Technical Paper Water Demand Management For Bangalore City
1. Water Demand and Supply Management for Bangalore City
Mr. Deepak Kumar Mallick1, Mr. R. Vasudevan2
1
Engineer-Civil, Infrastructure Business Unit, TCE Consulting Engineers Ltd., Mumbai – Primary Author for Correspondence.
2
Chief Engineer (Cauvery), Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board, Bangalore.
Abstract
The fast growing demand of Bangalore City is not matching the supply of the system. The demand projection for
the city is showing that the water deficit in the future will grow higher and higher. Water demand and supply
management is required to balance the demand and supply mismatch in the near future. From socio-economic
aspect water demand and supply management is mandatory to reduce the deficit of water in the city. Demand
management comprises of minimization of water uses and losses. Public awareness is required to reduce the
wastage of water and Unaccounted For Water (UFW) reduction to minimize water. UFW reduction in the
distribution system not only increase the revenue generation but also serve more demand. The present UFW in
the system is very high (37%) and which is targeted to reduce to 16% after the UFW project is complete by
BWSSB. Supply management is required to make more water available for the city by using rainwater
harvesting, reuse of waste water, ground water recharging and supply of tertiary treated water to the industries
and non-domestic bulk consumers.
KEY WORDS: Demand, Supply, BDA, BMP, CDP, CRS, Hesarghatta, Arkavathi, Cauvery, MGD, MLD, LPCD,
CWSS, BWSSB, CMC, TMC, KSCB, CPHEEO, Rainwater Harvesting, Borewell, UFW, DMA, Leakage, PZT,
MNF, Mobile Tanker, Reuse, Network Modeling, Runoff, Tertiary Treatment, Groundwater Recharging, STP.
1. Introduction
A demographically diverse city, Bangalore is a major economic hub and the fastest growing major metropolis in
India which was founded by Kempegowda in the year 1537 AD. Bangalore is known as the Silicon Valley of
India because of its prominent position as the nation's leading IT employer and exporter. The re-organization of
states in 1956 Bangalore became the Seventh Largest City in the Country by 1971, its population exceeding 1.6
million. Its population growth in the decade between 1971-81was beyond any expectation and reached nearly 3.0
million marks raising its place to 5th among Indian Metropolitan Cities. Bangalore attracted the people not only
from Karnataka and surrounding areas but people from other states also on account of its salubrious climate,
natural beauty and the abounding greenery. Bangalore is now being considered as Class-A1 city, 2007-08.
Bangalore Development Authority (BDA) is the Planning Authority for Bangalore Metropolitan area. As a
Planning Authority, BDA has to prepare the Comprehensive Development Plan (CDP) for Bangalore
Metropolitan area. The total jurisdiction of BDA as per Revised CDP is 1279 Sq. Kms. area. The Bruhat
Bangaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP) area is 800 Sq. Kms. including spotted development. BDA has now
taken up re-revision of CDP, which is under progress. Information technology growth increased the migration
rate of Bangalore. The population of 2007 is approximately 7.0 million and expected to reach about 10.0 million
by 2021. Due to the high growth in population and less availability of water the city is facing tremendous water
scarcity.
Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board (BWSSB) is the water authority for Bangalore city which was
constituted under an act of the Karnataka state legislature in the year 1964, and has the primary responsibility to
supply drinking water to its consumers and provide adequate sanitary systems with the BDA area.
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2. 2. History of Water Supply Schemes:
Prior to the year 1896, unfiltered water was being supplied to Bangalore from a number of tanks viz.,
Dharmambudi, Sampangi, Ulsoor etc, supplemented by local wells and Stepped Ponds. In the year 1894, the first
protected water supply scheme was started. The source of water was Hesarghatta lake on Arkavathi River, which
is situated at 18km North-West of the city.
In the year 1925, Hesaraghatta lake started drying up and urgent remedial measures were taken. Based on
recommendations, by a Committee headed by Sir M.Visweswaraiah, a reservoir was commissioned on river
Arkavathi by building a dam (Chamaraja Sagar) at TG Halli, downstream of Hesaraghatta lake.
During 1969, based on recommendations of an Expert Committee, Cauvery Water Supply Scheme I Stage
Project was started and commissioned in 1974. Subsequently Stage-II, Stage-III and stage-IV-Phase-1 projects
have also been commissioned.
