SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 31
Download to read offline
POLYSACCHARIDES AS
BUILDING BLOCKS FOR
NANOTHERAPEUTICS
Tony Francis
Department of Chemistry
St. Mary’s college
Manarkadu
Introduction
 Over the past two decades nanoparticles (NPs)-
based therapeutics have been introduced for the
treatment of cancer, diabetes, allergy, infections
and inflammation.
 Of the available NP systems polysaccharides are
the most outstanding one because of there virtues
such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, low
toxicity, low cost and there ease of chemical
modification
Classification Carbohydrates
 Monosaccharides- A Carbohydrate that cannot be
hydrolysed further to give simple units of
polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone.
 Oligosaccharides- Carbohydrate that can yield
two to ten monosaccharide unit on hydrolysis.
 Polysaccharides- Polymers of monosaccharides
joined together by glycosidic linkage.
Polysaccharides classification
based on there origin
 Plant origin – Cellulose, Pectin and guar gum
 Animal origin – Chitosan, Heparin and Hyaluronan
 Algal origin – Alginate and Carrageenan
 Microbial origin- Dextran and Xanthan gum
 Marine origin- Agar and Agarose
Classification based on the
monomer groups
 Homopolysaccharides or Homoglycans- They
are polysaccharides which consists of only a
single type of monosaccharide unit.
Ex.- cellulose, starch etc.
 Heteropolysaccharides or Heteroglycans -
They are polysaccharides built up of two or
more different monomeric units.
Ex.- Chitosan, Hyaluronan etc.
Starch
 It is a glucose polymer
 Made up of a mixture of amylose (15-20%) and
amylopectin (80-85%)
 They can be hydrolysed by enzyme called
amylase
•Potato, rice, wheat and maize are the
major sources of starch in human food.
Cellulose
•It is the most abundant polysaccharide.
•It is found in all plants as the major structural
component of the cell wall.
•It is the β-isomer of amylose consisting of β-
(1,4)-linked glucose residues.
Glycogen
 It is energy reserve for animals
 It is the chief form of carbohydrates stored in
animal body
 It is insoluble in water. It turns red when mixed
with iodine.
 It is composed of branched chain of glucose
residues.
 It is stored in liver and skeletal muscles.
Chitin
 Chitin is considered the most abundant
biopolymer in nature after cellulose
 Chitin is the principal structural component of
the exoskeleton of invertebrates
 There are serious difficulties in modification
reactions to prepare well-defined derivatives of
chitin since it is insoluble in common solvents
Chitosan
 Chitosan is produced from the deacetylation of
chitin
 It is a hemostatic material from which blood
anticoagulants and antithrombogenic agents
have been formed
 It is positively charged and therefore can
interact with negatively charged molecules
such as negatively charged polysaccharides,
polyanions, nucleic acid and negatively
•It is obtained commercially from shrimp or crab
shell chitin
•Chitosan is relatively inexpensive, non-toxic
• They possesses reactive amino groups and has
the capability to accelerate the healing of wound
in human
•It confers considerable antibacterial activity
against a broad spectrum of bacteria
•Chitosan has broad applications in the
biomedical field ,paper production, heavy metal
chelating agents and waste removal
CS based delivery systems have been described
for nasal, ocular, oral, parenteral and transdermal
drug delivery
Pullulan
 It is neutral, homopolysaccharide consisting of
a–(1,6)-linked maltotriose residues
 Its unique linkage pattern contributes to
exceptional physiochemical properties such as
adhesiveness, water solubility and relatively
low viscosity upon dissolving in water
 Pullulan and its derivatives have been used
industrially in foods and pharmaceuticals.
Heparin
 Due to high content of sulfo and carboxyl groups,
heparin has the highest negative charge density of
any known biological molecule
