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22 lecture BIOL 1010-30 Gillette College
1.
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY Reece
• Urry • Cain •Wasserman • Minorsky • Jackson © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. TENTH EDITION 22 Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life Lecture Presentation by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick
2.
Endless Forms Most
Beautiful A new era of biology began in 1859 when Charles Darwin published The Origin of Species The Origin of Species focused biologists’ attention on the great diversity of organisms Darwin noted that current species are descendants of ancestral species Evolution can be defined by Darwin’s phrase descent with modification Evolution can be viewed as both a pattern and a process © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
3.
Concept 22.1: The
Darwinian revolution challenged traditional views of a young Earth inhabited by unchanging species Darwin’s ideas had deep historical roots © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
4.
Figure 22.2 Lamarck
publishes his hypothesis of evolution. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 1812 Cuvier publishes his extensive studies of vertebrate fossils. 1809 1809 Charles Darwin is born. 1798 Malthus publishes “Essay on the Principle of Population.” 1795 Hutton proposes his principle of gradualism. 1790 1870 1831–1836 Darwin travels around the world on HMS Beagle. 1844 Darwin writes his essay on descent with modification. 1859 On the Origin of Species is published. 1830 Lyell publishes Principles of Geology. Sketch of a flying frog by Wallace 1858 While studying species in the Malay Archipelago, Wallace (shown above in 1848) sends Darwin his hypothesis of natural selection. Marine iguana in the Galápagos Islands
5.
Figure 22.2a Malthus
publishes “Essay on the Principle Hutton proposes his principle of © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 1812 Cuvier publishes his extensive studies of vertebrate fossils. 1809 Lamarck publishes his hypothesis of evolution. 1809 of Population.” gradualism. 1790 1798 1795 Charles Darwin is born.
6.
Figure 22.2b ©
2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 1858 While studying species in the Malay Archipelago, Wallace sends Darwin his hypothesis of natural selection. 1830 Lyell publishes Principles of Geology. 1870 1859 On the Origin of Species is published. 1844 Darwin writes his essay on descent with modification. 1831–1836 Darwin travels around the world on HMS Beagle.
7.
Figure 22.2c ©
2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 1812 Cuvier publishes his extensive studies of vertebrate fossils.
8.
Figure 22.2d 1831–1836
Darwin travels around the world on HMS Beagle. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Marine iguana in the Galápagos Islands
9.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Sketch of a flying frog by Wallace Figure 22.2e
10.
Figure 22.2f ©
2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 1858 While studying species in the Malay Archipelago, Wallace (shown above in 1848) sends Darwin his hypothesis of natural selection.
11.
Figure 22.2g ©
2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 1859 On the Origin of Species is published.
12.
Scala Naturae and
Classification of Species The Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed species as fixed and arranged them on a scala naturae The Old Testament holds that species were individually designed by God and therefore perfect © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
13.
Carolus Linnaeus
interpreted organismal adaptations as evidence that the Creator had designed each species for a specific purpose Linnaeus was the founder of taxonomy, the branch of biology concerned with classifying organisms He developed the binomial format for naming species (for example, Homo sapiens) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
14.
Ideas About Change
over Time The study of fossils helped to lay the groundwork for Darwin’s ideas Fossils are remains or traces of organisms from the past, usually found in sedimentary rock, which appears in layers called strata © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
15.
Figure 22.3 ©
2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Sedimentary rock layers (strata) Younger stratum with more recent fossils Older stratum with older fossils
16.
Paleontology, the
study of fossils, was largely developed by French scientist Georges Cuvier Cuvier speculated that the boundaries between strata represent catastrophic events © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
17.
Geologists James
Hutton and Charles Lyell perceived that changes in Earth’s surface can result from slow continuous actions still operating today, and at the same rate This view strongly influenced Darwin’s thinking © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
18.
Lamarck’s Hypothesis of
Evolution Lamarck hypothesized that species evolve through use and disuse of body parts and the inheritance of acquired characteristics The mechanisms he proposed are unsupported by evidence © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
19.
Concept 22.2: Descent
with modification by natural selection explains the adaptations of organisms and the unity and diversity of life Some doubt about the permanence of species preceded Darwin’s ideas © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
20.
Darwin’s Research
As a boy and into adulthood, Charles Darwin had a consuming interest in nature Darwin first studied medicine (unsuccessfully), and then theology at Cambridge University After graduating, he took an unpaid position as naturalist and companion to Captain Robert FitzRoy for a 5-year around the world voyage on the Beagle © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
21.