2.1 Hesarghatta Scheme:
The population of Bangalore city was 1,80,000 in 1891
and a tank was designed to supply water to a
population of 2,50,000 with 57 LPCD. Population was
assumed to increase at 16% per decade, and, it was
anticipated that the infrastructure would be sufficient
to meet the city's needs for 3 decades thereafter.
Source: BWSSB website
However, the anticipated population of 2,50,000 was
attained by 1922 itself. The inadequacy of supply
which had begun to be felt from 1918 became acute by
1925, when Hessarghatta lake went almost dry for a
year and a new source had to be thought of by that
time.
2.2 Chamaraja Sagar Reservoir Scheme:
With the drying up of Hesarghatta Lake in the year 1925, the situation demanded urgent remedial measures, for
which Government constituted a Committee under the chairmanship of Sir M.Visveswaraiah, in the year 1926.
After detailed investigation of all possible sources of supply including the rivers Cauvery and Hemavathy, the
Visweswaraiah Committee recommended construction of a reservoir on river Arkavathi by building S.S.M Dam
at T.G.Halli, 28 Kms away from the City downstream of Hessarghatta Lake to supply 135MLD to the city.
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3. Source: BWSSB website
2 stage pumping was introduced with an intermediate pumping station at Tavarekere, and supply stepped up to a
maximum 135MLD.
2.3 Cauvery Water Supply Scheme:
To meet the Growing needs of the city through new sources of water supply, State Government constituted an
Expert Committee in the year 1958 to go into the problems thoroughly and to suggest such measures that ensure
adequately reasonable supplies which included meeting the long term requirements of water supply and
preparation of comprehensive schemes for providing such requirements.
Keeping in view the long range requirements of the city and dependability of the supplies, the Committee
recommended to consider tapping the perennial river Cauvery. This recommendation was accepted by the
Government during April 1964 and administrative approval was accorded to the Cauvery Water Supply Scheme
(CWSS) 1st Stage Project. Construction of this project was completed in about five year.
Source: BWSSB website
Again, commissioning of CWSS first stage did not quench the thirst of Bangaloreans, because of the continuous
increasing in domestic and non-domestic demand for water. The Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board
took timely action to take up CWSS Second Stage and subsequently CWSS Third Stage.
The total potential created from Cauvery stages-I, II and III was 540MLD. Stage IV is currently being built, with
Phase I completed and bringing an additional 270MLD to the city. Construction of Stage IV: Phase II is expected
to bring an additional 500MLD, and will be completed by 2011.
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4. 3. Population, Demand and Supply
3.1 Population
Bangalore city has experienced the largest growth rate amongst Indian Cities over the last couple of decades and
it continues to grow. The census population of the city municipal limits (BMP Area, 225 sq. km) is 43,01,326 in
the year 2001 and outside the municipal area (7 CMCs and 1 TMC Area, 575 sq. km) is 15,67,909. As the
growth now is considered to be outside the city as attributed to the planned development such as electronic city,
the IT parks in Whitefield and in the North due to the new international airport, the Core Area (BMP Area)
population is also expected to maintain a certain moderate to high trend in growth, as the effect of the peripheral
growth would also percolate within the city. The Core Area growth which amounts to annual growth rates of
1.8% and 0.78% for the decades of 2001-11 and 2011-21 respectively. For Non-BMP area decade growth rates
of 53.82% and 53.52% which amounts to annual growth rates of 4.4% and 4.38% for the decades of 2001-11 and
2011-2021 respectively. The population of the Project Area as projected with these trends is presented below.
The above population data includes slum population. The slum population as per the Karnataka Slum Clearance
Board’s (KSCB) assessment done during 1999 indicates that the Core Area has a slum population of about
551 678. It works out to about 10% of the total population of the Core Area. KSCB have also considered
rehabilitation of the slum, while upgrading some of them from their original condition to better living conditions
with suitable amenities provided to them. Therefore, it has been considered that the slum population would be a
diminishing percent of the total population in the Core Area as given below.
3.2 Demand
Water demand has been categorized into the following:
i. Domestic demand
- Population residing in houses with consumer service connections
- Slum population is receiving water through public taps.
Domestic demand is 150LPCD as per CPHEEO manual for Mega/Metro cities excluding UFW and bulk
demand.
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5. ii. Non-domestic demand, comprising of all demand other than domestic, viz.