 It is extracted mainly from mucosal tissues of
porcine and bovine
 Heparin has been used as an anticoagulant since
the 1930s
 Beyond its anticoagulant activity, it shows antiviral
activity and regulate angiogenesis
Hyaluronic Acid
 Also called hyaluronan or hyaluronate or HA
 It is a linear polysaccharide consisting of
alternating units of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine
and glucuronic acid, being found in virtually
every tissue of invertebrates
 HA can form three-dimensional structures in
solution with extensive intramolecular
hydrogen bonding
 It has the ability to promote angiogenesis, to
modulate wound site inflammation by acting as
a free radical scavenger
•HA is water-soluble and forms highly
viscous solutions with unique
viscoelastic properties
Dextran
 Dextran is a water-soluble polysaccharide
which consists mainly of α-(1, 6) linked D-
glucopyranose residues with a low percentage
of α-1,2, α-1,3 and α-1,4 linked side chains
 Dextran is used as a blood plasma substitute
due to its non-toxicity
 Dextran has wide applications in novel drug
delivery systems as a polymeric carrier
•Dextran is also a suitable polymer to be used for
the preparation of hydrogels, which are becoming
increasingly important in the biomedical,
pharmaceutical, biotechnological and
environmental fields.
Cyclodextrins
 They are natural cyclic oligomers of a-
(1,4)linked-glucopyranosyl that are produced
from starch by enzymatic conversion.
 CDs have a hydrophilic exterior and a
hydrophobic cavity that enables them to act as
hosts to hydrophobic molecules
 There are three main members of the CD
family, composed of six, seven and eight
glucose units and known as α-, β- and ɤ-CD,
respectively.
•The shielding ability of CDs helps in
stabilize biomolecules from adverse
effects of non-specific interactions, which
in turn make CDs suitable for drug
delivery systems
Pectins
 Pectins are polysaccharides occurring in all
plants primarily in their cell wall
 They act as intracellular cementing material
that gives body to fruits and helps them keep
their shape
 They are composed of D–galactopyranosyl
uronic acid units, which are a–(1,4)–linkage
contain methyl esters and acetyl groups
The main mechanisms of
nanoparticle
preparation from polysaccharides
1. Covalent cross-linking
2. Ionic cross-linking
3. Polyelectrolyte complexes
(PEC)
4. Self-assembly
5.
Polysaccharide
–drug conjugate
Why is Drug Delivery important?
By using DD the ability to engineer controlled
localized delivery of drugs might contribute to
the :-
1) Efficiency of the treatment and
2) Reduces the side effects.
Enhanced permeability and
retention (EPR) effect & Drug
Delivery
It is the property by which certain sizes of
molecules tend to accumulate in tumor tissue
much more than they do in normal tissues.
This is because the tumors can induce blood
vessel growth (angiogenesis) by secreting
various growth factors which helps in tumor
expansion
Polysaccharides as building blocks for nanotherapeutics
REQUIREMENTS FOR AN
EFFICIENT DRUG DELIVERY
VEHICLE
THEY SHOULD BE :-
1. NON-TOXIC
2. BIOCOMPATIBLE
3. HIGH DRUG LOADING CAPACITY
4. CONTROL RELEASE AND AVIOD THE “BURST
EFFECT”
5. CONTROL MATRIX DEGRADATION AND
ENGINEER ITS SURFACE
6. BE DETECTABLE BY VARIOUS IMAGING
TECHNIQUES
IMPORTANT DD SYSTEMS
 POLYMERIC NANOPARTICLES
 QUANTUM DOTS
 METALLIC NANOPARTICLES
 POLYSACCHARIDES
 LIPOSOMES
 CERAMIC NANOPARTICLES
 CARBON NANOPARTICLES
 DENDRIMERS
All these systems can be
divided
ORGANIC
 POLYMERIC NPS
 LIPOSOMES
 POLYSACCHARIDE
S
 DENDRIMERS
 CARBON NPS
INORGANIC
 QUANTUM DOTS
 METALLIC NPS
 CERAMIC NPS
Conclusion
So we can say that of all the available drug
delivery systems the polysaccharide NP DD
systems are the most efficient because of there
outstanding virtues, such as biocompatibility,
biodegradability, low toxicity low cost and ease of
chemical modification
Polysaccharides as building blocks for nanotherapeutics

