The missing Ps: Lessons for the adoption and implementation of Learning Management Systems

The missing Ps: Lessons for the adoption and implementation of Learning Management Systems David Jones http://cq-pan.cqu.edu.au/david-jones/ [email_address] http://flickr.com/photos/joits/225824796/

Why?

Relevance to CQU's current situation

http://flickr.com/photos/pscafe/26132968/

Why?

Progress the PhD - chapter 2

http://www.phdcomics.com/comics/archive.php?comicid=315

Why? Problems with existing practice http://flickr.com/photos/rcstanley/30366555/

Premise LMS adoption and implementation requires thought and decision making http://flickr.com/photos/dalem/296189944/

But the complexity http://flickr.com/photos/niallkennedy/54591543/

Leads to faulty understanding http://flickr.com/photos/93852598@N00/296640957/

..the highly complex, confusing and almost over-whelming nature of the many issues that information technology raise.. (Duderstadt et al, 2002) http://flickr.com/photos/niallkennedy/54591543/

Creates train wrecks http://flickr.com/photos/rcstanley/30366555/

and dead ends http://flickr.com/photos/fatmandy/267252461/

Provide the thinker http://flickr.com/photos/dalem/296189944/

P roduct P rocess P urpose P lace P eople P ast experience http://flickr.com/photos/consumatron/301137468/

http://flickr.com/photos/spackletoe/90811910/ Identify potential shortcomings Consider all factors Make appropriate decisions Identify research opportunities

http://flickr.com/photos/landscape_photography/258527295/ And reach paradise

Price Product Promotion Place Target Market

Place People Price Promotion Product Pacesetter Marketing

Likely to go on forever, 283 slides http://flickr.com/photos/intimaj/113117573/

Which is the best LMS for this institution?

The wrong question

A better question

Having examined PAST EXPERIENCE

E-Learning is still very new

Current tools based on limited knowledge, are not adaptable, don't support diversity…etc.

Staff adoption is low, mostly innovators

What is done not particularly effective nor efficient

The majority of LMS reviews focus on features, technical details and price, ignoring a range of other important factors

A better question

the institution's PLACE

HEIs exist within a turblent environment

Reaction to change within HEIs is uncertain

HEI characteristics make teleological change inappropriate

Traditional management principles (standardization, supervision, routinization) are difficult to apply - maybe inappropriate

A better question

and its PEOPLE

All value comes from its employees

As knowledge workers they will reject change

Come from vastly different cultures

One size does NOT fit all

A better question

With the institution's PURPOSE in mind

Goals are ambiguous, rarely shared

Purpose in LMS evaluations rarely stated or considered

Ensuring purpose does not become "make best use of System X"

T&L is the CORE business for HEIs

Central Queensland University will be a teaching and research university of distinction in borderless professional and adult learning Through multiple pathways we will provide gateways for people with different learning styles to achieve their life aspirations.

A better question

Identify an appropriate PROCESS (at all levels)

Adaptable

Emphasis on learning, at all levels

Matches needs of PLACE, PURPOSE and PEOPLE as it continues to change

A better question

To allow the right PRODUCT to be "emergent"

Never stable

Every aspect of it questioned and changed

Never replaced

P rocess P urpose P lace P eople P ast experience P roduct

Blackboard versus Webfuse

http://flickr.com/photos/automania/126698126/ Which LMS should we use?

Portal Web Interface Ancillary services e.g. virtual union & library LMS (Blackboard) LMS (Webfuse) Simulations & other teaching environments Shared education services University wide services Digital repositories Communication networks & distribution infrastructure Monitoring performance & usage Assessment Student profile & history Calendar Timetable Class & Course Management Content management Assignment tracking Plagiarism detection Security authorisations Single sign-on Library management Digital rights management Student administration axapta Course administration Student profiles Student Database Learning content database Staff database Finance database Course profiles Library catalogue Digital library & eReserve Blackboard versus Webfuse - CQU Org Review

