house property,Income from business, capital gain

Income from business/Profession By Prof. Augustin Amaladas M.Com., AICWA.,PGDFM., B.Ed.

INCOME FROM HOUSE PROPERTY
House property for this purpose means :
Any building which has the characteristic
features of a building.
E.g.: residential building, cinema theatres etc.

INCOME FROM HOUSE PROPERTY Taxed on “Notional Basis”

Conditions for taxing income under the head house property.
There should be a building or a land appurtenant there to .
AND
The property should be owned by the assessee.
AND
Such building should not be used for own business or profession.

Section 22(Charing Section)
“ The Annual Value of building or land appurtenant thereto is chargeable to tax in the hands of the owner provided the same is not used for own business or profession”.
E.g.: CASE 1: Mr. X lets out a HP to Mr. Y, who intends to carry on his private business. – Income from HP.

CASE 2: Mr. X uses his property to carry on his own private business. – No income from HP.

Exceptions to the rule – that the rental income is taxable under HP.
Income from sub letting – Income from OTHER SOURCES since the assessee is not the owner.
Composite rent – When a building has been let out along with the furniture , then such letting out is called composite letting.
As per sec 56(2) , when the rent is inseparable – income from other sources.

As per CIT vs. SHAMBHU INVESTMENTS PVT. LTD., (2003) (s.c) such inseparable composite rent is taxable under the head HP.
At present Supreme Court decision has to be followed.

Section 23( Annual Value)
Sec 23(1)(a) –
AV = Rent at which the HP is reasonably expected to be let out.

Sec 23( Annual Value)
Sec 23(1)(b) –
If the house property is actually let out and if rent received or receivable is higher than the reasonable rent as per sec 23(1)(a), then such rent received or receivable is taken as the ANNUAL VALUE.

Sec 23(1)(c) –
If the property is actually let out and was vacant during the year and rent received or receivable is lesser due to vacancy then such lower rent shall be the annual value.

Sec 23(2) –
If a HP is self occupied .
OR
If a HP couldn't be occupied for reasons of employment / profession elsewhere.
In such cases the AV= NIL.

Sec 23(3) –
Conditions for sec 23(2)-
Such HP shouldn't be let out during any part of the year.
AND
No other income is derived from such property.

Sec 23(4) –
If the assessee owns more than one Sec 23(2) property then:
AV of one HP at the option of the assessee is NIL.
AND
All the other HP’s are Deemed Let Out Property [DLOP] and annual value thereof is decided as per sec 23.

Section 24 Deductions.
SEC 24(a)-Standard deductions @30% of NAV – only for let out property and deemed let out property.
SEC 24(b)- interest on capital or loan borrowed for ACR 3 (acquisition ,construction, renewal ,repairs and reconstruction) in respect of
1. LOP/DLOP – any amount is allowed
2. SOP – Deductions is as follows:

SOP Deductions
- Normal deductions up to Rs 30000/-
- Special deduction up to Rs 150000/-

IMPORTANT NOTES
Interest deduction up to Rs 150000/-.It is available only for acquisition and construction. Provided:
(a) The loan taken on / after 01-04-1999 . & construction completed within 3 years from the end of the financial year in which loan is borrowed.
(b) For claiming deduction’s interest certificate & details of principal outstanding , interest amount etc. Along with return of income .

Pre- Construction Period Interest
Allowed in five equal installments commencing from the year of completion.
PCP means period commencing from the date of loan or immediately preceding the March 31 st of the year of completion which ever is earlier.

Section 25( amounts not deductible)
Interest paid outside India without TDS or Without having an arrangement for TDS in India is disallowed.

Section 25A( Unrealized rent recovered)
UR recovered is taxed in the year of receipt irrespective of whether assessee is the owner or not of such property in the year of such receipt . No deduction is allowed against this income.

Section 25B( Arrears of rent received)
It is taxable in the year of receipt irrespective of whether assessee is the owner or not of such property in the year of such receipt.
Deduction = 30%

Section 26( Property owned by Co- Owners)
Share of co-owners definite, ascertainable respective share is taxable in the hands of the co owner.
Share of co-owners not definite, ascertainable entire income is taxed as the income of AOP.

Important Points
Annual value of partly SO & partly vacant
Period based (i.e. 9 months – SOP & 3 months – vacant) = ANNUAL VALUE = NIL Usage based (i.e. 75% used as – SOP & 25% as – vacant) = ANNUAL VALUE = 25% .

Important Points
Annual value of partly SO & partly LO
Period based (i.e. 9 months – SOP & 3 months – LOP) Usage based (i.e. 75% used as – SOP & 25% as – LOP) Treated as DLOP for entire period. AV of SOP NIL. AV of LOP to be taken at 25%.

Presented by :
Anirudh Prasad-05A078.
Amrut .V.Katwa-05A077.