More Related Content

What's hot

Polysaccharides types and Structural Features
Polysaccharides types and Structural FeaturesPolysaccharides types and Structural Features
Polysaccharides types and Structural FeaturesHuma Naaz Siddiqui
 
Chemistry of carbohydrates polysaccharides part 3 B heteroglycans
Chemistry of carbohydrates polysaccharides part   3 B heteroglycansChemistry of carbohydrates polysaccharides part   3 B heteroglycans
Chemistry of carbohydrates polysaccharides part 3 B heteroglycansRavi Kiran
 
Polysaccharides - Biochemistry for Msc Students
Polysaccharides - Biochemistry for Msc StudentsPolysaccharides - Biochemistry for Msc Students
Polysaccharides - Biochemistry for Msc StudentsKEVENLIAM
 
Presentation on polysaccharides
Presentation on polysaccharidesPresentation on polysaccharides
Presentation on polysaccharidesMainak Chakraborty
 
Polysaccharides
PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides
PolysaccharidesVsachdev
 
Chemistry and Structure of Polysaccharide
Chemistry and Structure of PolysaccharideChemistry and Structure of Polysaccharide
Chemistry and Structure of PolysaccharideDr Ashutosh Bajpai
 
Fyna sebastian polysaccharides
Fyna sebastian polysaccharidesFyna sebastian polysaccharides
Fyna sebastian polysaccharidesFyna Sebastian
 
Chemistry of carbohydrates
Chemistry of carbohydratesChemistry of carbohydrates
Chemistry of carbohydratesenamifat
 
Polysaccharides
PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides
PolysaccharidesYapa
 
Polysaccharides presentation
Polysaccharides presentationPolysaccharides presentation
Polysaccharides presentationNajib Muaamar
 
Chemistry of carbohydrate for dental students
Chemistry of carbohydrate for dental studentsChemistry of carbohydrate for dental students
Chemistry of carbohydrate for dental studentsHerat Soni
 
Classification of polysaccharides, gluconeogenesis and glucogenolysis.
Classification of polysaccharides, gluconeogenesis and glucogenolysis.Classification of polysaccharides, gluconeogenesis and glucogenolysis.
Classification of polysaccharides, gluconeogenesis and glucogenolysis.Arunima Sur
 
Heteroglycans
HeteroglycansHeteroglycans
Heteroglycansravibio
 

What's hot (20)

Polysaccharides types and Structural Features
Polysaccharides types and Structural FeaturesPolysaccharides types and Structural Features
Polysaccharides types and Structural Features
 
Polysaccharide
PolysaccharidePolysaccharide
Polysaccharide
 
Chemistry of carbohydrates polysaccharides part 3 B heteroglycans
Chemistry of carbohydrates polysaccharides part   3 B heteroglycansChemistry of carbohydrates polysaccharides part   3 B heteroglycans
Chemistry of carbohydrates polysaccharides part 3 B heteroglycans
 
Polysaccharides - Biochemistry for Msc Students
Polysaccharides - Biochemistry for Msc StudentsPolysaccharides - Biochemistry for Msc Students
Polysaccharides - Biochemistry for Msc Students
 
Polysaccharides
PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides
Polysaccharides
 
Reaction of polysaccharides by ritesh
Reaction of polysaccharides by riteshReaction of polysaccharides by ritesh
Reaction of polysaccharides by ritesh
 
Presentation on polysaccharides
Presentation on polysaccharidesPresentation on polysaccharides
Presentation on polysaccharides
 
Polysaccharides
PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides
Polysaccharides
 
Polysaccharides
PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides
Polysaccharides
 
Chemistry and Structure of Polysaccharide
Chemistry and Structure of PolysaccharideChemistry and Structure of Polysaccharide
Chemistry and Structure of Polysaccharide
 
Polysaccharides
PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides
Polysaccharides
 
Fyna sebastian polysaccharides
Fyna sebastian polysaccharidesFyna sebastian polysaccharides
Fyna sebastian polysaccharides
 
Chemistry of carbohydrates
Chemistry of carbohydratesChemistry of carbohydrates
Chemistry of carbohydrates
 
Polysaccharides
PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides
Polysaccharides
 
Polysaccharides presentation
Polysaccharides presentationPolysaccharides presentation
Polysaccharides presentation
 
Chemistry of carbohydrate for dental students
Chemistry of carbohydrate for dental studentsChemistry of carbohydrate for dental students
Chemistry of carbohydrate for dental students
 
Polysaccharides
PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides
Polysaccharides
 
Stach biosynthesis
Stach biosynthesisStach biosynthesis
Stach biosynthesis
 
Classification of polysaccharides, gluconeogenesis and glucogenolysis.
Classification of polysaccharides, gluconeogenesis and glucogenolysis.Classification of polysaccharides, gluconeogenesis and glucogenolysis.
Classification of polysaccharides, gluconeogenesis and glucogenolysis.
 
