Wind As An Alternative Energy Source

Wind as an Alternative Energy Source Mariana Pickering . SID 307087433 . May 21st, 2008 . PLAN9169: Urban Environments • Background Information • Issues of Debate • Legislation for Connecting to the Grid • The Future of the Wind Industry GWEC. Global Wind Energy Outlook, 2006. Image in title block is Wind Rose for Sydney from Australian Bureau of Meteorology

Wind: Background Information Wind as an Alternative Energy Source . Mariana Pickering . SID 307087433 . May 21st, 2008 . PLAN9169: Urban Environments • Wind Basics – Wind Types – Topography’s Effect – Measuring Wind – Properties of Energy • A Brief History – Mechanical Origins – Danish Pioneers – U.S. ‘Wish Rush’ – Germany’s FIT’s – Emerging Markets • Modern Turbines – Traditional Designs – Scales of Structures – Performance Criteria – Electricity Output Top: http://virtualskies.arc.nasa.gov/weather/tutorial/tutorial3.html Bottom Left: http://homepages. ius.edu/PGALVIN/climate/wind.html Bottom Right: Danish Wind Industry website , 2008.

Wind: Background Information Wind as an Alternative Energy Source . Mariana Pickering . SID 307087433 . May 21st, 2008 . PLAN9169: Urban Environments • Wind Basics – Wind Types – Topography’s Effect – Measuring Wind – Properties of Energy • A Brief History – Mechanical Origins – Danish Pioneers – U.S. ‘Wish Rush’ – Germany’s FIT’s – Emerging Markets • Modern Turbines – Traditional Designs – Scales of Structures – Performance Criteria – Electricity Output Top Left: http://www.wind-works.org/photos/PhotosWindmills.html Top Right: http://blogs.busi ness2.com/greenwombat/wind_powe r/index.html Bottom Left: http://www.windatlas.dk/ Europe/Index.htm Bottom Right: World Wind Energy Association Press Release, February 2008

Wind: Background Information Wind as an Alternative Energy Source . Mariana Pickering . SID 307087433 . May 21st, 2008 . PLAN9169: Urban Environments HAWT (Standard) • Wind Basics Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine – Wind Types – Topography’s Effect – Measuring Wind – Properties of Energy • A Brief History – Mechanical Origins – Danish Pioneers – U.S. ‘Wish Rush’ VAWT (Darrieus) – Germany’s FIT’s Vertical Axis Wind Turbine – Emerging Markets • Modern Turbines – Traditional Designs – Scales of Structures – Performance Criteria Australia = 7,000 – Electricity Output kWh/yr/household HAWT and VAWT: http://www.wind-works.org/photos/wind_farm.html Watch turbine: http://www.inhabitat.com/2008/05/01/urwerk-ur-202-wind-turbines-in-a-watch/ Bottom Right: http://www.wind-works.org/articles/SmallWindTurbineSizetoMeetHouseholdConsumpt ion.html Data on Australian households: http://www.energy.com.au/energy/ea.nsf/Content/NSW+Green+energy Mega Machine: http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/assets/images/story/2005/ 2/4/1332_5M_He li1_final.jpg

Wind Harvesting: Issues of Debate Wind as an Alternative Energy Source . Mariana Pickering . SID 307087433 . May 21st, 2008 . PLAN9169: Urban Environments • Criticisms: – High Capital Cost – Unreliable – Environmental Concerns – Ugly and Noisy – Safety of Jobs • Praises: – Short Payback Period – Reliable – Comparative GHG Emissions – Elegant and Quiet – Creation of Jobs Top: http://europe.theoildrum.com/node/3688 Bottom: IEA’s World Energy Outlook 2006

Wind Harvesting: Issues of Debate Wind as an Alternative Energy Source . Mariana Pickering . SID 307087433 . May 21st, 2008 . PLAN9169: Urban Environments • Criticisms: – High Capital Cost – Unreliable – Environmental Concerns – Ugly and Noisy – Safety of Jobs • Praises: – Short Payback Period – Reliable – Comparative GHG Emissions – Ever-Renewable – Elegant and Quiet – Creation of Jobs Fig. 1. Variation in the wind speed, as a function of the altitude, based on the average European wind speed (3 m/s at ground level). Source: Delft University, Dr. Wubbo Ockels . Top Left and Right: Gipe. Wind Power, 2004 Bottom Left: M. Canal e, L. Fagiano, M. Ippolito, M. Milanese. Control of tethered airfoils for a new class of wind energy generator , 2006.

