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eBay’s Architectural Principles
    Architectural Strategies, Patterns, and Forces
        for Scaling a Large eCommerce Site



                          Randy Shoup
                   eBay Distinguished Architect




QCon London 2008
March 14, 2008
What we’re up against


• eBay manages …
   – Over 276 000 000 registered users
          276,000,000
   – Over 2 Billion photos                                     A sportingis soldsells every 2 seconds
                                                                 An SUV good every 5 minutes

     – eBay users worldwide trade on average $2039
       in goods every second
     – eBay averages well over 1 billion page views
       per day
     – At any given time, there are over 113 million
       items for sale in over 50 000 categories
                              50,000
     – eBay stores over 2 Petabytes of data – over
       200 times the size of the Library of Congress!
     – The eBay platform handles 5.5 billion API calls      Over ½ Million pounds of
       per month                                            Kimchi are sold every year!

    • In a dynamic environment
         – 300+ features per quarter
         – We roll 100,000+ lines of code every two weeks
              • In 39 countries, in 7 languages, 24x7x365

                       >48 Billion SQL executions/day!


                                                                                             © 2008 eBay Inc.
Architectural Forces: What do we think about?

• Scalability
   – Resource usage should increase linearly ( better!) with load
                  g                            y (or     )
   – Design for 10x growth in data, traffic, users, etc.
• Availability
   – Resilience to failure
   – Graceful degradation
   – Recoverability from failure
• Latency
   – User experience latency
   – Data latency
• Manageability
   – Simplicity
   – Maintainability
   – Diagnostics
• Cost
   – D
     Development effort and complexity
         l       t ff t d       l it
   – Operational cost (TCO)
                                                                    © 2008 eBay Inc.
Architectural Strategies: How do we do it?


• Strategy 1: Partition Everything
   – “How do you eat an elephant? … One bite at a time”


• Strategy 2: Async Everywhere
   – “Good things come to those who wait”


• Strategy 3: Automate Everything
   – “Give a man a fish and he eats for a day …
      Teach a man to fish and he eats for a lifetime”


• Strategy 4: Remember Everything Fails
   – “Be Prepared”




                                                          © 2008 eBay Inc.
Strategy 1: Partition Everything


• Split every problem into manageable chunks
   – By data, load, and/or usage pattern
   – “If you can’t split it, you can’t scale it”


• Motivations
   –   Scalability: can scale horizontally and independently
   –   Availability: can i l
       A il bili         isolate f il
                                 failures
   –   Manageability: can decouple different segments and functional areas
   –   Cost: can use less expensive hardware


• Partitioning Patterns
   – Functional Segmentation
   – Horizontal Split




                                                                             © 2008 eBay Inc.
Partition Everything: Databases

Pattern: Functional Segmentation
  – Segment databases into functional areas




  – Group data using standard data modeling techniques
     • Cardinality (1:1, 1:N, M:N)
     • Data relationships
     • Usage characteristics
  – Logical hosts
      g
     • Abstract application’s logical representation from host’s physical location
     • Support collocating and separating hosts without code change


  Over 1000 logical databases on ~400 physical hosts

                                                                                     © 2008 eBay Inc.
Partition Everything: Databases

Pattern: Horizontal Split
   – Split (or “shard”) databases horizontally along primary access path
                shard )
   – Different split strategies for different use cases
      • Modulo on key (item id, user id, etc.)
      • Lookup- or range-based
   – Aggregation / routing in Data Access Layer (DAL)
      • Abstracts developers from split logic, logical-physical mapping
      • Routes CRUD operation(s) to appropriate split(s)
      • Supports rebalancing through config change




                                                                           © 2008 eBay Inc.
Partition Everything: Databases

Corollary: No Database Transactions
  – eBay’s transaction policy
    eBay s
     • Absolutely no client side transactions, two-phase commit, etc.
     • Auto-commit for vast majority of DB writes
     • Anonymous PL/SQL blocks for multi-statement transactions within single DB
  – Consistency is not always required or possible (!)
     • To guarantee availability and partition-tolerance, we are forced to trade off consistency
       (Brewer’s CAP Th
       (B     ’      Theorem)   )
     • Leads unavoidably to systems with BASE semantics rather than ACID guarantees
     • Consistency is a spectrum, not binary
  – C
    Consistency without t
        i t      ith t transactions
                              ti
     • Careful ordering of DB operations
     • Eventual consistency through asynchronous event or reconciliation batch