Heteroglycans
HeteroglycansHeteroglycans
Heteroglycans
 

Viewers also liked

Some Properties Of Cotton Chitosan And Chitosan Xanthate
Some Properties Of Cotton Chitosan And Chitosan XanthateSome Properties Of Cotton Chitosan And Chitosan Xanthate
Some Properties Of Cotton Chitosan And Chitosan Xanthateguest7be1ff
 
Chitosan folic acid as system for site specific controlled release
Chitosan folic acid as system for site specific controlled releaseChitosan folic acid as system for site specific controlled release
Chitosan folic acid as system for site specific controlled releaseTomsk Polytechnic University
 
Antimicrobial Osteoinductive Biomaterials
Antimicrobial Osteoinductive BiomaterialsAntimicrobial Osteoinductive Biomaterials
Antimicrobial Osteoinductive BiomaterialsGeorge Sapkas
 
adsorption of methylene blue onto xanthogenated modified chitosan microbeads
adsorption of methylene blue onto xanthogenated modified chitosan microbeadsadsorption of methylene blue onto xanthogenated modified chitosan microbeads
adsorption of methylene blue onto xanthogenated modified chitosan microbeadsSiti Nadzifah Ghazali
 
Chitosan: A versatile tool for drug and gene delivery
Chitosan: A versatile tool for drug and gene deliveryChitosan: A versatile tool for drug and gene delivery
Chitosan: A versatile tool for drug and gene deliveryTomsk Polytechnic University
 
Use of bio coagulant in wastewater treatment_Kanoj Neeraj_2013
Use of bio coagulant in wastewater treatment_Kanoj Neeraj_2013Use of bio coagulant in wastewater treatment_Kanoj Neeraj_2013
Use of bio coagulant in wastewater treatment_Kanoj Neeraj_2013India Water Portal
 
Chitosan nanoparticle synthesis
Chitosan nanoparticle synthesisChitosan nanoparticle synthesis
Chitosan nanoparticle synthesisChandrika Jram
 
Biodegradable polymer in drug delivery
Biodegradable polymer in drug delivery Biodegradable polymer in drug delivery
Biodegradable polymer in drug delivery Krutika Pardeshi
 
Chitosan nanofiber
Chitosan nanofiberChitosan nanofiber
Chitosan nanofiberAhsan Aronno
 
Chitosan preparation
Chitosan preparationChitosan preparation
Chitosan preparationAhsan Aronno
 
Jeffrey.brown.resume.doc
Jeffrey.brown.resume.docJeffrey.brown.resume.doc
Jeffrey.brown.resume.docJeff Brown
 

Viewers also liked (20)

chitosan-analysis-economy-gatot trimulyadi
chitosan-analysis-economy-gatot trimulyadichitosan-analysis-economy-gatot trimulyadi
chitosan-analysis-economy-gatot trimulyadi
 
Some Properties Of Cotton Chitosan And Chitosan Xanthate
Some Properties Of Cotton Chitosan And Chitosan XanthateSome Properties Of Cotton Chitosan And Chitosan Xanthate
Some Properties Of Cotton Chitosan And Chitosan Xanthate
 
Chitosan folic acid as system for site specific controlled release
Chitosan folic acid as system for site specific controlled releaseChitosan folic acid as system for site specific controlled release
Chitosan folic acid as system for site specific controlled release
 
Antimicrobial Osteoinductive Biomaterials
Antimicrobial Osteoinductive BiomaterialsAntimicrobial Osteoinductive Biomaterials
Antimicrobial Osteoinductive Biomaterials
 
INDUSTREAL FISHERIES
INDUSTREAL FISHERIESINDUSTREAL FISHERIES
INDUSTREAL FISHERIES
 
iontophoresis
iontophoresisiontophoresis
iontophoresis
 
adsorption of methylene blue onto xanthogenated modified chitosan microbeads
adsorption of methylene blue onto xanthogenated modified chitosan microbeadsadsorption of methylene blue onto xanthogenated modified chitosan microbeads
adsorption of methylene blue onto xanthogenated modified chitosan microbeads
 
Chitosan: A versatile tool for drug and gene delivery
Chitosan: A versatile tool for drug and gene deliveryChitosan: A versatile tool for drug and gene delivery
Chitosan: A versatile tool for drug and gene delivery
 
Use of bio coagulant in wastewater treatment_Kanoj Neeraj_2013
Use of bio coagulant in wastewater treatment_Kanoj Neeraj_2013Use of bio coagulant in wastewater treatment_Kanoj Neeraj_2013
Use of bio coagulant in wastewater treatment_Kanoj Neeraj_2013
 
Pilot plant oligo chitosan-dr gatot trimulyadi
Pilot plant  oligo chitosan-dr gatot trimulyadiPilot plant  oligo chitosan-dr gatot trimulyadi
Pilot plant oligo chitosan-dr gatot trimulyadi
 
Chitosan as growth promoters
Chitosan as growth promotersChitosan as growth promoters
Chitosan as growth promoters
 