Charging Section[Sec.28]
Profits and gains of any profession/profession
Any compensation received related business
Income received from members of similar profession
Any benefit or perquisites from business /profession
Export incentives from government

Charging -Continue
Any interest, salary, bonus, commission or remuneration received by a partner from firm.
Sum received(compensation) from other company not to carry on any business for know how, patent, copy right, trademark.
Profits and gains of managing agency

Meaning of business
Profit motive
Business and rendering services to others
Business cannot be carried on with oneself

Export incentives
Duty drawback import entitilement licences
Are taxable u/s 28-Business/profession

Business income not taxable u/s 28
1. Rental income in case of dealer in property taxable under the head income from house property[u/s22].
2. Dividend on shares in case of a dealer in shares- taxed under income from other sources [u/s 56].
3. winning from lotteries (lottery business) taxed u/s 56-income from other sources.

Losses deductible from business income
Loss due to natural calamity
Loss due to non acceptance of goods
Reduction in value of foreign currency which is meant for purchase of stock.
Loss of cash/goods due to embezzelment, burglary, forfeiture of deposits.
Loss of forgoing advance given by sugar industries to formers due to monsoon failure

Loss not deductible from business
Loss due to destruction of Capital asset.
Loss on sale of investments held as investment.
Loss of advance to set up a business but business could not be started.
Depreciation in value of foreign currency for capital purpose
Anticipated future losses.
Loss of discontinued business
Loss from illegal business[T.A.Qureshiv.CIT(2006)SC]

Computation of assessable profits/loss for tax
Net profit as per P/L Account
Add : Amount debited to P/L A/c in respect of the following
Loss of earlier years
Capital losses
Personal expenses (such as drawings)
Income tax, surtax, wealth tax, gift tax, estate duty[Direct taxes], tax penalty, penal interest, fine.

Continues
Add: Charity and donation
Gifts and presents to others
All reserves/provisions such as tax provision, Reserve for dividend, provision for bad debts except provision for depreciation
All expenses related to other heads of income

Continues
Add : Expenses not deductible u/s 40 and 40A
Expenses debited to P/L A/C not admissible u/s 30 to 40A
Add : Amount not credited to P/L A/c
Deemed income
Deduct :Income credited to P/L A/c but not chargeable under other heads

Continues
Less :
Salary income( income from salary(u/s 15)
Rental incomeIncome from House property(u/s22)
Capital gain(u/s 45)
Dividend[ Income from other sources(56)]
Direct taxes refund such as Income tax, Wealth tax, estate duty, surtax refunds
Bad debts, excise duty recovered not allowed as expenditure preceding previous years
Deduct:
Expenses not debited to P/L A/c but allowed u/s 30 to 40A
Depreciation u/s 32
Income chargeable under income from business/profession.

Specific deductions expressly allowed u/s 30 to 37
1.Rent (Sec.30)
Repairs(including painting of a house )
Land revenue, local taxes and municipal taxes
Insurance against risk of damage or destruction
Not allowed: a) arrears of rent b) share of profit instead of rent c.

Repairs and insurance of machinery, plant and furniture(sec.31)
Revenue repair-allowed
Capital expenditure – not allowed
Quantum of expenditure is not important

Depreciation Allowances(sec.32)
Conditions:
Asset must be owned by the assessee(Registration is not important),full control over asset,right to retain the possession and defend are characteristics of ownership.
Used or ready to use for business purpose
Used in the previous year
Both tangible and intangible assets
Right on occupancy on Lease property is entitled for depreciation
If hirer purchaser has right over asset and hire seller will loose all rights- Depreciation is allowed.

Depreciation-Continues
Insurance premium, repairs and other expenditure incurred on leased business asset are deductible in the hands of lessor.
If any asset is fully controlled such as lease the capital expenditure incurred by lessee can provide depreciation[32(1)(ii).

Lease property
Registered ownership is not necessary Sec. 53A of the transfer of property Act.
If the assessee can be the co-owner to claim depreciation
Any capital expenditure incurred by the person who takes building can provide depreciation on capital expenditure.
Rules of Accounting Standard (AS19) not applicable for depreciation as per IT Act.

Hire purchase
Conditions:
Hire purchaser can provide depreciation if hire purchaser has uninterrupted right over the asset.
The seller looses his right
Who can provide depreciation?
Hire purchaser.

Residential quarters If used by the assessee’s employees –depreciation is allowed.

50% of rate of depreciation
If an asset acquired during the previous year.
Put into use or ready to use for less than 180 days.
Exceptions:1. Put into use for less than 180 days but ready to use for more than 180 days –full rate of depreciation
If asset purchased in the preceding year to current previous year but put into use for less than 180 days during the current previous year what is the rate of depreciation rate?
If an asset is not used at all-No depreciation not only for first year but also for subsequent period

Full rate of depreciation.
Can depreciation be provided on intangible assets such as know- how, patent rights, copy right, trade mark, licences, franchises etc. depreciation?

Meaning of Building and Plant
Building means: Super structure only. It does not include site.
Plant : Includes ships, vehicle, books, technical know-how report, scientific apparatus and surgical equipment.
It does not include tea bushes or livestock or building or furniture and fittings.
If assessee does not claim depreciation whether is depreciation available?

Method of depreciation
Yes.
Block asset method.
What is block asset method?
Similar nature of asset having the same rate of depreciation are clubbed together.