                                                                                                   © 2008 eBay Inc.
Partition Everything: Application Tier

Pattern: Functional Segmentation
   – Segment functions into separate application pools
   – Minimizes DB / resource dependencies
   – Allows for parallel development, deployment, and monitoring
Pattern: H i
P tt     Horizontal Split
                t l S lit
   – Within pool, all application servers are created equal
   – Routing through standard load-balancers
   – Allows f rolling updates
            for




   Over 16,000 application servers in 220 pools
                                                                   © 2008 eBay Inc.
Partition Everything: Application Tier

Corollary: No Session State

   – User session flow moves through multiple application pools

   – Ab l t l no session state i application ti
     Absolutely      i    t t in    li ti tier

   – Transient state maintained / referenced by
      • URL
      • Cookie
      • Scratch database




                                                                  © 2008 eBay Inc.
Partition Everything: Search Engine

Pattern: Functional Segmentation
   – Read only search function decoupled from write-intensive transactional databases
     Read-only                                write intensive

Pattern: Horizontal Split
   – Search index divided into grid of N slices (
                                 g              (“columns”) by modulo of a key
                                                          ) y                y
   – Each slice is replicated to M instances (“rows”)
   – Aggregator parallelizes query to one node in each column, aggregates results




                                                                                    © 2008 eBay Inc.
Strategy 2: Async Everywhere

• Prefer Asynchronous Processing
   – Move as much processing as possible to asynchronous flows
   – Where possible, integrate disparate components asynchronously


• Motivations
   – Scalability: can scale components independently
   – Availability
      • Can decouple availability state
      • Can retry operations
   – Latency
      • Can significantly improve user experience latency at cost of data/execution latency
      • Can allocate more time to processing than user would tolerate
   – C t can spread peak l d over ti
     Cost:        d    k load     time


• Asynchrony Patterns
    y      y
   – Message Dispatch
   – Periodic Batch
                                                                                              © 2008 eBay Inc.
Async Everywhere: Event Streams

Pattern: Message Dispatch
  – Primary use case p
          y          produces event
     • E.g., ITEM.NEW, BID.NEW, ITEM.SOLD, etc.
     • Event typically created transactionally with insert/update of primary table
  – Consumers subscribe to event
     • Multiple logical consumers can process each event
     • Each logical consumer has its own event queue
     • Within each logical consumer, single consumer instance processes event
     • Guaranteed at least once delivery; no guaranteed order
  – Managing timing conditions
     • Idempotency: processing event N times should give same results as processing once
     • Readback: consumer typically reads back to primary database for latest data




  Over 100 logical consumers consuming ~300 event types                                    © 2008 eBay Inc.
Async Everywhere: Search Feeder Infrastructure

Pattern: Message Dispatch
  – Feeder reads item updates from primary database
  – Feeder publishes updates via reliable multicast
     • Persist messages in intermediate data store for recovery
     • Publish updates to search nodes
     • Resend recovery messages when messages are missed
  – Search nodes listen to updates
     • Li t t assigned subset of messages
       Listen to i   d b t f
     • Update in-memory index in real time
     • Request recovery




                                                                  © 2008 eBay Inc.
Async Everywhere: Batch

Pattern: Periodic Batch
   – Scheduled offline batch process
   – Most appropriate for
      • Infrequent, periodic, or scheduled processing (once per day, week, month)
      • Non incremental computation (a k a “Full Table Scan )
        Non-incremental             (a.k.a. Full       Scan”)
   – Examples
      • Import third-party data (catalogs, currency, etc.)
      • G     t          d ti    (it
        Generate recommendations (items, products, searches, etc.)
                                            d t         h     t )
      • Process items at end of auction
   – Often drives further downstream processing through Message Dispatch




