Difference Divide and Cleavage (in the United States) Kevin Deegan Krause, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan Difference, Divide and Cleavage? Kevin Deegan-Krause, Wayne State University

Ascriptive Difference Attitudinal Difference Behavioral Difference Position Divide Issue Divide Census Divide Full Cleavage

Byron E. Shafer William J.M. Claggett The Two Majorities: The Issue Context of Modern American Politics. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995

Ascriptive Difference Attitudinal Difference Behavioral Difference

Who are you? Demographics Ascriptive Difference Race/Ethnicity Age Education Class Location Religion Gender

Catholic or High Protestant Low Protestant Not Christian Religion College Graduates Some College High School Graduates High School Dropouts Race African-American 13% Not African-American Not African-American 87%

Who are you? Demographics Ascriptive Difference Race Age Education Class Location Religion Gender

Catholic or High Protestant Low Protestant Not Christian Religion High School Graduates Race African-American 13% Catholic or High Protestant 56% Religion Low Protestant 21% Not Christian 10%

Who are you? Demographics Ascriptive Difference Race Age Education Class Location Religion Gender

Catholic or High Protestant Low Protestant Not Christian Religion Race African-American 13% Low Protestant 21% Not Christian 10% Religion College Graduate 10% Some College 14% Secondary Grad. 19% Secondary Dropout 12% Education

Ascriptive Difference Attitudinal Difference Behavioral Difference

What do you think? Attitudes Attitudinal Difference Against abortion Against defense cuts Against homosexuality For assisting African-Americans Ban dangerous books Care for others For easy police searches Equal rights not achieved For Affirmative Action For aid to farmers For national health care For Prayer in School For retirement programs Help the needy Limits on Speech Missile defense Peace through strength Provide food/shelter

Cultural Values Against Abortion Against Homosexuality For Prayer in School Social Welfare Help the needy Provide food/shelter Care for others Civil Liberties Ban dangerous books Limits on Speech Easy police searches Social Insurance For retirement programs For national health care For aid to farmers Foreign Relations Peace through strength Against defense cuts Missile defense Civil Rights For Affirmative Action Assisting African-Americans Equal rights not achieved

Cultural Values Against Abortion Against Homosexuality For Prayer in School Social Welfare Help the needy Provide food/shelter Care for others Civil Liberties Ban dangerous books Limits on Speech Easy police searches Social Insurance For retirement programs For national health care For aid to farmers Foreign Relations Peace through strength Against defense cuts Missile defense Civil Rights For Affirmative Action Assisting African-Americans Equal rights not achieved

Cultural Values Against Abortion Against Homosexuality For Prayer in School Social Welfare Help the needy Provide food/shelter Care for others Civil Liberties Ban dangerous books Limits on Speech Easy police searches Social Insurance For retirement programs For national health care For aid to farmers Foreign Relations Peace through strength Against defense cuts Missile defense Civil Rights For Affirmative Action Assisting African-Americans Equal rights not achieved

Cultural Socio-Economic

Cultural Socio-Economic

Cultural Socio-Economic

Cultural Socio-Economic

Cultural Power SMALL BIG SMALL BIG Economic Power

Cultural Power SMALL BIG SMALL BIG Economic Power

Cultural Power SMALL BIG SMALL BIG Economic Power 24.9% 26.9% 23.5% 24.7%

Ascriptive Difference Attitudinal Difference Behavioral Difference Position Divide

Cultural Power SMALL BIG SMALL BIG Economic Power

Catholic or High Protestant Low Protestant Not Christian Religion Race African-American 13% Low Protestant 21% Not Christian 10% Religion College Graduate 10% Some College 14% Secondary Grad. 19% Secondary Dropout 12% Education

African Americans Honors 2000: Citizenship / PS1010: Introduction to American Government Cultural Power SMALL BIG BIG SMALL Economic Power

African Americans Cultural Power SMALL BIG BIG SMALL Economic Power

Cultural Power SMALL BIG SMALL BIG Economic Power 4.6% 57.4% 33.3% 4.7% African Americans