100% depreciation?
1. Building acquired on or after September 1, 2002 forming part of water supply project
2. Pollution control equipments
3. waste control equipment
4.wooden parts used in artificial silk manufacturing machine
5.cinimatograph films
6. Books

Commercial vehicle
If acquired and used before 31,March 2002. -Rate of depreciation is 50% .

calculation of depreciation
Block value in the beginning
Add:- Purchase of asset of the same block
Less:- Net sale value of the consideration received/receivable in cash /cheque/draft if any of the block of assets sold during the year

Continuation
Calculate depreciation of the balance amount.
If it reaches to Zero value no more depreciation is allowed.
If net sale consideration exceeds the block it amounts to short term capital gain.

continues
Once asset is depreciated the gain on sale of block never be a long term gain
Index can not be used for the calculation of capital gain.
If all assets of the assets sold out but block continues it amounts to short term capital loss.

###Intangible assets
Depreciation is allowed at the rate of 25%
Include: know- how, patent rights, copy rights, trade mark, licenses, franchises etc.

Imported Cars
Purchased between March 1, 1975 and March 31, 2001 for hire for tourist- no depreciation is allowed if used in India for business purposes other than for hire for tourist
Used outside india for business-alowed
For hire for tourist-allowed
After 31 st March 2001- all purposes depreciation is allowed

Change in the ownership in any part of the year due to amalgamation , absorption or demerger
Calculate depreciation for the previous year as if no amalgamation/re-organization taken place
Apportion between the companies on time basis.

###Computation of additional depreciation
Manufacture or production of any article
Purchased entirely new machinery Not used any part of the world
Acquired and installed after March 31, 2005
Rate-20%
If used less than 180 days-Half of the rate
Excludes ships and aircrafts, used in the guest house, or office road transport vehicles

Actual Cost
Total cost-subsidy
Includes: interest on money borrowed before the asset is put into use
Bank charges
Loading
Unloading

Actual cost-continues
Modification before first put into use
Training of staff to operate the machine
Other related expenses required such as cold storage.
Traveling expenses to acquire the asset

Un-absorbed depreciation
Deduct the depreciation of the previous year from income from business or profession
Deduct it from other heads of income except salary
If not able to absorb-carry over to subsequent assessment year (s) – No time limit.

Subsequent assessment years
Order of priority to set off:
1. current depreciation
2.Brought forward business losses
3. Un-absorbed depreciation
Note: Continuity of business is not relevant.
The same assessee only can carry forward

Depreciation on Straight Line basis/WDV
Applicable to Power units(generating and distribution of power)
Assets acquired after 31 st march 1997.

Terminal depreciation
If straight line depreciation method followed on power generating units
sold after the use of such asset more than one previous year
Terminal depreciation=WDV> Net Sale consideration
Capital gain=Net sale>WDV

Tea, coffee and rubber development account[Sec.33AB]
Deposit with NABARD or Deposit account of tea, coffee or rubber Board
With in 6 months from the end of the previous year or before the last date of filing of returns whichever earlier
Exemption:
Amount deposited or 40% of profit whichever is less
Can amount be withdrawn?

withdrawal
Only for the purpose stated
If unutilised within the previous year it is treated as income
If business closed or dissolved-treated as taxable profit
If death of the taxpayer/partition of HUF/liquidation of company will not be treated as income
Purpose: installed in plant and machinery in low priority sector or entitled to get 100% depreciation.
Maximum 8 years

Site restoration fund[sec.33ABA]
Production of Petroleum /Natural gas in India
Deposit with SBI/account opened as per petrolem and Natural Gas Commission In a scheme specified
Before the end of the previous year
Amount withdrawn should be used for low priority sector/100% depreciated and utiled within 8 years at the end of previous year.

###Scientific research[Sec.35] In house research
All Revenue expenditure and Capital expenditure related to one’s business during the current previous year or even 3*** preceding previous years allowed [Except Land]
Even asset is not put into use –it is allowed.
No depreciation is allowed on such capital asset
If such asset is sold what could be the consequences?

If scientific asset sold?
If not used for any other purpose:
***Sale or deduction already allowed whichever is less taxed as business profit.
Capital gain=Sale-Cost (index if required)

Contribution to National laboratory
Including University, IIT
Weighted deduction= 1.25 times of contribution can be treated as Expenditure.
*** Even approval is withdrawn after the payment to such institution the assesssee who contributed can enjoy the benefit

Expenditure on Patent rights and copy rights[35A]
Capital Expenditure incurred before 1 st April 1998
14 instalments
After 1 st April 1998- Depreciation can be claimed-25%
Revenue expenditure- Fully allowed expenditure in the year such expenditure incurred.

Technical know how
Only depreciation
25% allowed

Amortisation of telecom license fees[35ABB]
Conditions
Capital Expenditure
Acquiring any right to operate telecommunication services
Incurred before or after commencement of Business
Mainly incurred to obtain license.
If conditions fulfilled claim can be done u/s 35ABB otherwise u/s 37(1) as business expenditure.