Portal Web Interface Ancillary services e.g. virtual union & library LMS (Blackboard) LMS (Webfuse) Simulations & other teaching environments Shared education services University wide services Digital repositories Communication networks & distribution infrastructure Monitoring performance & usage Assessment Student profile & history Calendar Timetable Class & Course Management Content management Assignment tracking Plagiarism detection Security authorisations Single sign-on Library management Digital rights management Student administration axapta Course administration Student profiles Student Database Learning content database Staff database Finance database Course profiles Library catalogue Digital library & eReserve The constrained reality

Portal Web Interface Ancillary services e.g. virtual union & library LMS (Blackboard) LMS (Webfuse) Simulations & other teaching environments Shared education services University wide services Digital repositories Monitoring performance & usage Assessment Student profile & history Calendar Timetable Class & Course Management Content management Assignment tracking Plagiarism detection Security authorisations Single sign-on Library management Digital rights management Student administration axapta Course administration Student profiles Student Database Learning content database Staff database Finance database Course profiles Library catalogue Digital library & eReserve Review of grade Gradebook Plagiarism Tracking System ESOS compliance Faculty websites Reality

P roduct

What is an LMS

Product models

Produce models

Product understanding

What is an LMS

A system that provides tools for course administration and pedagogical functions including

Asynch and synch communication

Content devleopment and delivery

Formative and summative assessment

Class and user management (Coates et al, 2005)

P roduct

What is an LMS

Product models

Produce models

Client server http://flickr.com/photos/patrick_q/108525914/

Peer to peer http://flickr.com/photos/puja/125464480/

I go get web http://flickr.com/photos/patrick_q/108525914/

http://flickr.com/photos/puja/125464480/ Come to me web

CQU adopts WhitePlank cars as delivery mechanism

must use university resource http://flickr.com/photos/patrick_q/108525914/

On-going trend that University supplied technology is soon provided externally http://flickr.com/photos/puja/125464480/

Funding IT #2 Issue http://flickr.com/photos/patrick_q/108525914/ http://www.educause.edu/apps/er/erm06/erm0633.asp Top-Ten IT Issues, 2006

Web/browser based http://flickr.com/photos/patrick_q/108525914/

There are alternatives http://flickr.com/photos/puja/125464480/

PLE http://www.reload.ac.uk/plex/

http://www.flickr.com/photos/cyberone/249778491/

Enterprise based system http://flickr.com/photos/patrick_q/108525914/

One ring to rule them all http://flickr.com/photos/remedix/260741805/

There are more modern alternatives http://flickr.com/photos/puja/125464480/ Best-of-breed technologies are displacing older enterprise applications. Integration technologies like Web services and SOA make it easier to integrate disparate applications. (CIO Insight, 2006)

http://flickr.com/photos/elifishtacos/90944650/

..first visions of a fifth generation - based on autonomous agents and intelligent, database-assisted learning - that we refer to as the education Semantic Web. (Anderson and Elloumi, 2004) http://flickr.com/photos/puja/125464480/

Low level abstraction http://flickr.com/photos/patrick_q/108525914/

There are more modern alternatives http://flickr.com/photos/puja/125464480/ Technology - scripting languages and MDA Pedagogy - learning designs

P roduct

What is an LMS

Product models

Produce models

Course centric http://flickr.com/photos/patrick_q/108525914/

Course offering centric http://flickr.com/photos/patrick_q/108525914/

There are more modern alternatives http://flickr.com/photos/puja/125464480/

Separate from the outside world http://flickr.com/photos/patrick_q/108525914/

There are more modern alternatives http://flickr.com/photos/puja/125464480/

A benefit of open content

PLEs - student centric There are more modern alternatives http://flickr.com/photos/puja/125464480/

Student centered (Dalsgaard, 2006)

Using a management system for administrative issues

Offering students personal tools for construction, presentation…

Facilitating networks between students within the same course

Facilitating networks between students and other people working within the field

E-Learning Adoption Cycles (Zemsky & Massy, 2004) Early adopters New course configurations Early adopters Imported learning objects Into early majority (% students not staff) Course Management Systems Through early majority Enhancements to trad. courses Stage Cycle

P roduct

What is an LMS

Product models

Produce models

Emphasis on purchase price http://flickr.com/photos/patrick_q/108525914/

Maintenance typically consumes about 40 to 80 percent of software costs and 60% of that maintenance cost is due to enhancement (Glass, 2001). http://flickr.com/photos/puja/125464480/

