The costs of self-presentation: dimensions of potential harm to content producers By David Brake http://davidbrake.org/ With the support of the Mediatized Stories Network http://www.intermedia.uio.no/mediatized/ 6 October 2009 David Brake

Outline of presentation Harm and the audience in a mass media context New producers, new dangers Agenda for media educators 6 October 2009 David Brake

Harm and the audience in a mass media context

New producers, new dangers

Agenda for media educators

Traditional conceptions of media harm Risks of harm are a result of harmful or offensive mediated content consumption Secondarily seen as a product of excessive media consumption itself Only the audience side of the producer-audience relationship is normally considered For an overview see: A. M. Hargrave and S. Livingstone, (2007) Harm and offence in media content: updating the 2005 review http://www.ofcom.org.uk/research/telecoms/reports/byron/annex6.pdf 6 October 2009 David Brake

Risks of harm are a result of harmful or offensive mediated content consumption

Secondarily seen as a product of excessive media consumption itself

Only the audience side of the producer-audience relationship is normally considered

For an overview see:

A. M. Hargrave and S. Livingstone, (2007) Harm and offence in media content: updating the 2005 review http://www.ofcom.org.uk/research/telecoms/reports/byron/annex6.pdf

New possibilities for production 06/10/09 David Brake

The massification of media production and distribution Producers of media content with potentially large circulation no longer a specialised, high status group but increasingly resemble the general public Breakdown of regulations and conventions around suitable content 6 October 2009 David Brake

Producers of media content with potentially large circulation no longer a specialised, high status group but increasingly resemble the general public

Breakdown of regulations and conventions around suitable content

New concerns from new media Some extensions of existing concerns (too much screen time, exposure to porn) Some new concerns (sexting, online bullying, unwanted fame) For a recent overview see: Livingstone, S., & Brake, D. (2009). On the rapid rise of social networking sites: New findings and policy implications. Children and Society (early view) doi:10.1111/j.1099-0860.2009.00243.x 6 October 2009 David Brake

Some extensions of existing concerns

(too much screen time, exposure to porn)

Some new concerns

(sexting, online bullying, unwanted fame)

For a recent overview see:

Livingstone, S., & Brake, D. (2009). On the rapid rise of social networking sites: New findings and policy implications. Children and Society (early view)

doi:10.1111/j.1099-0860.2009.00243.x

Under-examined dimensions of harm Differing understandings of audiences Small-scale, interpersonal interactional risks Exposure of others Harms which emerge over time 06/10/09 David Brake

Differing understandings of audiences

Small-scale, interpersonal interactional risks

Exposure of others

Harms which emerge over time

Differing understandings of audiences Self is presented to others but true nature of audience is often hidden For those interviewed this doesn’t create anxiety or desire and doesn’t encourage desire to know more. Audience is centrally imagined . 06/10/09 David Brake

Self is presented to others but true nature of audience is often hidden

For those interviewed this doesn’t create anxiety or desire and doesn’t encourage desire to know more.

Audience is centrally imagined .

Goffman: “ambiguities have to be resolved, lest the individual remain in doubt about the entire nature of the happenings around him” but in interviews: Whether there’s 50 [readers] or 500 of them is neither here nor there for you? No I’m pretty nonplussed. There could be 500 people reading for all I know but they don’t comment. Lurkers - that’s what we call them. 06/10/09 David Brake

Goffman: “ambiguities have to be resolved, lest the individual remain in doubt about the entire nature of the happenings around him” but in interviews:

Whether there’s 50 [readers] or 500 of them is neither here nor there for you?

No I’m pretty nonplussed. There could be 500 people reading for all I know but they don’t comment. Lurkers - that’s what we call them.