Catholic or High Protestant Low Protestant Not Christian Religion Race African-American 13% Low Protestant 21% Not Christian 10% Religion College Graduate 10% Some College 14% Secondary Grad. 19% Secondary Dropout 12% Education

Non-Christians Cultural Power SMALL BIG BIG SMALL Economic Power

Non-Christians Cultural Power SMALL BIG BIG SMALL Economic Power

Cultural Power SMALL BIG SMALL BIG Economic Power 9.5% 41.7% 10.9% 38.0% Non-Christians

Catholic or High Protestant Low Protestant Not Christian Religion Race African-American 13% Low Protestant 21% Not Christian 10% Religion College Graduate 10% Some College 14% Secondary Grad. 19% Secondary Dropout 12% Education

Low Protestants Honors 2000: Citizenship / PS1010: Introduction to American Government Cultural Power SMALL BIG BIG SMALL Economic Power

Low Protestants Cultural Power SMALL BIG BIG SMALL Economic Power

Cultural Power SMALL BIG SMALL BIG Economic Power 48.6% 16.3% 28.1% 8.7% Low Protestants

Catholic or High Protestant Low Protestant Not Christian Religion Race African-American 13% Low Protestant 21% Not Christian 10% Religion College Graduate 10% Some College 14% Secondary Grad. 19% Secondary Dropout 12% Education

Cultural Power SMALL BIG BIG SMALL Economic Power High School Dropouts

Cultural Power SMALL BIG BIG SMALL Economic Power High School Dropouts

Cultural Power SMALL BIG SMALL BIG Economic Power High School Dropouts 40.9% 19.3% 29.3% 10.5%

Catholic or High Protestant Low Protestant Not Christian Religion Race African-American 13% Low Protestant 21% Not Christian 10% Religion College Graduate 10% Some College 14% Secondary Grad. 19% Secondary Dropout 12% Education

Cultural Power SMALL BIG BIG SMALL Economic Power High School Graduates

Cultural Power SMALL BIG BIG SMALL Economic Power High School Graduates

Cultural Power SMALL BIG SMALL BIG Economic Power High School Graduates 25.6% 22.3% 27.9% 24.2%

Catholic or High Protestant Low Protestant Not Christian Religion Race African-American 13% Low Protestant 21% Not Christian 10% Religion College Graduate 10% Some College 14% Secondary Grad. 19% Secondary Dropout 12% Education

13% 10% College Grads 10% 21% Some College 14% H.S. Grads 19% H.S. Dropouts 12% High Roman Protestant / Catholic Black White Religion Race Education The Two Majorities Byron Shafer J.M. Claggett Low Protestant Non- Christian

Some College Cultural Power SMALL BIG BIG SMALL Economic Power

Some College Cultural Power SMALL BIG BIG SMALL Economic Power

Cultural Power SMALL BIG SMALL BIG Economic Power Some College 25.9% 12.2% 38.0% 23.9%

Catholic or High Protestant Low Protestant Not Christian Religion Race African-American 13% Low Protestant 21% Not Christian 10% Religion College Graduate 10% Some College 14% Secondary Grad. 19% Secondary Dropout 12% Education

College Graduates Cultural Power SMALL BIG BIG SMALL Economic Power

College Graduates Cultural Power SMALL BIG BIG SMALL Economic Power

Cultural Power SMALL BIG SMALL BIG Economic Power College Graduates 46.0% 13.4% 31.4% 9.2%

Cultural Power SMALL BIG SMALL BIG Economic Power

Cultural Power SMALL BIG SMALL BIG Economic Power High School Dropouts 40.9% 19.3% 29.3% 10.5%

Cultural Power SMALL BIG SMALL BIG Economic Power High School Graduates 25.6% 22.3% 27.9% 24.2%

Cultural Power SMALL BIG SMALL BIG Economic Power Some College 25.9% 12.2% 38.0% 23.9%

Cultural Power SMALL BIG SMALL BIG Economic Power College Graduates 46.0% 13.4% 31.4% 9.2%

Kitschelt and Rehm

Cultural Power SMALL BIG SMALL BIG Economic Power Post-College

Ascriptive Difference Attitudinal Difference Behavioral Difference What do you do? Behavior/ Politics