Buy OR Build http://flickr.com/photos/patrick_q/108525914/

Buy AND Build http://flickr.com/photos/puja/125464480/

Abstraction of Information systems Software Hardware Otherware - deterministic - non-deterministic

Abstraction of Information systems Software Hardware Otherware - deterministic - non-deterministic Law of Requisite Variety A model system or controller can only model or control something to the extent that it has sufficient internal variety to represent it. http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/REQVAR.html

Abstraction of Information systems Software Hardware Otherware - deterministic - non-deterministic If the information systems can't keep up with the "otheware" workarounds (shadow systems) occur

It's all about technology http://flickr.com/photos/patrick_q/108525914/

Executives need to stop looking at IT projects as technology installations and start looking at them as periods of organisational change that they have a responsibility to manage. (McAfee 2006) http://flickr.com/photos/puja/125464480/

All IT is the same http://flickr.com/photos/patrick_q/108525914/

Different types of IT result in different kinds of organisational change when they are implemented, so executives must tailor their roles to the technologies they're using. (McAfee, 2006) http://flickr.com/photos/puja/125464480/

An LMS is pedagogically neutral. http://flickr.com/photos/patrick_q/108525914/

Rather than being of itself liberating or empowering technology serves whichever goals motivate the people guiding its design and use. (Lian, 2000) http://flickr.com/photos/puja/125464480/

Technological tools and instruments are never value-neutral but rather teeming with values and potentialities, which may cause unexpected responses. (Westera, 2004) http://flickr.com/photos/puja/125464480/

the values embedded in many commonly used VLEs leave a residue that is clearly transmissive rather than constructed and hence adds to the banality and confusion, even disappointment, in the learning and teaching experiences (Sullivan & Czigler, 2002; De Freitas & Oliver, 2005). http://flickr.com/photos/puja/125464480/

P rocess P urpose P lace P eople P ast experience P urpose P roduct

Time to make a decision

Which car? http://flickr.com/photos/devnull/272059665/

A humvee?

http://flickr.com/photos/jaccodeboer/11795915/

Ferrari F430

http://flickr.com/photos/storem/107355337/

Tractor

http://flickr.com/photos/lawrence_evil/148415677/

Time to make a decision

Which car? http://flickr.com/photos/devnull/272059665/

P urpose

What's the purpose of e-learning?

Difficulty with shared purpose

What is the purpose of selecting an LMS?

http://flickr.com/photos/nardell/231188354/

Improve quality and variety of T&L

Reduce administrative burden on teachers (Britain & Liber, 2004)

http://flickr.com/photos/nardell/231188354/

Implement the 7 principles?

Encourage student/faculty contact

Develop reciprocity and cooperation

Encourage active learning

Gives prompt feedback

Emphasizes time on task

Communicates high expectations

Repspects diverse talents and ways of learning

Put bums on seats?

WebCT @ CQU

The stated purpose of this group was to establish a means to enable teaching staff to develop and manage online courses with little professional support (Sturgess & Nouwens, 2004)

Central Queensland University will be a teaching and research university of distinction in borderless professional and adult learning Through multiple pathways we will provide gateways for people with different learning styles to achieve their life aspirations.

P urpose

What's the purpose of e-learning?

Difficulty with shared purpose

Variety

The committee recognized that different campus cultures and the lack of a single, unified vision for online teaching and learning – probably impossible at an institution of this size – work against a single tool being “best” across the board. (UF CMSAG, 2003)

Variety

"on the basis of disciplinary subculture alone, those in academia will go on having an even harder time understanding and identifying with one another" (Clark, 1983)

Variety

The high degree of customization make traditional management principles such as standardizaation, routinization and supervision difficult to apply. (Maister, 1993)

..societies everywhere expect from higher education institutions the provision of an education that can permit them to flourish in the changing global economic landscape. Those institutions that can continually change, keeping up with the needs of the transforming economy they serve, will surive. Those that cannot or will not change will become irrelevant,

-- Jorge Klor de Alva (2000, p 40)

Four kinds of competing authority systems (Clark, 1991)

Academic authority

Enterprise-based authority

System-based authority

Charisma

Within an interdependent system that is loosely coupled and contains multiple power and authority structures, strict lines of decision making are uncommon.

