Discrimination

Icon Exchange
Discrimination Phases
Created By: Jennie Shooltz
Behavior Analysis Training System
Western Michigan University

What is discrimination?
We’re not talking about race and gender, what we are referring to is being able to choose between a preferred item and a non preferred item.
Which icon will get me something cool, and which one will get me something crappy?

General Info
Always have the correct icon for each item
If you do not have the correct icon, ask for it
Reinforce the response within ½ second
Use a variety of tutors and items, both prefered and non-prefered
Tutor should set up for next trial while child is engaging with the item
Number of icons on bottom strip is phase specific

General Info
Always have the correct icon for each item
If you do not have the correct icon, ask for it
Reinforce the response within ½ second
Use a variety of tutors and items, both prefered and non-prefered
Tutor should set up for next trial while child is engaging with the item
Number of icons on bottom strip is phase specific
Remember kids: There should never be more than 4 icons on the bottom strip for discrimination phases

Preferred Vs. Non-preferred
A preferred item is an item the child consistently likes and eats/engages with for a 10 – 15 second interval
Eating goldfish
Putting a puzzle together
Flipping through a book
A non-preferred item is an item the child consistently does not like, and will not engage in for the 10 – 15 second interval of time
A spoon
A shoe
A piece of paper

Non-preferred Vs. Neutral
Again a non-preferred item is an item the child consistently does not like and rejects by either not taking it from you or pushing it away.
Paper towel
A sock
A neutral item is an item that is non-preferred but used functionally:
Using a fork to eat
Drinking from a cup
Putting on a shoe
If you find a neutral item for your child do not use it in the discrimination trials.

Phases 3 and 3A
In phases 3 and 3A of the icon exchange, we start teaching the child how to discriminate between a reinforcing preferred item and a non-preferred item
Previously the child always got something good from exchanging the icon, now they have to look at the icons to make sure they are getting what they want

Phases 3 and 3A
In phases 3 and 3A of the icon exchange, we start teaching the child how to discriminate between a reinforcing preferred item and a non-preferred item
Previously the child always got something good from exchanging the icon, now they have to look at the icons to make sure they are getting what they want
Question #1:
What is the maximum number of icons that can be on the bottom strip of the PECS book?

Enticing vs. Prompting
Enticing a child to “want” an item is different from prompting a child to ask for an item
Examples of prompting with an item:
“WOW look at this COOL car!”
“OOO this is a YUMMY cheeto!”
Examples of enticing with an item:
Pretend to eat an edible without attending to the child
Play with the car by yourself

Enticing vs Prompting
Which is which?

Enticing vs Prompting
Enticing
Prompting

What does an incorrect trial look like?
An incorrect trial happens when the child chooses a non-prefered icon and rejects it when it is presented to them
Examples of rejection include:
Not taking the item from you
Throwing the item
Pushing the item away
Dropping the item
If rejection of the item occurs, move into the 4 Step Error Correction

Tips for Emotional Responding
In certain instances of rejection the child may respond emotionally or aggressively
If the child cries or tantrums:
Do not give the child a different prefered item to calm them
Work through the rest of the trial, giving prompts as needed
After completing the trial do as many ELOs as necessary to get compliance and move on to the next trial
If the child aggresses:
Block it and continue to work through the trial

Tips for Emotional Responding
Question #2: Which is an example of rejection?
A. The child grabs the sock and makes a hand puppet.
B. The child eats the cheetoh.
C. The child ignores the item and pretends to sleep.
In certain instances of rejection the child may respond emotionally or aggressively
If the child cries or tantrums:
Do not give the child a different prefered item to calm them
Work through the rest of the trial, giving prompts as needed
If the child aggresses:
Block it and continue to work through the trial

Phase 3
Allow the child to play with the preferred item for 10–15 seconds before the trial begins
1 preferred item and 1 non-preferred item is used
Do preference assessments every few trials to find both preferred and non-preferred items
“OOO the new”
Reinforce the childs correct reaching response
Make a reinforcing “OOO” sound as the child reaches for the correct icon during the trial
For incorrect trials go straight into the 4 Step Error Correction

Question #3:
The tutor silently reading a child’s book in front of the child is an example of what?
Question #4:
Exclaiming “VROOM VROOM, this car is so much FUN!” in front of the child is an example of what?