Wind Harvesting: Issues of Debate Wind as an Alternative Energy Source . Mariana Pickering . SID 307087433 . May 21st, 2008 . PLAN9169: Urban Environments • Criticisms: – High Capital Cost – Unreliable – Environmental Concerns – Ugly and Noisy – Safety of Jobs • Praises: – Short Payback Period – Reliable – Comparative GHG Emissions – Ever-Renewable – Elegant and Quiet – Creation of Jobs Top: Erickson et al., 2002, Summary of Anthropoge nic Causes of Bird Mortality Bottom: http://europe.theoildrum.com/node/3688

Wind Harvesting: Issues of Debate Wind as an Alternative Energy Source . Mariana Pickering . SID 307087433 . May 21st, 2008 . PLAN9169: Urban Environments • Criticisms: – High Capital Cost – Unreliable – Environmental Concerns – Ugly and Noisy – Safety of Jobs • Praises: – Short Payback Period – Reliable – Comparative GHG Emissions – Elegant and Quiet – Creation of Jobs Top: http://www.airtricity.ca/en/faqs/environment_safety.html. Bottom: http://www.windpower.org/en/pictures/modern.htm

Wind Harvesting: Issues of Debate Wind as an Alternative Energy Source . Mariana Pickering . SID 307087433 . May 21st, 2008 . PLAN9169: Urban Environments • Criticisms: – High Capital Cost – Unreliable – Environmental Concerns – Ugly and Noisy – Safety of Jobs • Praises: – Short Payback Period – Reliable – Comparative GHG Emissions – Elegant and Quiet – Creation of Jobs Global Wind Energy Outlook Report, 2006.

Legislating for Connection to the Grid Wind as an Alternative Energy Source . Mariana Pickering . SID 307087433 . May 21st, 2008 . PLAN9169: Urban Environments • U.S.A. “Tout sure terre appartient aux princes, hors le vent.” – Nat’l Energy Act ‘78 (Everything on Earth belongs to princes, except the wind.) - Victor Hugo, La Rose de L’Infante – PTC’s (Production Tax Credits) • United Kingdom – RPS (Renewable Portfolio Standard) http://www.ferc.gov/ – NFFO (Non Fossil- http://www.franklinpud.com/html/purpa.php Fuel Obligation) • Germany – FIT’s (Feed-In Tariffs) – ART’s (Advanced Renewable Tariffs) • Australia AWEA, Wind Power Outlook 2006

Legislating for Connection to the Grid Wind as an Alternative Energy Source . Mariana Pickering . SID 307087433 . May 21st, 2008 . PLAN9169: Urban Environments • U.S.A. – Nat’l Energy Act ‘78 – PTC’s (Production Tax Credits) • United Kingdom – RPS (Renewable Portfolio Standard) – NFFO (Non Fossil- Fuel Obligation) • Germany – FIT’s (Feed-In Tariffs) – ART’s (Advanced Renewable Tariffs) • Australia Top: http://www.countryguardian.net/UK%20windspeed%20map.jpg Bottom: The British Wind and Energy Association (BWEA)

Legislating for Connection to the Grid Wind as an Alternative Energy Source . Mariana Pickering . SID 307087433 . May 21st, 2008 . PLAN9169: Urban Environments • U.S.A. Feed-In Tariffs (FIT)  Advanced Renewable Tariffs (ART) – Nat’l Energy Act ‘78 – PTC’s (Production Tax Credits) • United Kingdom – RPS (Renewable Portfolio Standard) – NFFO (Non Fossil- Fuel Obligation) • Germany – FIT’s (Feed-In Tariffs) – ART’s (Advanced Renewable Tariffs) • Australia Gipe. Wind Power, 2004.

Legislating for Connection to the Grid Wind as an Alternative Energy Source . Mariana Pickering . SID 307087433 . May 21st, 2008 . PLAN9169: Urban Environments • U.S.A. – Nat’l Energy Act ‘78 – PTC’s (Production Tax Credits) http://www.ata.org.au/about-us • United Kingdom – RPS (Renewable Portfolio Standard) – NFFO (Non Fossil- Fuel Obligation) • Germany – FIT’s (Feed-In Tariffs) – ART’s (Advanced Renewable Tariffs) • Australia http://www.agso.gov.au/renewable/