Goal ambiguity is a defining characteristics of higher education institutions (Hearn, 1996)

Given

Inconsistency between goals and actions

The constantly changing nature of goals

The need for goals to be placed within specific disciplinary contexts

There is a need for highly trained individuals with enough autonomy to respond within this complex environment (Bess 1999).

Ambiguity of goals means that typical planning processes might be problematic (Kezar, 2001)

P rocess P urpose P lace P eople P ast experience P ast experience P roduct

P ast Experience

Evaluation

System characteristics

System use

Most reviews have tended to concentrate on the features, technical details and pricing of different systems. (Britain and Liber, 2004)

http://flickr.com/photos/cassidynorvell/3199016/

attention has been most often focussed on their technical, financial and administrative aspects. (Coates et al, 2005)

http://flickr.com/photos/cassidynorvell/3199016/

Decisions about university teaching and learning should not be restricted to checklist evaluations of technical and organisational factors. (Coates et al, 2005)

P ast Experience

Evaluation

System use

No CMS supports student critical thinking, generation of knowledge and collaborative teamwork (Bonk & Dennen, 1999).

support more or less the same pedagogy (Robson, 1999).

These systems may further limit the incentive to innovate (Anyonymous, 2004)

provide little support for usage monitoring and reporting at an institutional level across multiple courses (Morgan, 2003).

LMS are based on an overly simplistic understanding of the relationship between teachers, knowledge and student learning. (Coates et al, 2005)

LMSs, are structured with little capability for customisation (Morgan, 2003).

P ast Experience

Evaluation

System use

Best practice implementations report no more than 55% staff adoption rates (Sausner, 2005)

Faculty acceptance of online education (Allen and Seaman, 2005) 42.1% 28.8% Private, for-profit 20.6% 20.2% Private, non-profit 36.4% 34.2% Public 2005 2003 Institution

Universities have not employed technology to the same degree or effect as the business community (Piccoli et al., 2000).

P rocess P urpose P lace P eople P ast experience P lace P roduct

P lace

Outside

Inside

Knowledge Economy

Education, people and their ideas are the key strategic resource

Society will become more dependent on social institutions that create knowledge and education people (Duderstadt et al, 2002)

Other factors

Globalised economy

Post-industrial information age

Demands for greater access to tertiary education

Government reluctance to fund that demand

Increasing regulation

Increasing costs of higher education

Importance of 'earner-learner' market

Calls for increased diversity

Uncertainty about the future and other developments highlight the importance of building institutions that are responsive to change. (CRHEFP, 1997)

The ever-accelerating tempo of digital technology poses great challenges to institutions….When the power for a given price doubles every 18 months of less, rapid obsolescence disrupts conventional infrastructure planning processes (Dederstadt et al, 2002)

There can be no doubt that universities operate in a continuously changing environment. It is how they, as an organisation, respond to the changes that determines their legitimacy and relevance going forward. -- ??Source??

There can be no doubt that universities operate in a continuously changing environment. It is how they, as an organisation, respond to the changes that determines their legitimacy and relevance going forward. -- CQU Strategic Plan: 2006-2011

Educational leaders experience three types of perceived uncertainty about the environment (Kezar, 2000; Klenke, 1996):

unknown or unpredictable trends in external influencers

unpredictable impacts of the trends on the organisation

unknown or ambiguous action/reaction options

P lace

Outside

Inside

Universities, however, are one of a very few institutions that have maintained their existence since the 1500s (Kerr, 1994).

The pre-dominant model of the University is still the traditional combination of teaching and academic research suggested by Wilhelm von Humboldt in the 19 th century (Tsichritzis, 1999).

Unique features of HEI (Kezar, 2001)

Interdependent organisation

Unique culture of the academy

Values-driven

Multiple power and authority structures

Organized and anarchical decision-making

Unique features of HEI (Kezar, 2001)

Professional and administrative values

Shared governance

Employee commitment and tenure

Goal ambiguity

Loosely coupled system

Educational organisations are "loosely coupled systems" which are amenable to "localised adaptation" without affecting the whole organisation. (Weick, 1976)

What type of "business" is a University?