Chitosan
ChitosanChitosan
Chitosan
 
Antimicrobial polymer chitosan
Antimicrobial polymer chitosan Antimicrobial polymer chitosan
Antimicrobial polymer chitosan
 
Chitosan nanoparticle synthesis
Chitosan nanoparticle synthesisChitosan nanoparticle synthesis
Chitosan nanoparticle synthesis
 
Biodegradable polymer in drug delivery
Biodegradable polymer in drug delivery Biodegradable polymer in drug delivery
Biodegradable polymer in drug delivery
 
Chitosan nanofiber
Chitosan nanofiberChitosan nanofiber
Chitosan nanofiber
 
Chitosan
ChitosanChitosan
Chitosan
 
Chitosan
ChitosanChitosan
Chitosan
 
Chitosan preparation
Chitosan preparationChitosan preparation
Chitosan preparation
 
Jeffrey.brown.resume.doc
Jeffrey.brown.resume.docJeffrey.brown.resume.doc
Jeffrey.brown.resume.doc
 

Similar to Polysaccharides as building blocks for nanotherapeutics

Chemistry and biotechnology of carotenoids.pptx
Chemistry and biotechnology of carotenoids.pptxChemistry and biotechnology of carotenoids.pptx
Chemistry and biotechnology of carotenoids.pptxSaloniSen3
 
NATURAL POLYMER - ORIGIN AND APPLICATIONS
NATURAL POLYMER - ORIGIN AND APPLICATIONSNATURAL POLYMER - ORIGIN AND APPLICATIONS
NATURAL POLYMER - ORIGIN AND APPLICATIONSVrushali Bendale
 
Natural polymer :origin and applications
Natural polymer :origin and applicationsNatural polymer :origin and applications
Natural polymer :origin and applicationsVrushali Bendale
 
natural polymers in pharmatechnology.pdf
natural polymers in pharmatechnology.pdfnatural polymers in pharmatechnology.pdf
natural polymers in pharmatechnology.pdfMehrab Tahir
 
Marine polysaccharides
Marine polysaccharidesMarine polysaccharides
Marine polysaccharidesKainaatKhateeb
 
Green solvents in carbohydrate chemistry
Green solvents in carbohydrate chemistryGreen solvents in carbohydrate chemistry
Green solvents in carbohydrate chemistryAudrey Zahra
 
Marine Biotechnology.pptx
Marine Biotechnology.pptxMarine Biotechnology.pptx
Marine Biotechnology.pptxAlishaShaikh55
 
Natural polymers by Dr. khlaed shmareekh
Natural polymers by Dr. khlaed shmareekhNatural polymers by Dr. khlaed shmareekh
Natural polymers by Dr. khlaed shmareekhخالد شماريخ
 
Preparation & Stability of Large Volume Parenterals by PRINCE THAKUR
Preparation & Stability of Large Volume Parenterals by PRINCE THAKURPreparation & Stability of Large Volume Parenterals by PRINCE THAKUR
Preparation & Stability of Large Volume Parenterals by PRINCE THAKURPrinceThakur50
 
MICROALGAE IN NUTRACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS _20231104_172917_0000.pdf
MICROALGAE IN NUTRACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS _20231104_172917_0000.pdfMICROALGAE IN NUTRACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS _20231104_172917_0000.pdf
MICROALGAE IN NUTRACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS _20231104_172917_0000.pdfSoniya824165
 
Role of Bioactive Compounds.pptx
Role of Bioactive Compounds.pptxRole of Bioactive Compounds.pptx
Role of Bioactive Compounds.pptxPrabhatSingh628463
 
Preliminary Studies on Antidiabetic, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities...
Preliminary Studies on Antidiabetic, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities...Preliminary Studies on Antidiabetic, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities...
Preliminary Studies on Antidiabetic, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities...IJARIIT
 
Anhydrobiotic process and excipients for preservation of biomolecules
Anhydrobiotic process and excipients for preservation of biomoleculesAnhydrobiotic process and excipients for preservation of biomolecules
Anhydrobiotic process and excipients for preservation of biomoleculesDr. Ashok Hajare
 

Similar to Polysaccharides as building blocks for nanotherapeutics (20)

Chemistry and biotechnology of carotenoids.pptx
Chemistry and biotechnology of carotenoids.pptxChemistry and biotechnology of carotenoids.pptx
Chemistry and biotechnology of carotenoids.pptx
 