Phase 3A
Again allow the child to play with the reinforcer for 10-15 seconds or allow them to eat the edible
2 preferred icons and 1 non-preferred icon
Pay attention to amount of icons used
Remember number of icons on bottom strip is phase specific
Do preference assessments every few trials
No longer “OOO the new”
For incorrect responses go directly into the 4 Step Error Correction

Question #5:
If a child is given a sock and puts in on his/her foot, what kind of item is it?
A: Prefered
B: Non-prefered
C: Neutral
Question #6:
What phase do we “OOO” the new?

The 4 Step Error Correction
Step 1: Model
Step 2: Practice
Step 3: Distract
Step 4: Repeat

Step 1: Model
Gesturaly prompt to the correct icon
If gestural prompt is not effective, move to partial physical prompt and full physical prompt if necessary
That is all step one requires move on to step 2

Step 2: Practice
Let the child give you the icon you prompted towards
Label item but do not give it to the child, this is just for practice
Move on to step 3

Step 3: Distract
Flip the book over and do an ELO:
Clap hands
Tap table
Touch nose
Move on to step 4

Step 4: Repeat
Flip book back over
Wait for the child to make an independent response.
Entice if necessary
If child makes incorrect response, repeat the 4 Step Error Correction
"If you go through the 4 step error correction 3 times in one trial, remove the incorrect icons so the child has to make a correct response during step 4"

What problems could occur?
Children’s preferences may change often
If the child changes reinforcers often, make sure you do frequent preference assessments to ensure that you have what the child will be motivated enough to ask for
Finding a non-prefered item can sometimes be difficult
If you are having trouble finding a non-prefered item, keep doing a preference assessment until you find one, or ask a supervisor for help

Question 7: What are the 4 steps in the 4 Step Error Correction?
No Motivation

Question 7: What are the 4 steps in the 4 Step Error Correction?

Tips
Switch icon positions only after a correct trial on the initial trial
DO NOT switch icons after a correct response on the “repeat step” of the 4 Step Error Correction
After 3 incorrect initial trials, which include the 4 Step Error Correction, stop the procedure
Continuing the procedure then punishes responding

Tips
Get a supervisor to code the data sheet, end that PECS session and move on using the reinforcer the child tried to grab for another procedure

Tips
How should the supervisor code it?

Tips
Your supervisor should use the Implementation Problem code (IP) or the Off Task Code (OT)

Tips on Coding Data Sheet
The 4 step error correction cycle can be repeated up to a total of 3 times if necessary
If you do complete 2 full cycles of the 4 step error correction & the child still has not responded correctly, remove the incorrect icon and repeat the 4 steps so the child can only make a correct response. Replace the incorrect icon move on to the next initial trial
This means in 3 initial trials, if you had to go through the 4 step error correction you could have gone through a total of 9 cycles of 4 step error correction (3 full cycles for each of 3 initial trials)

Note:
If you do 3 consecutive initial trials & have to go through the 4 step error correction each time, STOP THE PROCEDURE & GET IT CODED BY A SUPERVISOR

If you have to go through the 4 step error correction a few times, you still only take data on the initital trials.

Example Data Sheet

What do we mean by the Initial Trial?
The initial trial is the chance when the child gets to independently make a response and choose what item they want.
If they reject the item they chose only then do you go into the 4 step error correction.
Although the 4 step error correction comes right after an incorrect response it is not part of the initial trial, it is the correction procedure
When the child rejected the item they received a – on the data sheet and that was the end of the initial trial.

So, if I start the initial trial and the child rejects the item, I mark the data for the initial trial as - and do the 4 step error correction, with the possibility of doing the 4 steps up to three times

That’s right!

