PLEs: Framing one future for lifelong learning, e-learning and universities,

PLEs: Framing one future for lifelong learning and universities David Jones http://cddu.cqu.edu.au/ http://cq-pan.cqu.edu.au/david-jones/

http://flickr.com/photos/druclimb/282597447/ Summary Develop a set of enablers Initial steps towards a design theory To guide implementation of PLEs within a university

http://flickr.com/photos/druclimb/282597447/ Overview Context and why? What and how? Steps towards design theory

http://flickr.com/photos/tonivc/411231251/ History

http://flickr.com/photos/tonivc/411231251/ ICT has penetrated tertiary education, but has had more impact on administrative services (e.g. admissions, registration, fee payment, purchasing) than on the pedagogic fundamentals of the classroom." (OECD, 2005, p.15)

http://flickr.com/photos/tonivc/411231251/ Best practice implementations report no more than 55% staff adoption rates (Sausner, 2005)

http://flickr.com/photos/tonivc/411231251/

In 2006

57% CQU courses had course sites,

Most with very limited usage

(Sausner, 2005)

http://flickr.com/photos/rcstanley/30366555/

http://flickr.com/photos/fatmandy/267252461/

http://flickr.com/photos/fatmandy/267252461/ http://flickr.com/photos/duncan/450469336/

http://flickr.com/photos/sookie/31219031/ Today and tomorrow

http://flickr.com/photos/stabilo-boss/93136022/

http://flickr.com/photos/sookie/31219031/ Those institutions that can continually change, keeping up with the needs of the transforming economy they serve, will surive. Those that cannot or will not change will become irrelevant, (Klor de Alva, 2000, p. 40)

http://flickr.com/photos/pbo31/209504598/ What do we know?

http://flickr.com/photos/pbo31/209504598/ little or no theoretically grounded and rigorous research into the structures and processes required to encourage the adoption of e-learning and to facilitate disseminate knowledge at the organisational level (Alavi & Leidner, 2001)

More models, that demonstrate the transferability and scalability of e-learning, are required (Salmon, 2005) http://flickr.com/photos/niallkennedy/54591543/

Build it and they will NOT come

http://flickr.com/photos/dalem/296189944/ nothing is so practical as a good theory (Lewin, 1945)

http://flickr.com/photos/dalem/296189944/ (Gregor and Jones, 2007) Theories are practical because they allow knowledge to be accumulated in a systematic manner and this accumulated knowledge enlightens professional practice

http://flickr.com/photos/dalem/296189944/ (Gregor, 2006) Codd's theory of relational database design How to do it?

Design & Action

Most traditional view of theory, General system theory, TAM What is, how, why and what will be?

Explanation & Prediction

Org size predicting innovativeness, Moore's Law What will be?

Prediction

Structurational model of technology (Orlikowski 1992) Taxonomies (e.g. Bloom's), frameworks Examples How & Why?

Explanation

What is?

Analysis

Question Type

http://flickr.com/photos/dalem/296189944/ What is theory? Of what is theory composed? How is theory expressed? What types of claims can be made? What types of questions are addressed? Ontological questions about theory

Empirical plane Theory plane Artifact Artifact Artifact Artifact Artifact Artifact Theory scope Principles of form/constructs Justificatory knowledge Principles of generation If X has property Z then Q If Y has property Y then P PLEs @ CQU Artifact mutability Artifact Artifact Artifact Artifact Artifact (Lyytinen, 2008) Testable hypotheses

Testable hypotheses Empirical plane Theory plane Artifact Artifact Artifact Artifact Artifact Artifact Theory scope If X has property Z then Q If Y has property Y then P PLEs @ CQU Artifact mutability Artifact Artifact Artifact Artifact Artifact (Lyytinen, 2008) Principles of form/constructs Justificatory knowledge Principles of generation Scope of this paper

Testable hypotheses Empirical plane Theory plane Artifact Artifact Artifact Artifact Artifact Artifact Theory scope If X has property Z then Q If Y has property Y then P PLEs @ CQU Artifact mutability Artifact Artifact Artifact Artifact Artifact (Lyytinen, 2008) WHAT Justificatory knowledge HOW Scope of this paper

Empirical plane Theory plane Artifact Artifact Artifact Artifact Artifact Artifact Theory scope PLEs @ CQU Artifact mutability Artifact Artifact Artifact Artifact Artifact (Lyytinen, 2008) WHAT Justificatory knowledge HOW Eventually If X has property Z then Q If Y has property Y then P Testable hypotheses