The Voyage of
the Beagle During his travels on the Beagle, Darwin collected specimens of South American plants and animals He observed that fossils resembled living species from the same region, and living species resembled other species from nearby regions He experienced an earthquake in Chile and observed the uplift of rocks © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
22.
Darwin was
influenced by Lyell’s Principles of Geology and thought that the earth was more than 6,000 years old His interest in geographic distribution of species was kindled by a stop at the Galápagos Islands west of South America He hypothesized that species from South America had colonized the Galápagos and speciated on the islands © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
23.
Figure 22.5 Genovesa
Santa Fe Pinta The Galápagos Islands 0 20 40 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. HMS Beagle in port Darwin in 1840, after his return from the voyage EUROPE Great Britain AFRICA Equator Brazil Malay Archipelago Cape of Good Hope PACIFIC OCEAN AUSTRALIA Tasmania New Zealand NORTH AMERICA PACIFIC OCEAN ATLANTIC OCEAN SOUTH AMERICA Argentina Cape Horn Chile Florenza Equator San Cristobal Española Santa Cruz Daphne Islands Marchena Santiago Pinzón Fernandina Isabela Kilometers PACIFIC OCEAN
24.
Figure 22.5c ©
2014 Pearson Education, Inc. PACIFIC OCEAN The Galápagos Islands Equator Pinta Marchena Santiago Genovesa Fernandina Daphne Islands Santa Fe San Cristobal Isabela Pinzón Santa Cruz Florenza Española 0 20 40 Kilometers
25.
Darwin’s Focus on
Adaptation In reassessing his observations, Darwin perceived adaptation to the environment and the origin of new species as closely related processes From studies made years after Darwin’s voyage, biologists have concluded that this is what happened to the Galápagos finches © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
26.
Figure 22.6 (a)
Cactus-eater (b) Insect-eater © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. (c) Seed-eater
27.
In 1844,
Darwin wrote an essay on natural selection as the mechanism of descent with modification, but did not introduce his theory publicly Natural selection is a process in which individuals with favorable inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce In June 1858, Darwin received a manuscript from Alfred Russel Wallace, who had developed a theory of natural selection similar to Darwin’s Darwin quickly finished The Origin of Species and published it the next year © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
28.
The Origin of
Species Darwin explained three broad observations The unity of life The diversity of life The match between organisms and their environment © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
29.
Descent with Modification
Darwin never used the word evolution in the first edition of The Origin of Species The phrase descent with modification summarized Darwin’s perception of the unity of life The phrase refers to the view that all organisms are related through descent from an ancestor that lived in the remote past © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
30.
In the
Darwinian view, the history of life is like a tree with branches representing life’s diversity Darwin reasoned that large morphological gaps between related groups could be explained by this branching process and past extinction events © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
31.
Artificial Selection, Natural
Selection, and Adaptation Darwin noted that humans have modified other species by selecting and breeding individuals with desired traits, a process called artificial selection Darwin drew two inferences from two observations © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
32.
Observation #1:
Members of a population often vary in their inherited traits Observation #2: All species can produce more offspring than the environment can support, and many of these offspring fail to survive and reproduce © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
33.
Inference #1:
Individuals whose inherited traits give them a higher probability of surviving and reproducing in a given environment tend to leave more offspring than other individuals Inference #2: This unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to the accumulation of favorable traits in the population over generations © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
34.
Darwin was
influenced by Thomas Malthus, who noted the potential for human population to increase faster than food supplies and other resources If some heritable traits are advantageous, these will accumulate in a population over time, and this will increase the frequency of individuals with these traits This process explains the match between organisms and their environment © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
35.
Natural Selection: A
Summary Individuals with certain heritable traits survive and reproduce at a higher rate than other individuals Natural selection increases the match between organisms and their environment over time If an environment changes over time, natural selection may result in adaptation to these new conditions and may give rise to new species © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
36.
Figure 22.12 A
flower mantid in Malaysia © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. A leaf mantid in Borneo A flower-eyed mantid in South Africa
37.
Note that
individuals do not evolve; populations evolve over time Natural selection can only increase or decrease heritable traits that vary in a population Adaptations vary with different environments © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
38.
Concept 22.3: Evolution
is supported by an overwhelming amount of scientific evidence New discoveries continue to fill the gaps identified by Darwin in The Origin of Species There are four types of data that document the pattern of evolution Direct observations Homology The fossil record Biogeography © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
39.
Direct Observations of
Evolutionary Change Two examples provide evidence for natural selection: natural selection in response to introduced plant species, and the evolution of drug-resistant bacteria © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
40.