- Commercial demand
- Industrial demand
- Institutional demand
- Parks and Gardens
Assessment based on experience in other Indian cities and observations made within Bangalore, it is assumed
that the non-domestic demand would be of the order of about 10% of the domestic demand.
iii. Other Allowances
- Fire demand
- Allowance for Leakage
As per the norms of the CPHEEO, a demand at the rate of 100*[SQRT (P)], where P is the total population in
thousands and demand in kilolitres per day, has been assumed for fire demand. CPHEEO guidelines indicate
limiting the UFW to 15% of the Gross Demand.
3.3 Supply
Water from the Cauvery Water Supply Scheme Stages I, II, III, IV Phase-1 and IV phase-2 is brought into the
city. Water from Chamrajsagar Waterworks on the Arkavathy River is also conveyed to the western part of the
city. It is not possible to supply water from Chamrajsagar waterworks near the River Arkavathy to its design
capacity due to lack of sufficient flows in the river. Thus the available water being pumped to the city as against
the design capacities is given below.
Source Established during Potential (MLD) Actual Supply-2008 (MLD)
1. Arkavathi River
a) Hesarghatta 1896 36
b) T.G.Halli 1933 148 38
2. Cauvery River
a) Stage-1 1974 135 135
b) Stage-2 1982 135 135
c) Stage-3 1993 270 270
d) Stage-4 Phase-I 2002 270 270
e) Stage-4 Phase-II* 2011* 500* 500*
TOTAL 1494 1348
* The Cauvery Water Supply Stage IV-Phase-2 is under implementation and will be completed by 2011.
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6. 3.4 Demand versus Supply
A comparison of projected demands and supply capacity are summarized below.
Demand Supply Deficit Remark
Year (MLD) (MLD) (MLD)
BWSSB is serving only 225 sq. km and the demand is 73%
1148 578 570
2001 of the total demand. Actual Deficit is 490MLD.
1333 848 BWSSB is serving only 300 sq. km. so the actual demand
2007 485
served is approximately 65% of the total demand. Actual
Deficit is 110MLD.
Completion of Stage IV, Phase-2 Project.
1476 1348 128
2011
135MLD from Reuse of Water by 2013.
1638 1483 155
2015
1809 1483 326
2021
It can be concluded that after the implementation of Phase-2 project 1348MLD can be made available for the
city. Unless the Cleaned Water Scheme with recycling and re-use of treated wastewater is implemented, or there
is groundwater made available with appropriate treatment there will be a huge gap between demand and supply
in the Bangalore city.
This implies BWSSB is unable to meet the demand of the whole city of (800 sq. km). However BWSSB was
supplying water to the core area (225 sq. km) and some adjascnet areas (76 sq. km) till 2008. In the future due to
the increase in city municipal boundary the supply area will be increased to 800sq. km. In this scenario it can be
seen that the 24X7 supply is not possible to meet the demand of the city. Since the present water loss due to
leakages is 37% in the whole system. so the actual deficit is more then the projected values. So demand and
supply management is required to solve the water scarcity of the city.
Since the Cauvery and Arkavati schemes are unable to meet the demand of the whole city BWSSB constructed
borewells to meet some of the demands. According to BWSSB records, there are approximately 6,000 borewells
maintained by the Board and 50,000 are residential borewells in the record. As a result, the ground water table is
dropping rapidly.Also there is little place for ground water to get recharged within the City limits. Till now there
is no restrictions/permission required for constructing residential bore wells by public. For that reason the ground
water table is going down rapidly in the city which is alarming now.
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7. 4. Demand Management
Several factors influence the residential and nonresidential demand for water. In the aggregate, per capita water
demand is very stable. Residential water usage is largely a function of basic demographics, particularly
household size, property size, and income. Nonresidential water varies substantially according to type of
industry. The production of some goods (such as food and beverages, paper products, and microchips) is highly
water intensive.
Demand management deploys various techniques for conserving water and improving the efficient use of water
by end users. Improvements to economic efficiency are achieved whenever the total benefits of a measure are
outweighed by the total costs of implementation. Demand management evolved in the context of least-cost or
integrated resource planning, which balanced supply and demand management considerations. Managing
demand can complement or supplant traditional and emerging supply-management options for BWSSB.
Demand management involves measures that promote the efficient use of water, including load management and
load reduction or conservation. Water conservation also can be understood as the economically and/or socially
beneficial reduction of water withdrawals, water use, or water waste. Conservation can forestall future supply-
capacity needs; it can be implemented on the supply side as well as the demand side; and it can consist of both
temporary measures used during emergencies and permanent measures used to improve long-term efficiency.