Empirical plane Theory plane PLEs @ CQU Artifact Artifact Artifact Artifact Artifact (Lyytinen, 2008) WHAT Justificatory knowledge HOW Eventually If X has property Z then Q If Y has property Y then P Artifact Artifact Artifact Theory scope Artifact Artifact Artifact Artifact mutability Testable hypotheses

PLEs @ CQU (Lyytinen, 2008) WHAT Justificatory knowledge HOW Eventually If X has property Z then Q If Y has property Y then P Artifact Artifact Artifact Theory scope Artifact Artifact Artifact Artifact mutability Theory plane Empirical plane Testable hypotheses

Testable hypotheses Empirical plane Theory plane Artifact Artifact Artifact Artifact Artifact Artifact Theory scope If X has property Z then Q If Y has property Y then P PLEs @ CQU Artifact mutability Artifact Artifact Artifact Artifact Artifact (Lyytinen, 2008) Principles of form/constructs Justificatory knowledge Principles of generation Scope of this paper

Theory plane Principles of form/constructs Justificatory knowledge Principles of generation Enablers WHAT HOW

Suggestions more than welcome Principles of form/constructs Justificatory knowledge Principles of generation Enablers WHAT HOW

http://flickr.com/photos/dalem/296189944/ Codd's theory of relational database design How to do it?

Design & Action

Most traditional view of theory, General system theory, TAM What is, how, why and what will be?

Explanation & Prediction

Org size predicting innovativeness, Moore's Law What will be?

Prediction

Structurational model of technology (Orlikowski 1992) Taxonomies (e.g. Bloom's), frameworks Examples How & Why?

Explanation

What is?

Analysis

Question Type

http://slurl.com/secondlife/Teaching%204/206/151/25It

http://flickr.com/photos/joits/225824796/ The Ps Framework A decision making to aid understanding of institutional implementation of e-learning

Past experience People Place Product Process Purpose Pedagogy

Past experience

http://flickr.com/photos/lorispindler/2569895656/ Be aware of, informed by and build on the specific experience of the host institution

Place Organisational Social Technical Legal

http://flickr.com/photos/askpang/327577395/

Scarcity to abundance

Information

Information technology

Student/teachers != consumer/producer Role of Universities

http://flickr.com/photos/bcnbits/468186933/ #3. Diffusion process that focuses on the unique problems of the host institution rather than best practice ideals Complexity theory (Snowden & Boone, 2007) #4. Active suport for disciplinary cultures (Harpe & Radloff, 2006)

Purpose

http://flickr.com/photos/sixsteps/244244045/ #8. No fixed purpose. Collaboratively, negotiated around needs and issues of local context and participants (Jones & Muldoon, 2007)

Pedagogy

http://flickr.com/photos/dquach/462387564/ #7. Focus on creating an environment to encourage pedagogical innovation rather then specify a pedagogy (Johnston, 1996; Mischra & Koehler, 2006; McMaster & Wastell, 2005; Surry & Farquhar, 1997)

People

http://flickr.com/photos/pug/5795673/ Create/encourage opportunities to "eat your own dog food"

http://flickr.com/photos/hungry_i/47938311/ Encourage reflection on conceptualisations of learning & teaching by staff

(Trigwell, 2001)

http://flickr.com/photos/biwook/390088839/ #6. Provide scaffolding to aid students/staff in the transition to using PLEs (technology and pedagogy) Involve students

http://flickr.com/photos/fullmetalgenesis/1403036441/ #2. Senior management support #3. Recognise need for safe-fail, not fail-safe (Snowden & Boone, 2007)

Product

http://flickr.com/photos/maisonbisson/170181701/ #1. Emphasis on enabling user choice of tools, not specifying which one Fulfill university requirements, with the tools already being used. Supplement, not replace existing products

Process

http://flickr.com/photos/airosan/2317720071/ Draw on diffusion theory (Rogers, 1995) to actively develop example applications that encourage adoption High on compatibility, ease of use, trialability, observability and relative advantage Low on complexity Technology Acceptance Model (Davis 1989)

http://flickr.com/photos/airosan/2317720071/ A recurrent message arising from the study of educational technologies, however, is that it is not the provision of features but their uptake and use that really determines their educational value. (Coates, James, and Baldwin 2005)

http://flickr.com/photos/bb_matt/306544780/ If a major project is truly innovative, you cannot possibly know its exact cost and its exact schedule at the beginning. And if in fact you do know the exact cost and the exact schedule, chances are that the technology is obsolete. -- Joseph Gavin Jr. http://flickr.com/photos/bb_matt/306544780/