Natural Selection in
Response to Introduced Species Soapberry bugs use their “beak” to feed on seeds within fruits Feeding is most effective when beak length is closely matched to seed depth within the fruit © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
41.
In southern
Florida soapberry bugs feed on the native balloon vine with larger fruit; they have longer beaks In central Florida they feed on the introduced goldenrain tree with smaller fruit; they have shorter beaks Correlation between fruit size and beak size has also been observed in Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Australia © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
42.
In all
cases, beak size has evolved in populations that feed on introduced plants with fruits that are smaller or larger than the native fruits These cases are examples of evolution by natural selection In Florida this evolution in beak size occurred in less than 35 years © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
43.
The Evolution of
Drug-Resistant Bacteria The bacterium Staphylococcus aureus is commonly found on people One strain, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is a dangerous pathogen Resistance to penicillin evolved in S. aureus by 1945, two years after it was first widely used Resistance to methicillin evolved in S. aureus by 1961, two years after it was first widely used © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
44.
Methicillin works
by inhibiting a protein used by bacteria to produce cell walls MRSA bacteria use a different protein in cell wall production When exposed to methicillin, MRSA strains are more likely to survive and reproduce than nonresistant S. aureus strains MRSA strains are now resistant to many antibiotics © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
45.
Figure 22.14b 400
350 300 250 200 150 100 50 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Year Annual hospital admissions with MRSA (thousands) ’93 ’94 ’95 ’96 ’97 ’98 ’99 ’00 ’01 ’02 ’03 ’04 ’05 0
46.
Natural selection
does not create new traits, but edits or selects for traits already present in the population The current, local environment determines which traits will be selected for or selected against in any specific population © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
47.
Homology Homology
is similarity resulting from common ancestry © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
48.
Anatomical and Molecular
Homologies Homologous structures are anatomical resemblances that represent variations on a structural theme present in a common ancestor © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
49.
Figure 22.15 ©
2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Human Cat Whale Bat Humerus Radius Ulna Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges
50.
Comparative embryology
reveals anatomical homologies not visible in adult organisms For example, all vertebrate embryos have a post-anal © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. tail and pharyngeal arches
51.
Figure 22.16 Chick
embryo (LM) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Pharyngeal arches Post-anal tail Human embryo
52.
Vestigial structures
are remnants of features that served important functions in the organism’s ancestors Examples of homologies at the molecular level are genes shared among organisms inherited from a common ancestor © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
53.
Homologies and “Tree
Thinking” Evolutionary trees are hypotheses about the relationships among different groups Homologies form nested patterns in evolutionary trees Evolutionary trees can be made using different types of data, for example, anatomical and DNA sequence data © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
54.
Figure 22.17 Branch
point © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Lungfishes Amphibians Mammals Lizards and snakes Crocodiles Ostriches Hawks and other birds Digit-bearing limbs Amnion Homologous characteristic Feathers Tetrapods Amniotes Birds 1 2 3 4 5 6
55.
A Different Cause
of Resemblance: Convergent Evolution Convergent evolution is the evolution of similar, or analogous, features in distantly related groups Analogous traits arise when groups independently adapt to similar environments in similar ways Convergent evolution does not provide information about ancestry © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
56.
Figure 22.18 Sugar
glider © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Flying squirrel NORTH AMERICA AUSTRALIA
57.
The Fossil Record
The fossil record provides evidence of the extinction of species, the origin of new groups, and changes within groups over time Fossils can document important transitions For example, the transition from land to sea in the ancestors of cetaceans © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
58.
Biogeography Biogeography,
the scientific study of the geographic distribution of species, provides evidence of evolution Earth’s continents were formerly united in a single large continent called Pangaea, but have since separated by continental drift An understanding of continent movement and modern distribution of species allows us to predict when and where different groups evolved © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
59.
Endemic species
are species that are not found anywhere else in the world Islands have many endemic species that are often closely related to species on the nearest mainland or island Darwin explained that species from the mainland colonized islands and gave rise to new species as they adapted to new environments © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
60.
What Is Theoretical
About Darwin’s View of Life? In science, a theory accounts for many observations and data and attempts to explain and integrate a great variety of phenomena Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection integrates diverse areas of biological study and stimulates many new research questions Ongoing research adds to our understanding of evolution © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
61.
Figure 22.UN03 ©
2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Observations Individuals in a population vary in their heritable characteristics. Organisms produce more offspring than the environment can support. Inferences Individuals that are well suited to their environment tend to leave more offspring than other individuals. and Over time, favorable traits accumulate in the population.
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