Demand management or strategic load management complements supply management because controlling the
level and timing of demand can improve overall efficiency of system operations and help eliminate, reduce, or
defer the need for an investment in new capacity by the BWSSB. Reductions in peak and off-peak demand affect
the total capacity requirements of the system and thus the total cost of providing water service.
All demand management activities that decrease the demand which affect supply management since existing
system capacity is released for other customers and other uses. That is, the freed or redirected utility capacity can
be compared to that provided by more traditional means. Thus, the benefits of demand management can be
measured in terms of avoided costs, or the incremental savings associated with not having to produce additional
units of water or water service. Avoided cost can be used to compare demand management and supply
management options and encourage BWSSB to seek out least-cost alternatives for meeting future water needs.
Although demand management should not be equated with drought management, the experience of BWSSB and
customers in implementing efficiency practices can be beneficial during periods of water shortage. Some of the
basic demand management techniques can be accelerated during supply emergencies or droughts.
Demand management consists.
I. Minimization of water uses.
II. Minimization of Water Losses.
4.1 Minimization of Water uses
In our everyday life knowingly or unknowingly we misutilize the water. Some of the examples are given below.
Mis-use Proper Use Saving Remark
Full Flushing Toilet – 9 Half Flushing Toilet – 4.5 Litrs Save – 4.5 Litrs Use Half flush for liquid
Litrs waste.
Dish Washing under Dish Washing using filled sink Save – 48 Litrs Use filled sink to wash
running tap for 5 mins – 60 – 12 Litrs vegetables or dishes.
Litrs
10 Minutes bath under 10 Minutes bath with the tap off Save – 60 Litrs Turn off the tap while
running shower – 90 Litrs while soaping up – 30 Litrs soap up or shampoo.
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8. Brushing teeth tap running Brushing with teeth usingSave – 44.5 Use glass to rinse
for 5 mins – 45 Litrs mug/glass – 0.5 Litrs Litrs mouth.
Washing Cars using Washing Car using bucket Save – 40 litrs Use bucket water to
hose/nozzle – 50 Litrs water – 10 Litrs wash the water
Watering the lawn Watering the lawn once in a
Save – 250 Don’t water garden/lawn
everyday 10mx10m – 300 week – 50 litrs Litrs unnecessarily and follow
Litrs a fixed schedule.
Washing Car Daily – 350 Washing Car once in a week – Save – 300 Don’t wash more than
Litrs 50 Litrs Litrs once a week. Wipe it off
regularly.
To minimize the water loss due to misutilization public awarness is required. Fixing leaking taps, Pipes etc.,
immediately and check regularly for leaks by their owners. Teach and educate people and the value of water for
a better tomorrow.
4.2 Minimization of Water losses
Minimization of water loss is reduction in UFW. The major contributor to the UFW is the Leakages in the
system. Presently UFW is 37% in Bangalore. This means BWSSB is generating revenue from the 63% of the
Total water it produces. Under Stage IV, Phase-2 Project BWSSB has taken up “Distribution Improvement and
UFW Reduction” work as a part of the project and to minimze the UFW from 37% to 16% in the city. So that not
only more revenue will be generated but BWSSB will also be able to meet additional demand in the city.
Source: The Manager’s Non‐Revenue Water Handbook (A Guide to Understand Water Losses)‐ Malcolm Farley, Gary Wyeth
Reduction of UFW is done by dividing the total distribution network into smaller hydraulic isolated areas with
in the characteristic of eash distict area can be monitored, accessed and Inflow and outflow across the boundaries
are metered is called District Metering Area (DMA). DMAs may be futher subdivided into smaller areas. DMA
establishment is done by Pressure Zero Test (PZT).
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9. After estlabishing the DMAs the UFW reduction is done by the methods mentioned below:-
- Minimum Night Flow (MNF) Approach
- Mobile Tanker and Pump Approach
- Metering Illegal Consumption
- Metering Error
- Replacing Inaccurate and Damaged Consumer Meters
- Metering Public Taps
- Network Modelling
- Public Awarness
After the target leakage level is reached the same is maintained in the future. Successful implementation of UFW
project minimize water loss and more demand can be served with the same supply.