Then what do I do?

You start the next initial trial, and take your next data mark.

4-Step Error Correction
Child chooses icon
Accepts item
Rejects item
TAKE DATA HERE
Correct on data sheet
Incorrect on data sheet
Read from top to bottom following the arrows as necessary
Go onto next trial
Model-Gestural prompt to preferred icon
Practice
-Child exchanges preferred icon
-Label, but do not give item
Distract
-Turn book over
-Do ELO
Repeat
-Turn book back over
-Child independently chooses icon
-Label and give item
1
4
3
2
Accepts item
Rejects item
Go onto next trial
3
2
1
Accepts item
4
ModelPracticeDistractRepeat
Rejects item
Go onto next trial
Accepts item
1
4
3
2
Do preference assessment
Go onto next trial
Rejects item
Remove the incorrect icon and repeat the 4 steps
On repeat they get the treat!

Child chooses icon
Accepts item
Rejects item
TAKE DATA HERE
Go onto next trial
Practice
Distract
-Turn book over
-Do ELO
Repeat
-Label and give item
1
4
3
2
Accepts item
Rejects item
Go onto next trial
3
2
1
Accepts item
4
Rejects item
Go onto next trial
Accepts item
1
4
3
2
Go onto next trial
Rejects item

Phase 3B and 3C
Phases 3B and 3C teach discrimination between preferred items
For incorrect responses you still use the 4 Step Error Correction
Correspondence checks are necessary for 60% of the trials

Phase 3B and 3C
We do not label the items during correspondence checks in phases 3B and 3C

Phase 3B and 3C
What do I do during a correspondence check?

Phase 3B and 3C
Instead we offer them both items at once to check that they want the item that they did the icon exchange for

Correspondence Checks
After the icon exchange the tutor holds out both preferred items and says “Go ahead, take it”
Trial is correct if the child chooses the item corresponding to the icon they gave you
Trial is incorrect if the child chooses the item that does not correspond to the icon they gave you
Block the incorrect response and go directly into the 4 Step Error Correction
Start with pointing to the item the child should have taken( Teach to their reach)

So we can label the item during a correspondence check right?

Absolutely NOT!
REMEMBER!!! We do not label the item

Phase 3B
2 preferred items
Do correspondence check to make sure child is discriminating between preferred items
If the child chooses the item they didn’t ask for, go into the 4 step error correction

Phase 3C
4 preferred items
Do correspondence checks using all 4 items
For this phase it is easier to put the items on a bin lid so that they are spread out and easily accessible to the child
When items are not spread out and accessible, tutors can easily mistake which item the child is reaching for
Trial is correct when child chooses the item they asked for
Trial is incorrect if child chooses a different item then what they asked for
Use 4 step error correction for incorrect trials

Question 8: True of False: We label the item before saying “go ahead take it” during correspondence checks?
Question 9: True or False: You have to run 10 trails for every PECS session
Question 10: How often should you do correspondence checks in phases 3B and 3C?
A: Never
B: 20% of the trials
C: 40% of the trials
D: 60% of the trials

Chooses correct item
Chooses incorrect item
Child chooses item
TAKE DATA HERE
Go onto next trial
Practice
Distract
-Turn book over
-Do ELO
Repeat
-Correspondence check
1
4
3
2
Correct item
Incorrect item
Go onto next trial
3
2
1
Correct item
4
Incorrect item
Go onto next trial
Correct item
1
4
3
2
Go onto next trial
Incorrect item

Tips
Remember we do not take data on the 4 step error correction, we only take data on the initial trial
Note: If you get three consecutive incorrect responses on the initial trials, stop the procedure and get it coded by a supervisor

Still have questions?
Contact the Icon Exchange system manager: Jennie.l.shooltz@wmich.eduor ask a Croyden supervisor.

Discrimination

by Behavior Analysis Training System, WMU on Nov 04, 2010

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