Algal natural products
Algal natural productsAlgal natural products
Algal natural products
 
Quercetin
QuercetinQuercetin
Quercetin
 
NATURAL POLYMER - ORIGIN AND APPLICATIONS
NATURAL POLYMER - ORIGIN AND APPLICATIONSNATURAL POLYMER - ORIGIN AND APPLICATIONS
NATURAL POLYMER - ORIGIN AND APPLICATIONS
 
Natural polymer :origin and applications
Natural polymer :origin and applicationsNatural polymer :origin and applications
Natural polymer :origin and applications
 
natural polymers in pharmatechnology.pdf
natural polymers in pharmatechnology.pdfnatural polymers in pharmatechnology.pdf
natural polymers in pharmatechnology.pdf
 
Marine polysaccharides
Marine polysaccharidesMarine polysaccharides
Marine polysaccharides
 
Green solvents in carbohydrate chemistry
Green solvents in carbohydrate chemistryGreen solvents in carbohydrate chemistry
Green solvents in carbohydrate chemistry
 
Marine Biotechnology.pptx
Marine Biotechnology.pptxMarine Biotechnology.pptx
Marine Biotechnology.pptx
 
Natural polymers by Dr. khlaed shmareekh
Natural polymers by Dr. khlaed shmareekhNatural polymers by Dr. khlaed shmareekh
Natural polymers by Dr. khlaed shmareekh
 
Citarasu holycross
Citarasu holycrossCitarasu holycross
Citarasu holycross
 
Soursop
SoursopSoursop
Soursop
 
Cosmetics0290 09
Cosmetics0290 09Cosmetics0290 09
Cosmetics0290 09
 
Preparation & Stability of Large Volume Parenterals by PRINCE THAKUR
Preparation & Stability of Large Volume Parenterals by PRINCE THAKURPreparation & Stability of Large Volume Parenterals by PRINCE THAKUR
Preparation & Stability of Large Volume Parenterals by PRINCE THAKUR
 
MICROALGAE IN NUTRACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS _20231104_172917_0000.pdf
MICROALGAE IN NUTRACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS _20231104_172917_0000.pdfMICROALGAE IN NUTRACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS _20231104_172917_0000.pdf
MICROALGAE IN NUTRACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS _20231104_172917_0000.pdf
 
Microbial polysachharides
Microbial polysachharidesMicrobial polysachharides
Microbial polysachharides
 
Phytochemistry of carbohydrates ii
Phytochemistry of carbohydrates iiPhytochemistry of carbohydrates ii
Phytochemistry of carbohydrates ii
 
Role of Bioactive Compounds.pptx
Role of Bioactive Compounds.pptxRole of Bioactive Compounds.pptx
Role of Bioactive Compounds.pptx
 
Preliminary Studies on Antidiabetic, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities...
Preliminary Studies on Antidiabetic, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities...Preliminary Studies on Antidiabetic, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities...
Preliminary Studies on Antidiabetic, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities...
 
Anhydrobiotic process and excipients for preservation of biomolecules
Anhydrobiotic process and excipients for preservation of biomoleculesAnhydrobiotic process and excipients for preservation of biomolecules
Anhydrobiotic process and excipients for preservation of biomolecules
 

More from St.Marys Chemistry Department (10)

Climate change
Climate changeClimate change
Climate change
 
Introduction to Nuclear chemistry
Introduction to Nuclear chemistryIntroduction to Nuclear chemistry
Introduction to Nuclear chemistry
 
Diborane
DiboraneDiborane
Diborane
 
Mass Spectrum of hexanol
Mass Spectrum of hexanolMass Spectrum of hexanol
Mass Spectrum of hexanol
 
Ozone- A wonder umbrella
Ozone- A wonder umbrella Ozone- A wonder umbrella
Ozone- A wonder umbrella
 
Ozone layer depletion
Ozone layer depletionOzone layer depletion
Ozone layer depletion
 
Environmental chemistry
Environmental chemistryEnvironmental chemistry
Environmental chemistry
 
Chemistry in everyday life
Chemistry in everyday lifeChemistry in everyday life
Chemistry in everyday life
 
Introduction to group theory
Introduction to group theoryIntroduction to group theory
Introduction to group theory
 
Drug delivery in nano Metal organic frameworks
Drug delivery in nano Metal organic frameworksDrug delivery in nano Metal organic frameworks
Drug delivery in nano Metal organic frameworks
 

Recently uploaded

Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdfDiploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdfMohonDas
 