Professional firms differ from other business enterprises in two distinct ways: first, they provide highly customized services and thus cannot apply many of the management principles developed for product-based industries.

The high degree of customization make traditional management principles such as standardizaation, routinization and supervision difficult to apply. (Maister, 1993)

professional services are highly personalized, involving the skills of individuals. Such firms must therefore compete not only for clients but also for talented professionals. (Maister 1993)

In this sense people are a university's most important resource. With people, knowledge moves out of the university or enters it, decreases or increases, deteriorates or improves in quality. (Reponen, 1999)

Needs and context at CQU

Uncertainty

Complexity

Dropping enrolments

Issues around quality

Over-expenditure on admin systems at expense of L&T systems

Perceived importance of L&T

University wide & Within each faculty

P rocess P urpose P lace P eople P ast experience P eople P roduct

P eople

Rationality and bias

Immigrants, natives, the net generation and literacy

Culture

The goal of the decision tool is to give the user a rational decision making process to assist in selecting a course management system. http://www.edutools.info/static.jsp?pj=4&page=HOWTO

Innovation and change development in universities can never be a mere rational process (Jones & O ' Shea, 2004).

The Cognitive Bias Game

Count the number of the following which you've seen demonstrated recently

There are more http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases

Bandwagon effect - tendency to do things because many others are doing it.

Bias blind spot - tendency not to compensate for one’s own cognitive biases

Choice-supportive bias - the tendency to remember one’s choices as better than they actually were

Confirmation bias - the tendency to search/interpret information to confirm your pre-conceptions

Congruence testing - the tendency to use tests that only confirm your hypotheses rather than disprove it, or prove another

Deformation professionnelle - the tendency to look at things through the conventions of your own profession with no thought to the broader view

Disconfirmation bias - tendency to critically examine information that contradicts your prior beliefs but accept uncritically information congruent with your beliefs

Endowment effect - the tendency for people to value something more as soon as they own it

Focusing effect - prediction bias when you place too much importance on one aspect

Hyperbolic discounting - tendency to have a stronger preference for immediate payoffs relative to later payoffs

Illusion of control - tendency to believe you can influence outcomes over which you have no control

Impact bias - tendency to overestimate the intensity of impact on future states

Information bias - tendency to seek information even when it cannot affect action

Loss aversion - tendency to strongly prefer avoiding losses over acquiring gains

Outcome bias - tendency to judge a decision by its eventual outcome instead of on the quality of the decision at the time it was made

Planning fallacy - tendency to under estimate task completion times

Post-purchase rationalisation - tendency to persuade oneself through rational argument that a purchase was a good one.

Pseudocertainty effect - tendency to make risk averse choices if the expected outcome is positive, but make risk-seeking choices to avoid negative outcomes

Status quo bias - the tendency for people to like things to stay relatively the same

Zero-risk bias - preference for reducing a small risk to zero over a greater reduction in a larger risk

The Social Bias Game

Count the number of the following which you've seen demonstrated recently

There are more http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases

False consensus effect - tendency to overestimate the degree to which others agree with you

P eople

Rationality

Culture

Generations New students Millennial Academics Gen X Decision makers, Senior Academics Boomer Role Generation

Age is directly associated with attitudes associated with computers (Morris, 1998; Ahadiat, 2005)

Few administrative staff understand adquately the nature and implications of digital technology. There are even fewer capable of leading a process of change. (Dederstadt et al, 2002)

Few faculty members utilize or are even aware of the rapidly expanding scientific basis for learning from neuroscience and cognitive psychology. (Duderstadt et al, 2002)

..the current generation of university leaders, most of whom received their own educations and career experiences in the pre-computer era, feel uncomfortable in dealing with these issues.. (Duderstadt et al, 2002)

Instructors are principal actors in any learning environment (Webster and Hackley 1997)

the instructor's self-efficacy contributes to learning effectiveness (Cavanaugh et al. 2000; Mathieue et al 1993)

Although IT may be the stimulus or change agent, the essential matters are complex and will be the purview of academics’’ (Oblinger, Barone, & Hawkins, 2001, p. 15)