                                                                                    © 2008 eBay Inc.
Strategy 3: Automate Everything

• Prefer Adaptive / Automated Systems to Manual Systems


• Motivations
   – Scalability
               y
      • Can scale with machines, not humans
   – Availability / Latency
      • Can adapt to changing environment more rapidly
   – Cost
      • Machines are far less expensive than humans
      • Can learn / improve / adjust over time without manual effort
   – Functionality
      • Can consider more factors in decisions
        Can  l      l ti
      • C explore solution space more th
                                      thoroughly and quickly
                                             hl    d i kl



• Automation Patterns
   – Adaptive Configuration
   – Machine Learning
                                                                       © 2008 eBay Inc.
Automate Everything: Event Consumer Configuration

Pattern: Adaptive Configuration
   – Define service level agreement (SLA) for a given logical event consumer
            service-level
      • E.g., 99% of events processed in 15 seconds
   – Consumer dynamically adjusts to meet defined SLA with minimal resources
      • Event polling size and polling frequency
      • Number of processor threads
   – Automatically adapts to changes in
      • L d(
        Load (queue l
                    length)
                        th)
      • Event processing time
      • Number of consumer instances




                                                                               © 2008 eBay Inc.
Automate Everything: Adaptive Finding Experience

Pattern: Machine Learning
  – Dynamically adapt experience
     • Choose page, modules, and inventory which provide best experience for that user and
       context
     • Order results by combination of demand, supply, and other factors (“Best Match”)
                      y                      , pp y,                     (            )
  – Feedback loop enables system to learn and improve over time
     • Collect user behavior
     • Aggregate and analyze offline
     • Deploy updated metadata
     • Decide on and serve appropriate experience
  – Best Practices
     • “Perturbation” for continual improvement
     • Dampening of positive feedback




                                                                                             © 2008 eBay Inc.
Strategy 4: Remember Everything Fails

• Build all systems to be tolerant of failure
   –   Assume every operation will fail and every resource will be unavailable
   –   Detect failure as rapidly as possible
   –   Recover from failure as rapidly as possible
   –   D as much as possible d i f il
       Do          h         ibl during failure


• Motivation
   – Availability


• Failure Patterns
   – Failure Detection
   – Rollback
   – Graceful Degradation




                                                                                 © 2008 eBay Inc.
Everything Fails: Central Application Logging

Pattern: Failure Detection
   – Application servers log all requests
      pp                   g       q
      • Detailed logging of all application activity, particularly database and other external resources
      • Log request, application-generated information, and exceptions
   – Messages broadcast on multicast message bus
   – Listeners automate failure detection and notification
      • Real-time application state monitoring: exceptions and operational alerts
      • Historical reports by application server pool, URL, database, etc.




   – Over 1.5TB of log messages per day                                                            © 2008 eBay Inc.
Everything Fails: Code Rollout / Rollback

Pattern: Rollback
   Absolutely no changes to the site which cannot be undone (!)

   – Entire site rolled every 2 weeks: 16,000 application servers in 220 pools
   – Many deployed features have dependencies between pools
   – Rollout plan contains explicit set (transitive closure) of all rollout dependencies
   – Automated tool executes staged rollout, with built-in checkpoints and immediate
     rollback if necessary
   – Automated tool optimizes rollback, including full rollback of dependent pools




                                                                                           © 2008 eBay Inc.
Everything Fails: Feature Wire-on / Wire-off

Pattern: Rollback

   – Every feature has on / off state driven by central configuration
      • Allows feature to be immediately turned off for operational or business reasons
      • Allows features to be deployed “wired off” to unroll dependencies
                                        wired-off
   – Decouples code deployment from feature deployment
   – Applications check for feature “availability” in the same way as they check for
     resource availability




                                                                                          © 2008 eBay Inc.
Everything Fails: Resource Markdown

Pattern: Failure Detection
   – Application detects when database or other backend resource is unavailable or
     distressed
      • “Resource slow” is often far more challenging than “resource down” (!)