Payment to associations and institution for rural development program
Institutions approved before 1 st March 1983
Deduction up to the amount paid

Amortisation of preliminary expenses
Indian Company or resident non corporate assessee
Foreign company excluded
Legal charges on MOA, AOA,printing of MOA, AOA,Registration fees,expenses connected to issue of shares or debentures
Is there any limit?

Limit of preliminary expenses Actual cost= costs incurred initially and additional costs after commencement Of business 5% of the cost of the project 5% of cost of project or 5% of capital employed Whichever is More(dil monge more) Non-Corporate assessee Corporate assessee

Preliminary Exp. Continue
The value on the last day of the previous year in which the business of the assessee commences.
Deduction: 1/5 of the qualifying expenditure

Expenses on issue of shares/Debentures
New company even Old industrial company issue shares - u/s 35 D
Old company-- u/s 37(1) except issue of shares)
Old industrial company issue shares-35D
Non industrial company – All expenses related to bonus issue, issue of debentures or raising of long term or short term loans
Note : old non industrial company- Expenditure related to issue of shares can not be claimed

Amortisation of expenditure incurred for amalgamation[35DD]
Indian company
Deductions in five successive installments

Amortisation of expenditure under voluntary retirement scheme[35DDA]
Any assessee
Deduction 1/5 every year
Voluntary retirement scheme need not be accordance with guidelines prescribed under section 10(10C)

Amartisation of expenditure on development of certain minerals[35E]
Indian companies and Resident assessee
I/10 every year allowed

Insurance premium to protect the asset or employees[36(1)(i)]
Allowed
Bonus to employees[36(1)(ii)]

Interest on borrowed capital[36 (1)(iii)
Interest on own capital is not allowed.
Interest paid by a firm to partner is deductible- 12% per annum Simple interest
Interest paid to wife and daughter- allowed
Interest before the asset is put into use to be capitalised

Interest paid outside India without deducting TDS
Not allowed

Discount on Zeeero coupon Discount Bonds[36(1)(iiia)]
Issued after June 1, 2005
Minimum 10 years and Maximum 20 years
Deduction on pro rata basis.

***Unpaid liabilities
Includes:
Local taxes, duty cess or fee under any law
Sum payable to employees such PF, Gratuity, superannuation fund to employees, BONUS, OR COMMISSION
Interest on loan borrowed from public financial institution such as ICICI,IFCI, IDBI,LIC AND UTI ONLY
DEDUCTION ALLOWED ON PAYMENT BASIS OR ACCRUAL BASIS?

Payment/ Accrual?????
No payment- Not allowed
If deposited EVEN before the last date of filing of returns with Proof for payment- fully allowed(page 336)

****Employees ’ contribution towards staff welfare scheme such as PF[36(1)(va)]
Amount received by employer-
Included with the assessee’s Income
If Paid to the employees’s account???

If paid !!!!!
Due date #### as per the PF rules or Gratuity rules Usually with in a month of deduction from employees.
*****not as per IT rules

Written off of allowance for animals [36(1)(vi)]
If died /useless
Used as capital asset
Allowed loss = Original cost- Carcasses or ( sale of animals )
No depreciation is allowed any time on animals

Bad debts [36(1)(vii)] !!!
If actual- allowed
Provision –Never allowed
If recovered[41(4)]-----If earlier allowed it is taxable
If earlier denied - not taxable

Provision for Bad and doubtful debts to rural branches of scheduled and non scheduled commercial banks[36(1)(vii)]
bank and Institution bank
Non scheduled
Scheduled Financial Foreign
7.5% of income 5% 5%
10% of advances --- ---
made by rural
branchs

Transfer to SPECIAL RESERVE [36(1)(viii)]
Long term (5 years or more) financial corporation/public company/government company
Finance for industry/agriculture/infrastructure facilities in India.
Deduction: Whichever is less
1. amount transferred to such account or
2. 40% of profit from business activities before such deductions
3. 200% of paid up capital and reserve on the last day of PY(- )amount in special reserve account in the beginning of the PY

Family planning expenditure [36(1)(ix)]
For Company assessee
Revenue expenditure- Fully allowed
Capital Expenditure - 1/5 th every year
Non-corporate assessee can claim u/s 32(Depreciation on capital expenditure) and 37(1)(Revenue expenditure)

Advertisement Expenditure[37(2B)]
Advertisement In publication of political party ------ Not allowed
All advertisements -- Allowed

Expenses incurred by commission agent from insurance UTI agents etc.If commission less than 60,000 20,000 50% of commission 15% OF THE COMMISSION 33 1/3% No deduction 50% LIC –first year Renewal commission First & renewal Commission Bonus commission UTI/agents of specified securities, mutual funds authorised agent 3 2 1 Max. deduction Adhoc deduction commission

Contribution towards Exchange risk Administration fund [36(1)(x)]
By Public financial institution
Deductible upto the assessment year 2007-08

Benefits to public financial institutions

General deductions[37(1)]
It should not be a capital expenditure or
Not personal
Not prohibited by law such as fine, penalty
Not be an illegal expenditure
Can we see some of the expenditures allowed as per various case laws?