PS1010: Introduction to American Government http://www.la.wayne.edu/polisci/kdk/american Democratic-Republican Democratic Whig Federalist Republican

PS1010: Introduction to American Government http://www.la.wayne.edu/polisci/kdk/american Democratic-Republican Democratic Whig Federalist Republican

Ascriptive Difference Attitudinal Difference Behavioral Difference Census Divide

Catholic or High Protestant Low Protestant Not Christian Religion Race African-American 13% Low Protestant 21% Not Christian 10% Religion College Graduate 10% Some College 14% Secondary Grad. 19% Secondary Dropout 12% Education

The 2008 U.S. Presidential Elections

TRUE IN 2008? Honors 2000: Citizenship / PS1010: Introduction to American Government

TRUE IN 2008?

Honors 2000: Citizenship / PS1010: Introduction to American Government African-Americans Hispanics Whites

Honors 2000: Citizenship / PS1010: Introduction to American Government Seldom or Never Most Weeks Weekly or More

Honors 2000: Citizenship / PS1010: Introduction to American Government Post-College

Honors 2000: Citizenship / PS1010: Introduction to American Government Women Men

Honors 2000: Citizenship / PS1010: Introduction to American Government Young Old

Honors 2000: Citizenship / PS1010: Introduction to American Government Who are you? Demographics What do you think? Attitudes What do you do? Behavior/ Politics Issue Divide

Cultural Power SMALL BIG SMALL BIG Economic Power

Cultural Power SMALL BIG SMALL BIG Economic Power 31.2% 36.5% 18.9% 13.4% Republicans

Cultural Power SMALL BIG SMALL BIG Economic Power 32.5% 32.6% 19.1% 15.8% Democrats

Cultural Power SMALL BIG SMALL BIG Economic Power Democrats Republicans

Cultural Power SMALL BIG SMALL BIG Economic Power Cross Pressured!

Cultural Power SMALL BIG SMALL BIG Economic Power 

Cultural Socio- Economic Values Social Welfare & Insurance Security Civil Rights

Cultural Socio- Economic Values Social Welfare & Insurance Security Civil Rights 2004

Cultural Socio- Economic Values Social Welfare & Insurance Security Civil Rights 2004 2008

Ascriptive Difference Attitudinal Difference Behavioral Difference Full Cleavage

Igor Panarin

Catholic or High Protestant Low Protestant Not Christian Religion Race African-American 13% Low Protestant 21% Not Christian 10% Religion College Graduate 10% Some College 14% Secondary Grad. 19% Secondary Dropout 12% Education

Catholic or High Protestant Low Protestant Not Christian Religion Race African-American 13% Low Protestant 21% Religion

Catholic or High Protestant Low Protestant Not Christian Religion Race African-American 13% Low Protestant 21% Religion Overeducated >1% Education

Cultural Power SMALL BIG SMALL BIG Economic Power

Cultural Power SMALL BIG SMALL BIG Economic Power

Economic Cluster “Conservative” Small Government “Liberal” Big Government US?

Economic Cluster Whatever the employer wants Employees and government decide US? Free Enterprise?

Economic Cluster Own damn fault Society is to blame US? Why are people poor?

Economic Cluster Government does too much Government does too little US? Aid to the poor?

Economic Cluster “Conservative” Small Government “Liberal” Big Government US

Cultural Cluster Ban it Legalize it

Cultural Cluster Ban it Legalize it US? Abortion?

Cultural Cluster Prevent it Recognize it US? Gay Marriage?

Cultural Cluster Prevent it Recognize it Gay Marriage? US

PS1010: Introduction to American Government http://www.la.wayne.edu/polisci/kdk/american

PS1010: Introduction to American Government http://www.la.wayne.edu/polisci/kdk/american

PS1010: Introduction to American Government http://www.la.wayne.edu/polisci/kdk/american

PS1010: Introduction to American Government http://www.la.wayne.edu/polisci/kdk/american

PS1010: Introduction to American Government http://www.la.wayne.edu/polisci/kdk/american

PS1010: Introduction to American Government http://www.la.wayne.edu/polisci/kdk/american

PS1010: Introduction to American Government http://www.la.wayne.edu/polisci/kdk/american