Pattern: Graceful Degradation
   – Application “marks down” the resource
      • Stops making calls to it and sends alert
   – Non-critical functionality is removed or ignored
   – Critical functionality is retried or deferred
      • Failover to alternate resource
      • Defer processing to async event
   – Explicit “markup”
       p            p
      • Allows resource to be restored and brought online in a controlled way




                                                                                     © 2008 eBay Inc.
Recap: Architectural Strategies


• Strategy 1: Partition Everything


• Strategy 2: Async Everywhere


• Strategy 3: Automate Everything


• Strategy 4: Remember Everything Fails




                                          © 2008 eBay Inc.
Questions?


• Randy Shoup, eBay Distinguished Architect
   rshoup@ebay.com




                                              © 2008 eBay Inc.

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Randy Shoup eBays Architectural Principles

  • 1. eBay’s Architectural Principles Architectural Strategies, Patterns, and Forces for Scaling a Large eCommerce Site Randy Shoup eBay Distinguished Architect QCon London 2008 March 14, 2008
  • 2. What we’re up against • eBay manages … – Over 276 000 000 registered users 276,000,000 – Over 2 Billion photos A sportingis soldsells every 2 seconds An SUV good every 5 minutes – eBay users worldwide trade on average $2039 in goods every second – eBay averages well over 1 billion page views per day – At any given time, there are over 113 million items for sale in over 50 000 categories 50,000 – eBay stores over 2 Petabytes of data – over 200 times the size of the Library of Congress! – The eBay platform handles 5.5 billion API calls Over ½ Million pounds of per month Kimchi are sold every year! • In a dynamic environment – 300+ features per quarter – We roll 100,000+ lines of code every two weeks • In 39 countries, in 7 languages, 24x7x365 >48 Billion SQL executions/day! © 2008 eBay Inc.
  • 3. Architectural Forces: What do we think about? • Scalability – Resource usage should increase linearly ( better!) with load g y (or ) – Design for 10x growth in data, traffic, users, etc. • Availability – Resilience to failure – Graceful degradation – Recoverability from failure • Latency – User experience latency – Data latency • Manageability – Simplicity – Maintainability – Diagnostics • Cost – D Development effort and complexity l t ff t d l it – Operational cost (TCO) © 2008 eBay Inc.
  • 4. Architectural Strategies: How do we do it? • Strategy 1: Partition Everything – “How do you eat an elephant? … One bite at a time” • Strategy 2: Async Everywhere – “Good things come to those who wait” • Strategy 3: Automate Everything – “Give a man a fish and he eats for a day … Teach a man to fish and he eats for a lifetime” • Strategy 4: Remember Everything Fails – “Be Prepared” © 2008 eBay Inc.
  • 5. Strategy 1: Partition Everything • Split every problem into manageable chunks – By data, load, and/or usage pattern – “If you can’t split it, you can’t scale it” • Motivations – Scalability: can scale horizontally and independently – Availability: can i l A il bili isolate f il failures – Manageability: can decouple different segments and functional areas – Cost: can use less expensive hardware • Partitioning Patterns – Functional Segmentation – Horizontal Split © 2008 eBay Inc.
  • 6. Partition Everything: Databases Pattern: Functional Segmentation – Segment databases into functional areas – Group data using standard data modeling techniques • Cardinality (1:1, 1:N, M:N) • Data relationships • Usage characteristics – Logical hosts g • Abstract application’s logical representation from host’s physical location • Support collocating and separating hosts without code change Over 1000 logical databases on ~400 physical hosts © 2008 eBay Inc.
  • 7. Partition Everything: Databases Pattern: Horizontal Split – Split (or “shard”) databases horizontally along primary access path shard ) – Different split strategies for different use cases • Modulo on key (item id, user id, etc.) • Lookup- or range-based – Aggregation / routing in Data Access Layer (DAL) • Abstracts developers from split logic, logical-physical mapping • Routes CRUD operation(s) to appropriate split(s) • Supports rebalancing through config change © 2008 eBay Inc.