Expenses allowed
*Litigation expenses to protect the trade or business /asset/or to retain title of asset
*Legal expenses to receive loan
*Litigation expenses in restoring trade mark
***Legal expenses to alter the AOA in conformity with the changes brought about
in the companies ACT
****Damages paid to workers/fulfil the contract
***Damages for breach of contract

Expenses allowed
**Contribution to the union formed to oppose the nationalisation of assessee’s business
**Expenses incurred during festival
***Premium paid for loss of profit
*Professional tax paid
All maintenance expenditure
**Expenses incurred to register trade marks
*****Entertainment expenses
**Periodical payment for the use of goodwill

Expenses allowed-case laws
###Estimated probable liability for free maintenance CIT vs Modi Olovetti ltd.(2004)
***Expenditure to car even it is huge[CIT vs Mangalchand premchand& co.[2004]
**Repairs to maintain building taken on lease [Sumitomo Corpn. India (p) ltd.
Expenditure on civil work on leased asset [Hero Honda motors vs CIT
***Interest on delayed payment of Provident fund[CIT vs Ishwari Khetan Sugar Mills (P0 ltd.(2004)

Important notes & controversial issues
Expenditure to issue of shares fees paid to Registrar to increase the authorised capital disallowed[Brook Bond India ltd Vs CIT(SC)
Retrenchment compensation payable at the time of partial closure of business Is deductible. But at the time of closure of industry is not deductible[CIT vs MGF India(2004)

Expenses allowed
****Expenditure to issue of debentures
bonus shares allowed

Controversial Continues
***Foreign study expenses incurred by the company even though the employee is a director’s son-allowed [J.B Advani& co Vs CIT](2005)

Medical expenses of wife employee of cine actor-Allowed [Ajay Singh Deol Vs CIT]
Payment on account of membership fees for health club and also paid membership fees for an another club-Allowed [Sterlite Industries (India) Vs CIT(2006)

Controversial- Continues
###Provision made for contribution towards Provident Fund maintained by Government of Tamilnadu sent on deputation to the assessee corporation-allowed[ CIT Vs Kattabomman Transport Corporation Ltd.(2004)

***Interest on arrears of tax , sales tax compensatory in nature and not penal – allowed(Lachmandas Vs CIT(SC) (2002)
***Interest paid for late payment of tax is disallowed. Even Income-tax itself disallowed.

Disallowed Expenditure
*****Interest paid on borrowed funds to pay Income tax is disallowed
Interest paid on installment of the price of property
*****Expenditure to raise capital
***Expenditure on shifting of registered office

Penalty/fine /interest on penalty
*#*#*# Disallowed

Important question to be asked!!!
****Protecting Business or protecting the title to capital asset.
Capital Expenditure or revenue expenditure

Expressly disallowed expenditures
Interest, Royalty, fees for technical services payable outside India
***TAX TO BE DEDUCTED AND PAID WITHIN 7 DAYS FROM THE LAST DAY OF THE MONTH IN WHICH TAX WAS DEDUCTED OR

Expressly disallowed expenditures
AMOUNT PAID TO GOVERNMENT IN THE FINANCIAL YEAR IF NOT PAID WITHIN 7 DAYS FROM THE LAST DAY OF THE MONTH.
Anything paid after the financial year and after the expiry of 7 days FROM THE LAST DAY OF THE MONTH -deductible only in the year of payment.

Fringe benefit tax
Fringe benefit tax, Income tax, wealth tax, securities transaction tax- Not Taxable

Salary payable outside India without TDS
Outside India both resident and non-resident
In India to NON-REDIDENT
NOT ALLOWED

Payment from provident fund
If TDS not done- Not allowed

Tax on perquisites paid by the employer
Tax paid by employer- Not taxable to employees
Perquisites paid- Not deductible to employer
(Non monetary)
See illustration- para 82.1.8- page 328

Payment to relatives[ Sec. 40A(2)]
Excess or unreasonable - disallowed
Relative: husband, wife, brother or sister or lineal ascendant or descendant of that individual.
Substantial interest:- at least 20% of equity or 20% profits of a concern at any time during the year

Expenditure exceeding Rs. 20,000
Should be paid account payee crossed cheque or account payee demand draft.
If not - 20% of such payment is disallowed.
Note: on the same day any number of cheques less than 20,000 each can be given
Partly cash, partly cheque without account payee crossed cheque without exceeding 20,000 each.

Payment to unapproved gratuity by employer
Not deductible expenditure.

Recovery of earlier deductions
If recovered in the subsequent assessment years it is taxable even there is no business and taxed in the hands of recepient.

Undisclosed income
Cash credit[sec.68]
Undisclosed investment[sec.69]
Unexplained money [sec. 69A]
Amount of investments not fully disclosed [sec.69B]
Unexplained expenditure [sec.69C]
Amount borrowed or repaid on hundi[sec.69D]
They are deemed income of the current previous year.

Maintenance of books compulsory[Sec.44AA]
Legal medical, engineering, architectural, accountancy, Film artist technical consultancy, or interior decoration and other notified profession [Specified professional]
If gross receipts exceed 1,50,000 in any of the three years preceding the previous year.
Non-specified professional- Income exceed Rs. 1,20,000 and total gross receipts exceed 10,00,000
What are those books maintained?

