contemporary Stereotypes

Ethnic Reinvention

Racialized Panethnicity: Asian American Evangelicals Targeting Spiritual Markets “ Why didn’t you get an A+?!?”— 1.5/2nd Generation Family Dynamics Lifestyle Affinities Jesus as Personal Savior Asian Americans as People with Certain Family Dynamics

Targeting Spiritual Markets

“ Why didn’t you get an A+?!?”— 1.5/2nd Generation Family Dynamics

Lifestyle Affinities

Racialized Multiculturalism: Racial Attitudes of Asian American Ministers

Racialized Multicultural Discourse Assumptions US is a racialized society US has a racial hierarchy, divided esp. between blacks and whites Other minorities face different issues of racial discrimination, such as nativism or patriotic racism Ethnicity matters

Assumptions

US is a racialized society

US has a racial hierarchy, divided esp. between blacks and whites

Other minorities face different issues of racial discrimination, such as nativism or patriotic racism

Ethnicity matters

Religious Diversity and Community Volunteerism Among Asian Americans* * Elaine Howard Ecklund and Jerry Park, Religious Diversity and Community Volunteerism Among Asian Americans.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Volume 46, Number 2, June 2007, pp. 233-244 51 Total Sample 26 Buddhist 40 Hindu 45 Nonreligious 54 Catholic 65 Other Religion 69 Protestant Christian Percent participating in at least one nonreligious organization Religious Affiliation of Asian Americans

Political Ideology of Asian Americans by Religious Affiliation* * Pei-te Lien, “Religion and Political Adaptation among Asian Americans,” in Tony Carnes and Fenggang Yang, eds., Asian American Religions: The Making and Remaking of Borders and Boundaries, (New York: New York University Press, 2004) 10 13 4 8 14 7 7 Not Sure 4 3 8 -- 6 4 4 Very Conservative 18 15 17 14 12 24 25 Somewhat Conservative 32 35 12 17 41 24 33 Middle of the Road 28 22 50 43 21 32 27 Somewhat Liberal 8 10 8 18 6 8 4 Very Liberal All None Muslim Hindu Buddhist Catholic Protestant Christian

Conclusion Theorizing Categories of Religion: A Yin-Yang Approach of Fluidity, Hybridity and Racialization Methodological Approaches to Religion: Orientalist fieldwork v. home-work (Religious Studies as Praxis) Teaching Religion: Homes and Congregations as Problematized Classrooms

Theorizing Categories of Religion: A Yin-Yang Approach of Fluidity, Hybridity and Racialization

Methodological Approaches to Religion: Orientalist fieldwork v. home-work (Religious Studies as Praxis)

Teaching Religion: Homes and Congregations as Problematized Classrooms