The Future of the Wind Industry Wind as an Alternative Energy Source . Mariana Pickering . SID 307087433 . May 21st, 2008 . PLAN9169: Urban Environments • Mega-Machines – Is Bigger Better? • Offshore Wind Farms • Sky Sails and Kite Dams • High-Altitude • Magnetic Levitation • Small Turbine Focus Top Left: GWEC. Global Wind Energy Outlook, 2006. Top Right and Bottom Left: http://www.thewindpower.net/wind-turbine-pictures-223-enercon-e126.php Bottom Right: http://www.windpower.org/en/pictures/multimeg.htm

The Future of the Wind Industry Wind as an Alternative Energy Source . Mariana Pickering . SID 307087433 . May 21st, 2008 . PLAN9169: Urban Environments • Mega-Machines • Offshore Wind Farms – Results Coming In • Sky Sails and Kite Dams http://europe.theoildrum.com/node/3342 • High-Altitude • Magnetic Levitation • Small Turbine Focus http://www.windpower.org/en/pictures/offshore.htm

The Future of the Wind Industry Wind as an Alternative Energy Source . Mariana Pickering . SID 307087433 . May 21st, 2008 . PLAN9169: Urban Environments • Mega-Machines • Offshore Wind Farms – Floating/Deep Water Turbines • Sky Sails and Kite Dams • High-Altitude • Magnetic Levitation • Small Turbine Focus Top: http://offshorewind.net/Other_Page s/Turbine-Foundations.html Bottom: http://web. mit.edu/newsoffice/2006/wind.html

The Future of the Wind Industry Wind as an Alternative Energy Source . Mariana Pickering . SID 307087433 . May 21st, 2008 . PLAN9169: Urban Environments • Mega-Machines • Offshore Wind Farms • Sky Sails and Kite Dams • High-Altitude • Magnetic Levitation • Small Turbine Focus Top Left: http://www.inhabitat.com/2007/11/14/power-generating-wind-dam-by-chetwood-associates/

The Future of the Wind Industry Wind as an Alternative Energy Source . Mariana Pickering . SID 307087433 . May 21st, 2008 . PLAN9169: Urban Environments • Mega-Machines • Offshore Wind Farms • Sky Sails and Kite Ships • High-Altitude – Flying Electric Generators (FEG’s) • Magnetic Levitation • Small Turbine Focus http://www.inhabitat.com/2007/07/17/ flying-wind-turbi nes/

The Future of the Wind Industry Wind as an Alternative Energy Source . Mariana Pickering . SID 307087433 . May 21st, 2008 . PLAN9169: Urban Environments • Mega-Machines • Offshore Wind Farms • Sky Sails and Kite Ships • High-Altitude – “Laddermills” • Magnetic Levitation • Small Turbine Focus Top: http://www.ecoboot.nl/artikelen/graphics/laddermill_graph. gif Bottom: http://www.inhabitat.com/2007/07/17/ flying-wind-turbines/

The Future of the Wind Industry Wind as an Alternative Energy Source . Mariana Pickering . SID 307087433 . May 21st, 2008 . PLAN9169: Urban Environments • Mega-Machines • Offshore Wind Farms http://www.inhabitat.com/2007/11/26/super-powered-magnetic-wind-turbine-maglev/ • Sky Sails and Kite Ships • High-Altitude Right: http://news. xinhuanet.com/english/2007-11/05/content_7016626.htm Left: http://www.treehugger.com/files/2006/07/china_unveils_w.php • Magnetic Levitation • Small Turbine Focus http://www.inhabitat.com/2007/11/26/super-powered-magnetic-wind-turbine-maglev/

The Future of the Wind Industry Wind as an Alternative Energy Source . Mariana Pickering . SID 307087433 . May 21st, 2008 . PLAN9169: Urban Environments • Mega-Machines • Offshore Wind Farms • Sky Sails and Kite Ships • High-Altitude • Magnetic Levitation • Small Turbine Focus Top: http://www.inhabitat.com/2007/11/26/super-powered-magnetic-wind-turbine-maglev/ Bottom: http://www.inhabitat.com/2008/05/08/swift-ultra-quiet-rooftop-wind-turbine/

Conclusion Wind as an Alternative Energy Source . Mariana Pickering . SID 307087433 . May 21st, 2008 . PLAN9169: Urban Environments “Ill blows the wind that profits nobody.” -William Shakespeare, Henry VI, Part III, Act II

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Wind As An Alternative Energy Source

by Mariana Pickering on Jun 10, 2009

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