Specified Books to be maintained
Cash book
A Journal on mercantile basis
Ledger
Carbon copies of machine numbered bills exceeding Rs. 25 issued by the person
Original bills if exceed Rs. 50. If bills are not issued payment vouchers signed by the person

Medical practitioner
Additional books required:
Daily cash register showing date, patient’s name, nature of professional services rendered, fees received and date of receipt
Stock register for medicines and other consumable accessories .

Audit of Accounts[sec.44AB] if crossed limit
Business-Gross receipts /sales exceed 40 lakhs
Profession- gross receipts exceed 10 lakhs

Audit compulsory with out any limit of income/receipt
Person engaged in:
1. civil construction[44AD]- 8% of gross receipts
2.Business of plying, leasing or hiring trucks[44AE]- Heavy vehicles Rs. 3500 pm (owned months), other vehicles- 3150 pm (not owned more than 10 vehicles any time during the previous year.- No expenditure is deductible .
Retail traders[44AF]- 5% of turnover is considered as income

Important points to solve problems
Bonus-before last date of filing
Depreciation- permitted as per income tax
Direct taxes-disallowed
Indirect taxes-allowed if paid before due date of filing
Capital expenditure-disallowed
Bad debts recovered-if allowed earlier taxable
Income from other heads such as salary, house property etc-if included in the P/L /A/c deduct.

Points to solve problems
Outstanding statutory liability-before due date to be paid
statutory penalty-disallowed
Contractual penalty-allowed
Personal expenditure-disallowed

Entertainment expenditure-fully allowed
Maintenance of guest house-fully allowed
Revenue advertisement including gift to customers-fully allowed.

Capital expenditure on advertisement-depreciation is allowed.
Amount paid for expenses beyond 20,000 without crossed a/c payee cheque or draft -20% disallowed
Any expenditure incurred (traveling) out side india –allowed to the extent of RBI’s permission

paid on borrowing-Not allowed Expenditure to audit-allowed
Expenditure to prepare accounts for IT –allowed
interest

Interest on borrowing to pay direct tax such as Income tax-disallowed
Copy right , technical know how, patent right- amount paid disallowed but depreciation 25% only allowed.
Employee’s contribution to PF- treated as income
If such employee’s contribution is paid before due date as per the PF act- allowed.

Capital expenditure on travelling-disallowed
Traveling expenditure to buy stock-allowed
Insurance to asset or employees-fully allowed expenditure
Profit on sale of capital asset which is included in the P/L /a/c- disallowed

Rent received from outsider other than employee- credited to P/L A/c-disallowed income-subtract from net profit-Income from House property.
Any payment to workers/Government-Before the last date of filing returns is allowed

All reserves/provision except depreciation provision-disallowed
Interest on own capital-disallowed
Direct taxes refund like It refund shown in P/L A/C –disallowed income= subtract from profit
Revenue repair to building , furniture even leasehold –allowed expenditure

Capital expenditure on family planning- 1/5 is allowed
Loss of cash, goods-allowed.
Donation and charity-disallowed
Fringe benefit tax-disalowed
Expenditure on issue of shares-disallowed ;where as expenditure on issue of debentures, arrangement of loan (borrowed capital)- allowed

Income from other heads-inadmissible income
Advance payment of tax, provision for tax, income tax refund-disalloed
Life insurance premium of owner paid from business-disallowed
Scientific Research (in house)-fully allowed including capital expenditure
Family planning revenue expenditure-allowed

Unapproved statutory funds-disallowed
Closing stock and opening stock to be valued in the same manner

Profit and loss account 10,00,000 Gross profit Interest on bonds Dividend received Rent Rent paid in advance Profit on sale of investment discount Salaries Rent and rates Office expenses Stock destroyed Depreciation Discount Advertisement Interest on loan Scientific research expenses Bad debts RBD Insurance on building Insurance stock Income tax Amount Rupees particulars Amount Rupees particulars

Closing stock is 10% less than the actual value
Opening stock was over valued by 8%
Advance payment of tax
provision for tax
income tax refund
Loss of cash, goods
Capital expenditure on family planning
Loss of cash, goods
Donation and charity
Fringe benefit tax
Expenditure on issue of shares
expenditure on issue of debentures ,
arrangement of loan on borrowed capital
Bonus paid on 2 nd september
Copy right
technical know how
patent rights
Cash Amount paid for expenses 25000

Bad debts written off recovered (earlier disallowed)
statutory penalty
Contractual penalty
Personal expenditure
Interest paid on borrowed funds to pay Income tax
Interest paid on installment of the price of property
Expenditure to raise capital
Expenditure on shifting of registered office

THANK YOU
ALTERNATIVE WORK IS REST Happiness by giving but not receiving Learn every day No bad day. It depends upon our mind set Two sides in a coin. One is failure(50% ) Other is success(50%) Accepting failure leads to success Enjoy whatever you do Everyone is good