5. Supply Management
Supply management is required to increase the supply of water from existing as well as alternate sources to meet
more demand and an equitable distribution of water. The supply of water to the city can be consolidated by
following methods.
I. Storing rain water runoff in lakes for reuse
II. Rainwater harvesting for borewell recharging and ground water recharging
III. Recycling of wastewater for indirect potable and non-potable applications
IV. Public awareness for rain water harvesting for watering garden/lawn/cleaning cars/reuse of water
5.1 Storing rain water runoff in lakes for reuse
Rainwater Harvesting in urban areas is the process of collecting, filtering and using of rainwater, which falls on
the rooftop (terrace or tile roof) and in the portico of the house. Rainwater harvesting can be adopted in three
methods. These are; recharging of borewells near the house, recharging of ground water sources and collection
of rainwater for reuse. There is sufficient rainwater potential available in Bangalore city. 30 years rainfall data
(1975-2004) is given below and the average annual rainfall of 940 mm over the area of 800 sq. km. yield 752
million m3 of water per year. The minimum rainfall recorded was 521 mm in the year 1990 which yields a
minimum of 417 million m3 of water per year and the maximum rainfall recorded was 1411mm in the year 1998
which yields a maximum of 1129 million m3 of water per year. The weighted mean average rain fall for the 30
years is 964 mm.
Standard deviation (σ) for these above data is 231 so after deducting the deviation from the mean value to get the
lower side value is 733 mm = (964-231) mm. If we can consider 30% of the rainfall can be harvested, it amounts
to 176 million m3 per year or 176000 million litres (482MLD). At present most of this water flow away
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10. contaminated by sewage mixing and no attempts have been made to arrest in place and utilised for water supply
needs. Rainwater harvest needs drains, small and large in every street and area followed by storages like lakes.
The topography of Bangalore has supported the creation of large number of manmade lakes. The total storage
capacity of the existing lakes in Bangalore city is about 250MLD. It means only 250MLD can be harvested
through these lakes and excess 482MLD requires additional storage facility to harvest. Presently 127 lakes are in
Bangalore city and out of which only 81 lakes are live. Out of these 81 lakes 5 such lakes have potential, which
are mostly free from sewage contamination and could be more readily used for storing rainwater after
improvements to recharge ground water for indirect potable use with minimum treatment and structural
rehabilitation.
Most of the lakes in Bangalore are environmentally deteriorating and the storage capacities have been reduced
because of silting and solid waste and garbage dumping. There is no maintenance of tank bunds and spillways.
Some places the untreated/overflowed sewage water is flowing to the lakes directly. So the following
rehabilitation works have to be done.
i. De-silting and De-weeding
ii. Strengthening of tank buns and spillway structures
iii. No access to the public near to the lakes
iv. No sewage water should be allowed without proper treatment and control of solid waste
5.2 Rainwater harvesting for bore well recharging and ground water recharging
Rainwater Harvesting in urban areas is the process of collecting, filtering and use of rainwater, which falls on the
area, should be done to prevent them from drying up and improve their water table. It is usually done by the
following method. There are no restrictions for constructing residential borewells till now. For that reason the
ground water table is going down rapidly in the city. So ground water recharge is required to maintain the ground
water table.
We can recharge our borewells and keep them alive always. Those having open wells too can adopt this system.
By directing the filtered rainwater to the open wells, their water tables could be improved.
Source: http://science.gallery.youngesterd.com/2008/08/rain-water-harvesying.html & http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycleinfiltration.html
Ground water recharging in urban areas is done by collecting the rainwater from the rooftops and the portico of
the house and by making it easily absorbed within the veranda space.
5.3 Recycling of wastewater for Indirect Potable and Non-potable applications
Bangalore city is having a well developed sewerage system in the core area. In Bangalore city 13 STPs exists
and under BWSSB-Phase-II project another 9 STPs are proposed, where some locations are adjacent to the
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11. existing STPs. The total existing capacity of the STPs are 718MLD and after the completion of Phase-2 project it
will be 1032MLD.The details are given below.