Perhaps the group requiring the most attention from administrators is faculty, as they often feel uncomfortable with and even irritated by the changing university landscape. (Howell et al 2004)

The future of technological successes at higher education institutions depends not only on the availability of technology but also on the extent to which faculty are supported as they develop innovative ways to integrate technology into the learning and research experience (Crawford et al, 2003)

When implementing e-learning within existing Universities staff engagement is the most complex and important success factor. (Collis, 1998)

There is generally a significant gap between the pedagogic conception of instructional designers and those of the average faculty member, to say nothing of the average student (even at the graduate level). (Garrett, 2004)

The conception of learning held by teachers has a major influence on the planning of courses, the development of teaching strategies and ultimately on the what and how students learn. (Alexander, 2001)

the various participants in the modern educational enterprise will only adopt e-learning if it is within their interests to do so (Oslington, 2005)

A university leader in the digital age must:

Understand institutional cultures and effectively deal with cultural dissonance and technology backlash

(Duin et al, 2001)

Sustain existing needed technologies while protecting and promoting disruptive technologies

(Duin et al, 2001)

Be technology literate and use technology to communicate and increase accessibility and share information at all levels

(Duin et al, 2001)

Demonstrate the value of collaboration, teamwork and relationships by developing internal and external partnerships

(Duin et al, 2001)

Millenials (Oblinger, 2003)

Assume technology to be a natural part of the environment

Perceive use of technology in education as inadequate

84% use Internet for school research

70% use IM

81% use email to stay in touch with friends and relatives

56% prefer the Internet over the telephone

Consider themselves more Internet-savvy than their teachers

They see better ways to use technology than do their teachers

State that administrative restrictions, older equipment and/or filtering software inhibit their in-school use of technology

Their greatest use of technology is outside of school

Our students have changed radically. Today’s students are no longer the people our educational system was designed to teach. (Prensky, 2001)

Immigrants and Natives (Prensky, 2001) Can you hear this?

Knowing, Particpating, Living X X X Living X Participating Knowing Ignorance YouTube Flickr Blogs Web Level

Evolution of literacy TIME Everyone Everyone Programmers Priests, wealthy, educated Specialised technicians Scribes Programming Writing

Evolution of literacy TIME http://techrepublic.com.com/5100-10878_11-5053961.html Rise of the versatilists Everyone Everyone Some professionals Priests, wealthy, educated Programmers Scribes Programming Writing

P eople

Rationality

Culture

Each disciplinary culture has distinctive beliefs (Kezar, 2001)

Mathematicians: logic and consistency

Art historians: perspective and interpretation

Engineers: beer

Faculty, administrators, professional staff and students all hold different values

There has not been adequate recognition of the importance of inherent differences in organisational cultures, academic cultures, education and training philosophies, and teaching and learning values and traditions within different cultural groups . (Calder, 2000)

A critical strategy for effective e-learning is to recognize the different cultures of learning between and within organizations (Lea, 2003)

It is not just a question of establishing 'success factors' per se but also whether they are contextualised appropriately within a 'correct' characterisation of the organisational culture (Lisewski, 2004)

Cultural differences increase the difficulty of attempting to transplant models of practice between contexts (Calder 2000).

Studies of learning technology within HE settings have tended to display rather unsophisticated perspectives on the nature of the organisational culture and how to achieve effective cultural change. (Lisewski, 2004)

P roduct P urpose P lace P eople P ast experience P rocess

P rocess

Strategy

Teleological bias

Pedagogy

Unlike other financial or human resources management systems recently introduced into universities, online LMS have the potential to affect the core business of teaching and learning in unanticipated ways. (Coates et al, 2005)

Daniel (1996) urges universities to adopt learning technology strategies to address changing conceptions of the university campus and the need to enhance curriculum accessibility, reduce costs, nd increase the flexibility of T&L provision.