Capital gains By Augustin Amaladas.Lourduswamy M.Com.,AICWA.,B.Ed.,PGDFM

Capital Assets
Any stock-in-trade, consumable stores or raw materials held for the purpose of his business or profession;
Personal effects, i.e., movable property (including wearing apparel and furniture, excluding jewellery), held for personal use by the assessee or any member of his family dependent on him.
Agricultural land in India, not being land situated in the following:-
In any area which is comprised within the jurisdiction of a municipality (whether known as a municipality, municipal corporation, notified area committee, town area committee, town committee, or by any other name) or a cantonment board and, which has a population of not less than ten thousand according to the last preceding census.
In any area within such distance, not being more than eight kilometers, from the local limits of any municipality or cantonment board referred to in item

Capital assets
6.5 per cent Gold Bonds 1977, or 7 per cent Gold Bonds 1980, National, Defence Gold Bonds, 1980, issued by the Central Government;
Special Bearer Bonds, 1991, issued by the Central Government;
Gold Deposit Bonds issued under the Gold Deposit Scheme, 1999 notified by the Central Government.

transfer of house property
Under S 54, exempt from tax provided
The following conditions are satisfied
The house is a residential house is taxable under the head "income form house property"
The house property, which may be self-occupied or let out, is a long term capital asset (i.e. held for a period of more than 36 months before sale or transfer.)
1+2 or 3
Invest upto capital gain in the same nature of asset
The house property, so purchased or constructed, has not been transferred within a period of 3 years from the date of purchase or construction.

consequences if a new house is transferred within 3 years?
the amount of capital gain that arise, together with the amount of capital gains exempted earlier, will be chargeable to tax in the year of the sale of the new house property.

If new house transferred?
The gain along with exempted gain is taxed as short term

Computation of Short-term capital gain 1. Find out the full value of consideration 2. Deduct the following: a. Expenditure incurred wholly and exclusively in connection with such transfer. b. Cost of acquisition. c. Cost of improvement 3. From the resulting sum deduct the exemption provided by section 54B, 54D and 54G. 4. The balancing amount is the short-term capital gain. Short term capital gain

Computation of Long-term capital gain
1. Find out the full value of consideration 2. Deduct the following: a. Expenditure incurred wholly and exclusively in connection with such transfer b. Indexed Cost of acquisition c. Indexed Cost of improvement. 3. From the resulting sum deduct the exemption provided by section 54, 54B, 54D, 54EC,, 54F and 54G, and 54GA. 4. The balancing amount is the long-term capital gain.

How IS long term capital gain taxed?
Flat rate-20%+Surcharge+Educational cess+ Secondary and higher education cess.
Surcharge-10% if net income exceed Rs.10,00,000 for individual,HUF,AOP,BOI
Educational cess-2 % on tax
Companies -10% if net income does not exceed 1 crore rupees. 2% educational cess
For Assesment year 2008-09 secondary and higer education cess-1% on( tax+surcharge)

Indexed cost of acquisition
Formula
Cost *Index of the year of sale/index of the year of acquisition of the present owner
cost= cost of acquisition of the present owner or
Cost of acquisition of the previous owner in case of will or gift

indexed cost of acquisition?
S 48 defines "indexed cost of acquisition" as the amount, which bears to the cost of acquisition the same proportion as Cost Inflation Index for the year, in which the asset is transferred, bears to the Cost Inflation Index for the first year in which the asset was held by the assessee or for the year beginning on the 1st day of April, 1981, whichever is later. The Cost Inflation Index, in relation to a previous year, means such Index as the Central Government may, having regard to 75% of average rise in the Consumer Price Index for urban non-manual employees for the immediately preceding previous year to such previous year, by notification in the Official Gazette.

tax shelter for avoiding capital gains tax?
The Income Tax Act grants total/partial exemption of capital gains under Sec.- 54, 54B, 54D, 54EC, 54F, 54G and 54H.

Under S 54, exempt from tax provided
The following conditions are satisfied
The house is a residential house is taxable under the head "income form house property"
The house property, which may be self-occupied or let out, is a long term capital asset (i.e. held for a period of more than 36 months before sale or transfer.)
1+2 or 3
Invest upto capital gain in the same nature of asset
The house property, so purchased or constructed, has not been transferred within a period of 3 years from the date of purchase or construction.
Under S 54

Under S 54B
Individuals
agricultural land used for atleast for 2 years before transfer
provided the assessee has purchased another land for agricultural purpose within a period of 2 years from the date of such transfer.
In the case of compulsory acquisition, It is exempted from tax as per section 10(37) with effect from assessment year 2005-06 onwards.

***Capital gains exemted U/S 10 para 95.2
1. Capital gain on transfer of US 64[Section 10(36)]- both long term and short term
2. Long term capital gain on transfer of BSE-500 Equity Shares[10(36)]-long term
3.Compulsory acquisition of urban agriculture land[10(37)]-longterm and short term.-individual and HUF.
4. Securities not chargeable to tax if covered under transaction tax-such as mutual fund equity linked issued by domestic companies.
5. Capital gain arising in the reconstruction or revival of power generation business [10(41)]

Under S 54D,
capital gains, arising on compulsory acquisition of any land or building forming part of an industrial undertaking, is exempt from tax, provided such land or building was used by the assessee for the purpose of the industrial undertaking for at least 2 years preceding the date of compulsory acquisition and, the assessee has, within a period of 3 years after that date, purchased any other land or building or right in any other land/ building or constructed any other building for the purpose of shifting or reestablishing the said undertaking or setting up another industrial undertaking.