Source: DRR for Sewerage Treatment Plant, BWSSB-Phase-2 Project
To meet the present deficit and the future demand BWSSB is taking interest to execute a reuse of waste water
scheme in the Vrishabhavati Valley to get additional 135MLD of water using ultra filtration method and to make
the Arkavathi scheme work with design capacity. After the completion of BWSSB Stage-IV, Phase-II project in
Vrishbhavati valley the STPs will be V-valley STP (180MLD). Presently a 60MLD tertiary treatment plant exists
in the V-valley which supplies the recycled water for non-domestic purpose. BWSSB has planned to expand the
tertiary treatment plant to 135MLD. The treated water is to be pumped to Tavarekere which is around 20k.m
from V-valley and then the water has to be treated using ultra filtration membrane and then discharge to the
Arkavathi River 7km upstream of the Chamraj Sagar (Intake for Arkavati Scheme) to use the Arkavathi scheme
with full design capacity. After successful completion of this project the full capacity of 148MLD of water will
be available for the city from T.G.Halli. It is a first of its kind in India for indirect potable use.
Source: DRR for Sewerage Treatment Plant, BWSSB-Phase-2 Project
It is possible to use tertiary treated water for industrial purpose. BWSSB is currently supplying tertiary treated
water for industrial or non-domestic use.
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12. Five major Tertiary Treatment Plants such as Yelahanka 10MLD plant which supplies water to Bangalore
International Airport Limited (BIAL), Near HAL Airport tertiary treatment plant which is supplying to the near
by gulf court, Cubbon Park and Lalbagh each 1.5MLD plant which is used for park maintenance and
Vrishabhavathi valley 60MLD plant supplying to various small industries and non-domestic bulk consumers at a
very affordable rates. It will help to conserve more fresh portable water.
So in the future more tertiary treated water can be used for industrial supply so that more water will be available
for drinking purpose.
5.4 Public awareness for rain water harvesting for watering garden/lawn/cleaning cars/reuse of water
Public awareness is one of the major factors for
water demand and supply management. Public
should get the proper knowledge about the value of
water and the conservation of water. It is BWSSB
or Government’s duty to educate people not to
misuse the water and the various methods adopted
for water conservation. Rainwater harvesting can be
made compulsory for each house hold and
Government should give some subsidy for this.
Individual household can do rain harvesting when
water falling on a flat rooftop should be made to run
through a pipe connected to the roof and prevented
from running off to the drainage on the roadside.
This is one time investment for individuals and the
return in long term is much higher than the initial
investment. Also the water supply of BWSSB to those individuals will be reduced and BWSSB can serve more
demand with the same supply.
6. Conclusions
BWSSB or Government of Karnataka has to take some necessary actions to solve the water problem in the city.
BWSSB should find some alternative and economical way to solve the water scarcity of the city. The water loss
due to UFW in the distribution system has to be minimized so that not only more revenue will be generated but
also more water will be available to serve more population. BWSSB should execute the UFW project
successfully to reduce the UFW from 37% to 16% and in the future they should maintain the lowest leakage
level possible in the system. BWSSB have to give training to its staff and workers to use new
techniques/equipments to minimize UFW in the system. Reuse of water has to be implemented by BWSSB fast
to get the additional supply in the system. There are tertiary treatment plants in the city and BWSSB should
increase the capacity and number to meet the maximum industrial demand “or” application for indirect
potable/non-potable use. Public awareness should be properly done and educate people to conserve water.
BWSSB have already done many activities of rain water harvesting. BWSSB should emphasize more on
rainwater harvesting and spread the public awareness all over the city to save the water.
“Water is a finite resource and There is always a tomorrow”
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13. Acknowledgement
The authors would like to thank, the consultant consortium, Nippon Jogesuido Sekkei Co. Ltd., Mott
Macdonald Ltd., TCE Consulting Engineers Ltd. and BWSSB Staff for providing valuable information
and comments to write this technical paper. The authors also thank the management of TCE & BWSSB
for their encouragement in writing this paper.
References
The following documents were referred during this paper writing:
i) Final report of Pre-feasibility study for storing rainwater runoff in lakes, TCE.
ii) Reuse of Waste Water in Vrishabhavati Valley, Integrated Water Management Project, NMT.
iii) Various BWSSB Project Reports.
iv) Bangalore boom will be a doom – Without Water Conservation, M.N.Thippeswamy, Souvenir,
World Water Day – 2007.
v) Internet Web Literatures from the following sites:
http://www.bwssb.org/
http://www.bdabangalore.org/
http://www.bmponline.org/
http://ldakarnataka.co.in/
http://manyeyes.alphaworks.ibm.com/manyeyes/visualizations/bangalore-rainfall-in-mm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiki
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