  • 8. Partition Everything: Databases Corollary: No Database Transactions – eBay’s transaction policy eBay s • Absolutely no client side transactions, two-phase commit, etc. • Auto-commit for vast majority of DB writes • Anonymous PL/SQL blocks for multi-statement transactions within single DB – Consistency is not always required or possible (!) • To guarantee availability and partition-tolerance, we are forced to trade off consistency (Brewer’s CAP Th (B ’ Theorem) ) • Leads unavoidably to systems with BASE semantics rather than ACID guarantees • Consistency is a spectrum, not binary – C Consistency without t i t ith t transactions ti • Careful ordering of DB operations • Eventual consistency through asynchronous event or reconciliation batch © 2008 eBay Inc.
  • 9. Partition Everything: Application Tier Pattern: Functional Segmentation – Segment functions into separate application pools – Minimizes DB / resource dependencies – Allows for parallel development, deployment, and monitoring Pattern: H i P tt Horizontal Split t l S lit – Within pool, all application servers are created equal – Routing through standard load-balancers – Allows f rolling updates for Over 16,000 application servers in 220 pools © 2008 eBay Inc.
  • 10. Partition Everything: Application Tier Corollary: No Session State – User session flow moves through multiple application pools – Ab l t l no session state i application ti Absolutely i t t in li ti tier – Transient state maintained / referenced by • URL • Cookie • Scratch database © 2008 eBay Inc.
  • 11. Partition Everything: Search Engine Pattern: Functional Segmentation – Read only search function decoupled from write-intensive transactional databases Read-only write intensive Pattern: Horizontal Split – Search index divided into grid of N slices ( g (“columns”) by modulo of a key ) y y – Each slice is replicated to M instances (“rows”) – Aggregator parallelizes query to one node in each column, aggregates results © 2008 eBay Inc.
  • 12. Strategy 2: Async Everywhere • Prefer Asynchronous Processing – Move as much processing as possible to asynchronous flows – Where possible, integrate disparate components asynchronously • Motivations – Scalability: can scale components independently – Availability • Can decouple availability state • Can retry operations – Latency • Can significantly improve user experience latency at cost of data/execution latency • Can allocate more time to processing than user would tolerate – C t can spread peak l d over ti Cost: d k load time • Asynchrony Patterns y y – Message Dispatch – Periodic Batch © 2008 eBay Inc.
  • 13. Async Everywhere: Event Streams Pattern: Message Dispatch – Primary use case p y produces event • E.g., ITEM.NEW, BID.NEW, ITEM.SOLD, etc. • Event typically created transactionally with insert/update of primary table – Consumers subscribe to event • Multiple logical consumers can process each event • Each logical consumer has its own event queue • Within each logical consumer, single consumer instance processes event • Guaranteed at least once delivery; no guaranteed order – Managing timing conditions • Idempotency: processing event N times should give same results as processing once • Readback: consumer typically reads back to primary database for latest data Over 100 logical consumers consuming ~300 event types © 2008 eBay Inc.
  • 14. Async Everywhere: Search Feeder Infrastructure Pattern: Message Dispatch – Feeder reads item updates from primary database – Feeder publishes updates via reliable multicast • Persist messages in intermediate data store for recovery • Publish updates to search nodes • Resend recovery messages when messages are missed – Search nodes listen to updates • Li t t assigned subset of messages Listen to i d b t f • Update in-memory index in real time • Request recovery © 2008 eBay Inc.
  • 15. Async Everywhere: Batch Pattern: Periodic Batch – Scheduled offline batch process – Most appropriate for • Infrequent, periodic, or scheduled processing (once per day, week, month) • Non incremental computation (a k a “Full Table Scan ) Non-incremental (a.k.a. Full Scan”) – Examples • Import third-party data (catalogs, currency, etc.) • G t d ti (it Generate recommendations (items, products, searches, etc.) d t h t ) • Process items at end of auction – Often drives further downstream processing through Message Dispatch © 2008 eBay Inc.