Under S 54EC
where the capital gain arises from the transfer of a long-term capital asset before the 1st day of April, 2000, and the assessee has, at any time within a period of six months after the date of such transfer invested the whole or any part of capital gains, in any of the assets,
Bonds in NHAI, Rural Electrification

Under S 54 F
where, in the case of an assessee being an individual or a Hindu undivided family ,
the capital gain arises from the transfer of any long-term capital asset ,
not being a residential house,
within a period of one year before
or two years after the date on which the transfer took place purchased, or has within a period of three years after that date constructed, a residential house.

S 54 G Voluntary transfer of industry
The shifting of such industrial undertaking to any area other than an urban area, and
the assessee has, within a period of 1 year ,before
or 3 years after the date on which the transfer took place, purchased a new machinery or plant for the purposes of business of the industrial undertaking

Sec.54GA Shifting from urban to Special Economic Zone
Industry
1year before or 3 years after transfer
New asset can not be transferred with in 3 years.

Special Cases
1.a capital asset is converted by the owner thereof into (or is treated by him as) stock-in-trade of a business that is carried on by him, such conversion (or treatment) of the capital asset shall also be treated as "transfer of the asset" and hence chargeable to income tax

How is it computed?
Sec.45(2) Conversion amount to transfer in the year of conversion.
But taxed in the year such stock is sold.
Capital gain=FMV on the date of conversion into stock in trade –cost(Index) of acquisition.
Business gain=sale-FMV

Transfer of personal asset to partnership firm
Sec.45(3),(4):
It amounts to transfer in the year of transfer to partnership firm.
Capital Gain=Amount entered in the books of the firm-cost (Index).
If retransferred to partners:
Capital gain=FMV-Book value in the partnership firm

Capital gain on self generated assets(Sec.115F)
Like goodwill, tenancy right, route permit
Cost of acquisition is NIL
Cost of improvement is considered
Fair market value on 1 stApril 1981 is irrelevant

Bonus Shares
If alloted before 1981 –cost of acquisition is FMV on 1 st April 1981.
If aquired after 1 st April 1981 cost of acquisition is NIL

Right shares
Cost of acquiring right shares =cost of acquisition like any other assets

S 54H relaxation of time due to delay in compensation
, the period of acquiring the new asset under S 54, 54B, 54D, 54EC and 54F by the assessee or the period for depositing or investing the amount of capital gain shall be extended in relation to such amount of compensation as is not received on the date of transfer. The extended period shall be reckoned from the date of receipt of the amount of compensation.

Inherited by the assessee or gifted to the assessee
the cost of acquisition of the asset for which the previous owner acquired it, shall be deemed to be the cost of acquisition of the asset as increased by the cost of improvement of the assets if any, incurred or borne by the previous owner or the assessee as the case may be.

Amalgamation
cost of acquisition of the asset shall be deemed to be the cost of acquisition to him of the shares(s) in the amalgamating company.(old company )

conversion of bonds or debentures, debenture-stock
the cost of acquisition of the asset to the assessee shall be deemed to be that part of the cost of debenture, debenture- stock or deposit certificates in relation to which such asset is acquired by the assessee.

Demerger
The cost of acquisition of the shares in the resulting company shall be the amount which bears to the cost of acquisition of shares, held by the assessee in the demerged company

Compensation for loss of capital asset(Insurance claim)
It amounts to extinguishment of right
Sec.45(1A)
Taxable in the year of compensation

Compensation for revenue asset-stock in trade
It amounts to revenue receipt u/s-28 from business
Or income from other sources u/s 56

Buy back of shares
Sec.46A
Transfer in the year of buy back
Capital gain=consideration received minus cost of acquisition(Index if long term)

Slump sale[50B]
Assets are not sold individually but collectively
Capital gain=Sale- Net worth
Net worth= Assets—liabilities appearing in the books of accounts
No index

Advanced money received and forfeited
Negotiation failed advance money forfeited by the current owner
Deduct from the original cost of acquisition before calculating index cost of acquisition
Amount forfeited by the previous owner is not deductible

Computation of capital gain on land and Building[50C]
Both for depreciable and non depreciable asset
Sale=The stamp duty valuation all purposes
If disputed – FMV if it is lower than Stamp duty value.

No Index please!!!
Depreciated asset
Bonds[Debentures]
Short term assets

Personal effect
Only Movable assets used by the assessee or by the family members
Not a capital asset -No capital gain and will not be taxed under any other heads

http://www.freewebs.com	62
http://www.slideshare.net	31
http://232.ig.gmodules.com	1
http://ig.gmodules.com	1

house property,Income from business, capital gain

by Augustin Amaldas on Aug 08, 2008

Accessibility

Categories

Tags

Upload Details

Usage Rights

4 Embeds 95

Statistics

house property,Income from business, capital gain — Presentation Transcript