The Dearing Report (1997) emphasized the existing communications and information technology resources could only be used more effectively if 'institutional managers developed and implemented a coherent and comprehensive CIT strategy'

A lack of institutional learning technology strategies is a barrier to their more widespread adoption in T&L practice (Jenkins et al, 2001; Smith, 2002; Stiles, 2002)

Important factors in e-learning implementation include: senior management support, top-down budget allocation, central technical and pedagogic support and effective links across these and with faculties, staff development opportunities and reward and recognition for teaching or involvement in e-learning (Hanson, 2003)

The development of L&T in an expanding HE system should take a more strategic and longer term approach including a "vigorous program of R&D in teaching methods and educational technology (Macfarlane Report, 1992)

To date, much of the focus has been into the development of technologies or top-down policy aspirations, and not on the human dimensions, scaling-up and embedding of innovation and the associated management of change (Tham & Werner, 2005).

The turbulent and dynamic internal and external environment calls for networked educational management to be highly adaptive. It connects to the concept of learning organisations in which management needs to be highly adaptive. (Uys, 2002)

Administrators of these institutions seem to think “everyone else is doing it, so there must be something to it” – in other words, they see this transition as a necessity in this age of hyper-competition. (Sarker and Nicholson, 2005)

Even when individual educators embrace new technology institutional arrangements and policies in education such as institutional incentive structures, copyright and intellectual property rights constrain more innovative uses of e-learning. (Dutton and Loader, 2002)

6 main categories of theories of change: (Kezar, 2001):

Evolutionary

Teleological

Life cycle

Dialectical

Social cognition

Cultural

Extensive reivew suggests organisational change can best be explained through:

Political

Social-cognition

Cultural

Political: persuasion, informal negotiation, mediation and coality building

Social-cognition: altering mental models, learning, constructed interaction.

Cultural: symbolism, history and traditions, institutional culture

Teleological models "limited support from the research in terms of how change actually occurs in higher education and of efficacy for facilitating change"

P rocess

Strategy and Change

Teleological bias

Pedagogy

How do you design?

You've won a holiday to China/Russia

You have 30 days

All the money you need

Your choice how to use both

What do you do?

Design extremes Rules/regulators Master plan Control Decentralised Centralised Management Time Complexity/conflict Problems Local adaptation Problem solving Process Whole Part Scope Participant Explicit designer Designers Means/process Ends/results Design focus Homeostasis Effect/Efficiency Intermediate goals Harmony Goal/purpose Ultimate purpose Ateleological Teleological Attributes

Three questions about the nature of e-learning within a univeristy (within CQU).

Is the system around e-learning within a HEI relatively stable and predictable?

Can a small group of people "manipulate" the system's behaviour directly? Can they exert some form of "control"?

Can that group determine "accurately" the goals for the entire system?

For teleological design to be possible these three requirements must logically be met. (Introna, 1996)

Push to Pull (Seely Brown and Hagel, 2005) http://www.mckinseyquarterly.com/article_abstract.aspx?ar=1642 Positive-sum rewards Zero-sum rewards Rapid, incremental innovation Few major re-engineering efforts Focus on innovation Focus on efficiency Open participation Restricted participation People centric Resource centric Loosely coupled Tightly coupled Modular Procedural Decentralised control Centralised control Emergent design Top-down design Demand uncertain Demand anticipated Pull Push

The Systems Development Life Cycle

Planning

Analysis

Design

Implementation

Operation

Lifecycle model (Truex et al, 1999)

Lifecycle model (Truex et al, 1999) Only works in a stable context

Emergent context Wasted money Generally fail

Emergent context Stable systems drag

Emergent context Occurs more often More wasted money

The alternative

Always analysis

Dynamic requirements negotiation

Continuous redevelopment

Comparison

Comparison @ CQU Blackboard WebCT Topclass Webfuse

Research-based principles for change (Kezar, 2001)

Promote organisational self-discovery

Focus on adaptability

Construct opportunities for interaction

Strive to create homeostasis

Combine teleological with social-cognition, cultural and political strategies

Be open to a disorderly process

Facilitate shared governance and collective decision making

Connect the change process to individual and institutional identity

Create a culture of risk and help people in changing belief systems

Be aware different parts of the organisation will need different change models

As will different change initiatives

IT Strategic Planning T e l e o l o g i c a l A t e l e o l o g i c a l Big planning http://www.educause.edu/er/erm05/erm0522.asp?bhcp=1 Strategic planning Iterative planning Adaptive organisation