  • 16. Strategy 3: Automate Everything • Prefer Adaptive / Automated Systems to Manual Systems • Motivations – Scalability y • Can scale with machines, not humans – Availability / Latency • Can adapt to changing environment more rapidly – Cost • Machines are far less expensive than humans • Can learn / improve / adjust over time without manual effort – Functionality • Can consider more factors in decisions Can l l ti • C explore solution space more th thoroughly and quickly hl d i kl • Automation Patterns – Adaptive Configuration – Machine Learning © 2008 eBay Inc.
  • 17. Automate Everything: Event Consumer Configuration Pattern: Adaptive Configuration – Define service level agreement (SLA) for a given logical event consumer service-level • E.g., 99% of events processed in 15 seconds – Consumer dynamically adjusts to meet defined SLA with minimal resources • Event polling size and polling frequency • Number of processor threads – Automatically adapts to changes in • L d( Load (queue l length) th) • Event processing time • Number of consumer instances © 2008 eBay Inc.
  • 18. Automate Everything: Adaptive Finding Experience Pattern: Machine Learning – Dynamically adapt experience • Choose page, modules, and inventory which provide best experience for that user and context • Order results by combination of demand, supply, and other factors (“Best Match”) y , pp y, ( ) – Feedback loop enables system to learn and improve over time • Collect user behavior • Aggregate and analyze offline • Deploy updated metadata • Decide on and serve appropriate experience – Best Practices • “Perturbation” for continual improvement • Dampening of positive feedback © 2008 eBay Inc.
  • 19. Strategy 4: Remember Everything Fails • Build all systems to be tolerant of failure – Assume every operation will fail and every resource will be unavailable – Detect failure as rapidly as possible – Recover from failure as rapidly as possible – D as much as possible d i f il Do h ibl during failure • Motivation – Availability • Failure Patterns – Failure Detection – Rollback – Graceful Degradation © 2008 eBay Inc.
  • 20. Everything Fails: Central Application Logging Pattern: Failure Detection – Application servers log all requests pp g q • Detailed logging of all application activity, particularly database and other external resources • Log request, application-generated information, and exceptions – Messages broadcast on multicast message bus – Listeners automate failure detection and notification • Real-time application state monitoring: exceptions and operational alerts • Historical reports by application server pool, URL, database, etc. – Over 1.5TB of log messages per day © 2008 eBay Inc.
  • 21. Everything Fails: Code Rollout / Rollback Pattern: Rollback Absolutely no changes to the site which cannot be undone (!) – Entire site rolled every 2 weeks: 16,000 application servers in 220 pools – Many deployed features have dependencies between pools – Rollout plan contains explicit set (transitive closure) of all rollout dependencies – Automated tool executes staged rollout, with built-in checkpoints and immediate rollback if necessary – Automated tool optimizes rollback, including full rollback of dependent pools © 2008 eBay Inc.
  • 22. Everything Fails: Feature Wire-on / Wire-off Pattern: Rollback – Every feature has on / off state driven by central configuration • Allows feature to be immediately turned off for operational or business reasons • Allows features to be deployed “wired off” to unroll dependencies wired-off – Decouples code deployment from feature deployment – Applications check for feature “availability” in the same way as they check for resource availability © 2008 eBay Inc.
  • 23. Everything Fails: Resource Markdown Pattern: Failure Detection – Application detects when database or other backend resource is unavailable or distressed • “Resource slow” is often far more challenging than “resource down” (!) Pattern: Graceful Degradation – Application “marks down” the resource • Stops making calls to it and sends alert – Non-critical functionality is removed or ignored – Critical functionality is retried or deferred • Failover to alternate resource • Defer processing to async event – Explicit “markup” p p • Allows resource to be restored and brought online in a controlled way © 2008 eBay Inc.
  • 24. Recap: Architectural Strategies • Strategy 1: Partition Everything • Strategy 2: Async Everywhere • Strategy 3: Automate Everything • Strategy 4: Remember Everything Fails © 2008 eBay Inc.
  • 25. Questions? • Randy Shoup, eBay Distinguished Architect rshoup@ebay.com © 2008 eBay Inc.