URBANISATION

Rural/Urban

Terms
Filtering – leaving poorer quality housing (in city centre), to move towards better quality housing in sub-urbs.
Gentrification – improvement and upgrading of older properties in inner city areas. Poor move out, rich move in.
Studentification – concentration of students in an area, usually close to a university.

Studentification
Positives:
Regenerates poorer areas
Housing stock improved
Students spending improves local economy
Negatives
Property values increase
Students seem to care less about environment
Young may clash with older residents

Changes brought by studentification
Retail – pubs concerted into theme bars
- increase in fast food restaurants
- diversification and upgrade of retail services
Housing – prices increase – demand greater than supply
- multi-occupancy
- unkempt gardens
-

Ghettos
A portion of a city were members of a minority group live because of social, legal or economic pressures
Reasons why they are formed – when the majority uses force (violence, hostility) to force minorities into particular areas. When economic conditions make it difficult for minorities to live in non-minorities areas

Gated communities
An area of wealthy private housing, these can have high walls and fences and may have controlled entrances for residents, visitors and their cars
Long history – royal palaces, monasteries

Case Study Cardiff CBD Characteristics
Tall buildings,
Public buildings e.g. Cardiff town hall,
markets,
busy – many pedestrians, also nightlife,
Shopping centres,
very old buildings, historic/old street patterns,
very accessible – public transport and traffic management,
Entertainment - pubs. Restaurants, cinema

Causes of traffic problems in Cardiff
CBD = Oldest part of the city, not able to cope with high traffic flows
Increased car ownership
Decline in rail service, more people on the road
More people travelling in for entertainment and work

Problems of Traffic
Heavy traffic congestion makes people late
Slow moving traffic
High pollution levels
Lost working hours costs employers
Shortage of parking
Problems for emergency services

Solutions of Traffic problems
Multi-story car parks
Cycle lanes and bus lanes
One way streets
Rising bollards
Public transport
Pedestrianised areas

Issues facing the CBD
Land more expensive, build up or down, higher buildings
Movement of shops out of city
CBD oldest buildings
Decline in CBD – hole in doughnut
Online shopping

Rural-Urban fringe

Identify
Large open spaces
Density of population is considerably lower
Distance between towns is greater
Agriculture more dominant
Less major roads
Levels of commuting decreases
Environmental quality higher

Recent changes in the rural-urban fringe
Environmental: the built environment – often pay no attention to the existing rural environment
Communication: motorway junctions = more vehicles creating gas and noise pollution
Economic: smaller shops and services in small towns have to shut as they cant compete with bigger out of town shopping centres
Socio-political: urbanites now form the majority – may bring anti-social habits – graffiti ect.

Notes on rural-urban fringe
Greenbelt prevents cities from growing
Pressure to greenbelt - shopping
- roads
- industrial estates
- housing
- stadium
Reasons for building – cheap
- easy to build on
- close to motorway

Counterurbanisation
Urban-rural migration. Many retain their urban jobs by commuting

Urban population movement
Phase 1 Urbanisation – core is dominant, providing jobs
Phase 2 – sub-urbanisation: increased affluence and better transport allowing people to move to the suburbs
Phase 3 – suburbanisation and counter-urbanisation are the dominant trends – UK and USA

Who's moving + Why
The most affluent and mobile people
Families with children
Pull – rural dream, pleasant surroundings, quiet, estate agents and housing developers all encourage outward movement
Push of Urban – traffic congestion, pollution, fear of crime
Technological change – upgrades in technology lead to people working at home. TV, telephone, allows people to live rural but not in isolation
Improvements in road – make commuting easier

Consequences
Negatives
House prices go up – local young people cannot afford property
Local resentment
Lack of appreciation of traditions by newcomers
Increase in population
Increased cars cause pollution and accidents
Positives
Improvements in service
support for some local facilities - pubs

Case Study: Llanwit Major
Accessibility to Cardiff due to A48 + M4
Services and facilities – a leisure centre, 2 supermarkets, several primary and comprehensive schools, a doctors surgery, library
Available Housing – many former barns have been converted, expensive, modern
Attractive local environment
Industrial estate close by provides many jobs, built on a Brownfield site – so cheap, trading, business + retail. Access is good. More pleasant working environment.

URBANISATION

by daylee

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