Evolution of IT planning http://www.educause.edu/er/erm05/erm0522.asp?bhcp=1  Focus on sensing, not planning  Modular infrastructure  Rapid execution  Close bus. and IT cooperation Just-in-time 2000s Adaptive organisation  Set direction  Build infrastr.  Small components delivered quickly  Joint bus and IT planning Short-term 1990s Iterative planning  Set vision  Less specificity  Project-based execution  Alignment of IT/bus. planning Medium-term 1980s Strategic planning  Detailed plans  Large docs  Not much action  Separate bus. and IT planning Long-term 1970s Big planning Characteristics Focus When Planning style

IS Development T e l e o l o g i c a l A t e l e o l o g i c a l Software development life-cycle http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/310930.310984 http://agilemanifesto.org http://www.agilealliance.org Agile development methodologies

Programming T e l e o l o g i c a l A t e l e o l o g i c a l Plan first http://www.testdriven.com http://www.paulgraham.com/hp.html http://www.itconversations.com/shows/detail164.html Test-driven development

Meta-data T e l e o l o g i c a l A t e l e o l o g i c a l Taxonomy http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folksonomy http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy Folksonomy

Standards T e l e o l o g i c a l A t e l e o l o g i c a l Top-down standards * IMS, SCORM http://microformats.org Micro-formats

Two main ways to introduce e-learning into traditional teaching (Salmon, 2005)

Large-scale centralization and provision of professional services.

Incremental, involving personal and departmental learning and development.

Use of technology to substitute current practice only results in incremental change, not transformation.

Technological artefacts often appear to generate new, unforeseen behaviours, which may strongly deviate from the initial intentions…..It is unavoidable that any replacement will cause secondary changes in patterns and behaviours that will be hardly predictable. (Westera, 2004)

P rocess

Corporate

Teleological bias

Pedagogy

http://flickr.com/photos/teepee1/93775668/

http://flickr.com/photos/sumit/93840305/

http://flickr.com/photos/schizoo23/94565916/

Which learning theory is your teaching based upon?

Knowing, Particpating, Living Living Participating Knowing Behaviourist Level

Knowing, Particpating, Living Living Participating Knowing Cognitivist Level

Knowing, Particpating, Living Living Participating Knowing Constructivist Level

Knowing, Particpating, Living http://elearning.surf.nl/e-learning/english/3793 Living Participating Knowing Connectivist Level

Too much of staff development for e-learning initiatives focuses on the level of teachers’ strategies – how to use a particular tool – rather than on their conception of learning. (Alexander, 2001)

First, any approach to " one technology and pedagogy fits all " is pretty much doomed to flap and then crash. (Salmon, 2005)

References

Anonyous. (2004). Mixed skies ahead: What happened to e-learning and why. Change , 36(2): 55-58

Bonk, C., & Dennen, V. (1999). Teaching on the Web: With a little help from my pedagogical friends. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 11(1), 3-28.

Hamish Coates, Richard James, Gabrielle Baldwin. (2005). A Critical Examination of the Effects of Learning Management Systems on University Teaching and Learning. Tertiary Education and Management , 11: 19-35.

Christian Dalsgaard. (2006). Social software: E-learning beyond learning management systems. Eurpoean Journal of Open, Distance and E-Learning , http://www.eurodl.org/materials/contrib/2006/Christian_Dalsgaard.htm

Robert Glass. (2001). Frequently Forgotten Fundamental Facts about Software Engineering. IEEE Software , 18(3) pp 112-111.

Wray Herbert. (2006). Marketing and Mind Control: How the emotional parts of our brains can be manipulated. Newsweek . http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/15391587/site/newsweek/page/1/

Jorge Klor de Alva. (2000). Remarking the Academy, EDUCAUSE Review, March/April 2000, pp32-40.

Rosabeth Moss Kanter. (2006). Innovation: The Classic Traps, Harvard Business Review

Andrew McAfee. (2006). Mastering the Three Worlds of Information Technology. Harvard Business Review , http://harvardbusinessonline.hbsp.harvard.edu/hbrsa/en/issue/0611/article/R0611J.jhtml