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming ClassesHuman-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming ClassesMohammad Hassany
 
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptxPISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptxEduSkills OECD
 
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptxSandy Millin
 
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptxmary850239
 
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
 
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxEducation and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxraviapr7
 
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxPatterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxMYDA ANGELICA SUAN
 
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptxClinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptxraviapr7
 
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptxCapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptxCapitolTechU
 
General views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and stepGeneral views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and stepobaje godwin sunday
 
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxM-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxDr. Santhosh Kumar. N
 
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationBenefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationMJDuyan
 
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfHED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfMohonDas
 
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxUltra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxDr. Asif Anas
 
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
 
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17Celine George
 
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...raviapr7
 
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsThe Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsEugene Lysak
 
The Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentThe Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentXsasf Sfdfasd
 

Recently uploaded (20)

Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdfDiploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
 
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming ClassesHuman-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
 
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptxPISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
 
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
 
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
 
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
 
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxEducation and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
 
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxPatterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
 
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptxClinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
 
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptxCapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
 
General views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and stepGeneral views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and step
 
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxM-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
 
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationBenefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
 
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfHED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
 
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxUltra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
 
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
 
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
 
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
 
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsThe Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
 
The Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentThe Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice document
 

Polysaccharides as building blocks for nanotherapeutics

  • 1. POLYSACCHARIDES AS BUILDING BLOCKS FOR NANOTHERAPEUTICS Tony Francis Department of Chemistry St. Mary’s college Manarkadu
  • 2. Introduction  Over the past two decades nanoparticles (NPs)- based therapeutics have been introduced for the treatment of cancer, diabetes, allergy, infections and inflammation.  Of the available NP systems polysaccharides are the most outstanding one because of there virtues such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, low toxicity, low cost and there ease of chemical modification
  • 3. Classification Carbohydrates  Monosaccharides- A Carbohydrate that cannot be hydrolysed further to give simple units of polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone.  Oligosaccharides- Carbohydrate that can yield two to ten monosaccharide unit on hydrolysis.  Polysaccharides- Polymers of monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic linkage.
  • 4. Polysaccharides classification based on there origin  Plant origin – Cellulose, Pectin and guar gum  Animal origin – Chitosan, Heparin and Hyaluronan  Algal origin – Alginate and Carrageenan  Microbial origin- Dextran and Xanthan gum  Marine origin- Agar and Agarose
  • 5. Classification based on the monomer groups  Homopolysaccharides or Homoglycans- They are polysaccharides which consists of only a single type of monosaccharide unit. Ex.- cellulose, starch etc.  Heteropolysaccharides or Heteroglycans - They are polysaccharides built up of two or more different monomeric units. Ex.- Chitosan, Hyaluronan etc.
  • 6. Starch  It is a glucose polymer  Made up of a mixture of amylose (15-20%) and amylopectin (80-85%)  They can be hydrolysed by enzyme called amylase
  • 7. •Potato, rice, wheat and maize are the major sources of starch in human food.
