This document discusses polysaccharides as building blocks for nanotherapeutics in drug delivery. It defines different types of carbohydrates like monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. It then classifies polysaccharides based on their origin as plant, animal, algal, microbial, or marine. Polysaccharides are also classified based on their monomer units as homo- or heteropolysaccharides. Examples of specific polysaccharides like starch, cellulose, chitosan, hyaluronic acid, dextran, and cyclodextrins are provided along with their properties and applications. Requirements for efficient drug delivery vehicles and important drug delivery systems are also summarized. The document concludes that polysaccharide nanop
2. Introduction
Over the past two decades nanoparticles (NPs)-
based therapeutics have been introduced for the
treatment of cancer, diabetes, allergy, infections
and inflammation.
Of the available NP systems polysaccharides are
the most outstanding one because of there virtues
such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, low
toxicity, low cost and there ease of chemical
modification
3. Classification Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides- A Carbohydrate that cannot be
hydrolysed further to give simple units of
polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone.
Oligosaccharides- Carbohydrate that can yield
two to ten monosaccharide unit on hydrolysis.
Polysaccharides- Polymers of monosaccharides
joined together by glycosidic linkage.
4. Polysaccharides classification
based on there origin
Plant origin – Cellulose, Pectin and guar gum
Animal origin – Chitosan, Heparin and Hyaluronan
Algal origin – Alginate and Carrageenan
Microbial origin- Dextran and Xanthan gum
Marine origin- Agar and Agarose
5. Classification based on the
monomer groups
Homopolysaccharides or Homoglycans- They
are polysaccharides which consists of only a
single type of monosaccharide unit.
Ex.- cellulose, starch etc.
Heteropolysaccharides or Heteroglycans -
They are polysaccharides built up of two or
more different monomeric units.
Ex.- Chitosan, Hyaluronan etc.
6. Starch
It is a glucose polymer
Made up of a mixture of amylose (15-20%) and
amylopectin (80-85%)
They can be hydrolysed by enzyme called
amylase
8. Cellulose
•It is the most abundant polysaccharide.
•It is found in all plants as the major structural
component of the cell wall.
•It is the β-isomer of amylose consisting of β-
(1,4)-linked glucose residues.
9. Glycogen
It is energy reserve for animals
It is the chief form of carbohydrates stored in
animal body
It is insoluble in water. It turns red when mixed
with iodine.
It is composed of branched chain of glucose
residues.
It is stored in liver and skeletal muscles.
10. Chitin
Chitin is considered the most abundant
biopolymer in nature after cellulose
Chitin is the principal structural component of
the exoskeleton of invertebrates
There are serious difficulties in modification
reactions to prepare well-defined derivatives of
chitin since it is insoluble in common solvents
11. Chitosan
Chitosan is produced from the deacetylation of
chitin
It is a hemostatic material from which blood
anticoagulants and antithrombogenic agents
have been formed
It is positively charged and therefore can
interact with negatively charged molecules
such as negatively charged polysaccharides,
polyanions, nucleic acid and negatively
12. •It is obtained commercially from shrimp or crab
shell chitin
•Chitosan is relatively inexpensive, non-toxic
• They possesses reactive amino groups and has
the capability to accelerate the healing of wound
in human
•It confers considerable antibacterial activity
against a broad spectrum of bacteria
•Chitosan has broad applications in the
biomedical field ,paper production, heavy metal
chelating agents and waste removal
CS based delivery systems have been described
for nasal, ocular, oral, parenteral and transdermal
drug delivery
13. Pullulan
It is neutral, homopolysaccharide consisting of
a–(1,6)-linked maltotriose residues
Its unique linkage pattern contributes to
exceptional physiochemical properties such as
adhesiveness, water solubility and relatively
low viscosity upon dissolving in water
Pullulan and its derivatives have been used
industrially in foods and pharmaceuticals.
14. Heparin
Due to high content of sulfo and carboxyl groups,
heparin has the highest negative charge density of
any known biological molecule
It is extracted mainly from mucosal tissues of
porcine and bovine
Heparin has been used as an anticoagulant since
the 1930s
Beyond its anticoagulant activity, it shows antiviral
activity and regulate angiogenesis
15. Hyaluronic Acid
Also called hyaluronan or hyaluronate or HA
It is a linear polysaccharide consisting of
alternating units of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine
and glucuronic acid, being found in virtually
every tissue of invertebrates
HA can form three-dimensional structures in
solution with extensive intramolecular
hydrogen bonding
It has the ability to promote angiogenesis, to
modulate wound site inflammation by acting as
a free radical scavenger
16. •HA is water-soluble and forms highly
viscous solutions with unique
viscoelastic properties
17. Dextran
Dextran is a water-soluble polysaccharide
which consists mainly of α-(1, 6) linked D-
glucopyranose residues with a low percentage
of α-1,2, α-1,3 and α-1,4 linked side chains
Dextran is used as a blood plasma substitute
due to its non-toxicity
Dextran has wide applications in novel drug
delivery systems as a polymeric carrier
18. •Dextran is also a suitable polymer to be used for
the preparation of hydrogels, which are becoming
increasingly important in the biomedical,
pharmaceutical, biotechnological and
environmental fields.
19. Cyclodextrins
They are natural cyclic oligomers of a-
(1,4)linked-glucopyranosyl that are produced
from starch by enzymatic conversion.
CDs have a hydrophilic exterior and a
hydrophobic cavity that enables them to act as
hosts to hydrophobic molecules
There are three main members of the CD
family, composed of six, seven and eight
glucose units and known as α-, β- and ɤ-CD,
respectively.
20. •The shielding ability of CDs helps in
stabilize biomolecules from adverse
effects of non-specific interactions, which
in turn make CDs suitable for drug
delivery systems
21. Pectins
Pectins are polysaccharides occurring in all
plants primarily in their cell wall
They act as intracellular cementing material
that gives body to fruits and helps them keep
their shape
They are composed of D–galactopyranosyl
uronic acid units, which are a–(1,4)–linkage
contain methyl esters and acetyl groups
22. The main mechanisms of
nanoparticle
preparation from polysaccharides
1. Covalent cross-linking
2. Ionic cross-linking
24. Why is Drug Delivery important?
By using DD the ability to engineer controlled
localized delivery of drugs might contribute to
the :-
1) Efficiency of the treatment and
2) Reduces the side effects.
25. Enhanced permeability and
retention (EPR) effect & Drug
Delivery
It is the property by which certain sizes of
molecules tend to accumulate in tumor tissue
much more than they do in normal tissues.
This is because the tumors can induce blood
vessel growth (angiogenesis) by secreting
various growth factors which helps in tumor
expansion
27. REQUIREMENTS FOR AN
EFFICIENT DRUG DELIVERY
VEHICLE
THEY SHOULD BE :-
1. NON-TOXIC
2. BIOCOMPATIBLE
3. HIGH DRUG LOADING CAPACITY
4. CONTROL RELEASE AND AVIOD THE “BURST
EFFECT”
5. CONTROL MATRIX DEGRADATION AND
ENGINEER ITS SURFACE
6. BE DETECTABLE BY VARIOUS IMAGING
TECHNIQUES
29. All these systems can be
divided
ORGANIC
POLYMERIC NPS
LIPOSOMES
POLYSACCHARIDE
S
DENDRIMERS
CARBON NPS
INORGANIC
QUANTUM DOTS
METALLIC NPS
CERAMIC NPS
30. Conclusion
So we can say that of all the available drug
delivery systems the polysaccharide NP DD
systems are the most efficient because of there
outstanding virtues, such as biocompatibility,
biodegradability, low toxicity low cost and ease of
chemical modification