  • 8. Cellulose •It is the most abundant polysaccharide. •It is found in all plants as the major structural component of the cell wall. •It is the β-isomer of amylose consisting of β- (1,4)-linked glucose residues.
  • 9. Glycogen  It is energy reserve for animals  It is the chief form of carbohydrates stored in animal body  It is insoluble in water. It turns red when mixed with iodine.  It is composed of branched chain of glucose residues.  It is stored in liver and skeletal muscles.
  • 10. Chitin  Chitin is considered the most abundant biopolymer in nature after cellulose  Chitin is the principal structural component of the exoskeleton of invertebrates  There are serious difficulties in modification reactions to prepare well-defined derivatives of chitin since it is insoluble in common solvents
  • 11. Chitosan  Chitosan is produced from the deacetylation of chitin  It is a hemostatic material from which blood anticoagulants and antithrombogenic agents have been formed  It is positively charged and therefore can interact with negatively charged molecules such as negatively charged polysaccharides, polyanions, nucleic acid and negatively
  • 12. •It is obtained commercially from shrimp or crab shell chitin •Chitosan is relatively inexpensive, non-toxic • They possesses reactive amino groups and has the capability to accelerate the healing of wound in human •It confers considerable antibacterial activity against a broad spectrum of bacteria •Chitosan has broad applications in the biomedical field ,paper production, heavy metal chelating agents and waste removal CS based delivery systems have been described for nasal, ocular, oral, parenteral and transdermal drug delivery
  • 13. Pullulan  It is neutral, homopolysaccharide consisting of a–(1,6)-linked maltotriose residues  Its unique linkage pattern contributes to exceptional physiochemical properties such as adhesiveness, water solubility and relatively low viscosity upon dissolving in water  Pullulan and its derivatives have been used industrially in foods and pharmaceuticals.
  • 14. Heparin  Due to high content of sulfo and carboxyl groups, heparin has the highest negative charge density of any known biological molecule  It is extracted mainly from mucosal tissues of porcine and bovine  Heparin has been used as an anticoagulant since the 1930s  Beyond its anticoagulant activity, it shows antiviral activity and regulate angiogenesis
  • 15. Hyaluronic Acid  Also called hyaluronan or hyaluronate or HA  It is a linear polysaccharide consisting of alternating units of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and glucuronic acid, being found in virtually every tissue of invertebrates  HA can form three-dimensional structures in solution with extensive intramolecular hydrogen bonding  It has the ability to promote angiogenesis, to modulate wound site inflammation by acting as a free radical scavenger
  • 16. •HA is water-soluble and forms highly viscous solutions with unique viscoelastic properties
  • 17. Dextran  Dextran is a water-soluble polysaccharide which consists mainly of α-(1, 6) linked D- glucopyranose residues with a low percentage of α-1,2, α-1,3 and α-1,4 linked side chains  Dextran is used as a blood plasma substitute due to its non-toxicity  Dextran has wide applications in novel drug delivery systems as a polymeric carrier
  • 18. •Dextran is also a suitable polymer to be used for the preparation of hydrogels, which are becoming increasingly important in the biomedical, pharmaceutical, biotechnological and environmental fields.
  • 19. Cyclodextrins  They are natural cyclic oligomers of a- (1,4)linked-glucopyranosyl that are produced from starch by enzymatic conversion.  CDs have a hydrophilic exterior and a hydrophobic cavity that enables them to act as hosts to hydrophobic molecules  There are three main members of the CD family, composed of six, seven and eight glucose units and known as α-, β- and ɤ-CD, respectively.
  • 20. •The shielding ability of CDs helps in stabilize biomolecules from adverse effects of non-specific interactions, which in turn make CDs suitable for drug delivery systems
  • 21. Pectins  Pectins are polysaccharides occurring in all plants primarily in their cell wall  They act as intracellular cementing material that gives body to fruits and helps them keep their shape  They are composed of D–galactopyranosyl uronic acid units, which are a–(1,4)–linkage contain methyl esters and acetyl groups
  • 22. The main mechanisms of nanoparticle preparation from polysaccharides 1. Covalent cross-linking 2. Ionic cross-linking
  • 23. 3. Polyelectrolyte complexes (PEC) 4. Self-assembly 5. Polysaccharide –drug conjugate
  • 24. Why is Drug Delivery important? By using DD the ability to engineer controlled localized delivery of drugs might contribute to the :- 1) Efficiency of the treatment and 2) Reduces the side effects.
  • 25. Enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect & Drug Delivery It is the property by which certain sizes of molecules tend to accumulate in tumor tissue much more than they do in normal tissues. This is because the tumors can induce blood vessel growth (angiogenesis) by secreting various growth factors which helps in tumor expansion
  • 27. REQUIREMENTS FOR AN EFFICIENT DRUG DELIVERY VEHICLE THEY SHOULD BE :- 1. NON-TOXIC 2. BIOCOMPATIBLE 3. HIGH DRUG LOADING CAPACITY 4. CONTROL RELEASE AND AVIOD THE “BURST EFFECT” 5. CONTROL MATRIX DEGRADATION AND ENGINEER ITS SURFACE 6. BE DETECTABLE BY VARIOUS IMAGING TECHNIQUES
  • 28. IMPORTANT DD SYSTEMS  POLYMERIC NANOPARTICLES  QUANTUM DOTS  METALLIC NANOPARTICLES  POLYSACCHARIDES  LIPOSOMES  CERAMIC NANOPARTICLES  CARBON NANOPARTICLES  DENDRIMERS
  • 29. All these systems can be divided ORGANIC  POLYMERIC NPS  LIPOSOMES  POLYSACCHARIDE S  DENDRIMERS  CARBON NPS INORGANIC  QUANTUM DOTS  METALLIC NPS  CERAMIC NPS
  • 30. Conclusion So we can say that of all the available drug delivery systems the polysaccharide NP DD systems are the most efficient because of there outstanding virtues, such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, low toxicity low cost and ease of chemical modification