Audience usually imagined as positive (even in mid-19 th C) When he casts his leaves forth upon the wind, the author addresses, not the many who will fling aside his volume, or never take it up, but the few who will understand him, better than most of his schoolmates and life-mates. Some authors, indeed, do far more than this, and indulge themselves in such confidential depths of revelation as could fittingly be addressed, only and exclusively, to the one heart and mind of perfect sympathy; as if the printed book, thrown at large on the wide world, were certain to find out the divided segment of the writer’s own nature, and complete his circle of existence by bringing him into communion with it. Nathaniel Hawthorne – The Scarlet Letter 06/10/09 David Brake

When he casts his leaves forth upon the wind, the author addresses, not the many who will fling aside his volume, or never take it up, but the few who will understand him, better than most of his schoolmates and life-mates. Some authors, indeed, do far more than this, and indulge themselves in such confidential depths of revelation as could fittingly be addressed, only and exclusively, to the one heart and mind of perfect sympathy; as if the printed book, thrown at large on the wide world, were certain to find out the divided segment of the writer’s own nature, and complete his circle of existence by bringing him into communion with it.

Nathaniel Hawthorne – The Scarlet Letter

Audiences also assumed to share norms & cultural understandings “ One day I want to be a nurse and a part-time model for a magazine.” (From research by Mark Evan Nelson presented at preconference) 06/10/09 David Brake

“ One day I want to be a nurse and a part-time model for a magazine.”

(From research by Mark Evan Nelson presented at preconference)

Interpersonal interactional risks Relationship harm (family, friends) Career harm Always possibly a problem with interactions but online texts are persistent, searchable, replicable and potentially distributed to unknown audiences (boyd) 06/10/09 David Brake

Relationship harm (family, friends)

Career harm

Always possibly a problem with interactions but online texts are persistent, searchable, replicable and potentially distributed to unknown audiences (boyd)

Exposure of others Professionals have training in libel, understand (even if they choose to ignore) consequences of mass exposure, are subject to regulation. Social media users feel they have the right to say what they like about their lives but this includes others. 06/10/09 David Brake

Professionals have training in libel, understand (even if they choose to ignore) consequences of mass exposure, are subject to regulation.

Social media users feel they have the right to say what they like about their lives but this includes others.

In my feed because a friend ‘liked’ the picture 06/10/09 David Brake

Harms which may emerge over time We don’t know how messages will be read (and no availability of reactions ‘given off’) Even more so we can’t fully know consequences of future readings of present messages. But focus of writers seems to be on present not future reading. Views of self can change and societal norms change but online texts remain fixed (unless edited or deleted). Howsoever the individual presents himself on any occasion before any audience, there will be other places, times and audiences when he quite properly conducts himself in a manner that would discredit this first performance were his other conduct to be vividly brought to light. – Goffman Frame Analysis Retrospective editing would seem to be a partial answer but there’s a commitment to ‘authenticity’ 06/10/09 David Brake

We don’t know how messages will be read (and no availability of reactions ‘given off’)

Even more so we can’t fully know consequences of future readings of present messages. But focus of writers seems to be on present not future reading.

Views of self can change and societal norms change but online texts remain fixed (unless edited or deleted).

Howsoever the individual presents himself on any occasion before any audience, there will be other places, times and audiences when he quite properly conducts himself in a manner that would discredit this first performance were his other conduct to be vividly brought to light. – Goffman Frame Analysis

Retrospective editing would seem to be a partial answer but there’s a commitment to ‘authenticity’

Recap Under-studied potential harms Harms from small-scale circulation Harms from unanticipated persistence through time Harms from unanticipated reception by others Harms from unanticipated peer depictions Uncertainty about what the rules are and should be about production and reception. 06/10/09 David Brake

Under-studied potential harms

Harms from small-scale circulation

Harms from unanticipated persistence through time

Harms from unanticipated reception by others

Harms from unanticipated peer depictions

Uncertainty about what the rules are and should be about production and reception.

Some new issues to raise in media education Help understand privacy controls but also encourage understanding of need to use them Encourage reflexive examination of norms around production and consumption, their consequences and how others’ norms might be different. 06/10/09 David Brake

Help understand privacy controls but also encourage understanding of need to use them

Encourage reflexive examination of norms around production and consumption, their consequences and how others’ norms might be different.

Further Questions? Comments? Contact details: David Brake [email_address] http://davidbrake.org/ http://groupblog.workasone.net/ Thank you for your attention! 6 October 2009 David Brake

Contact details:

David Brake

[email_address]

http://davidbrake.org/

http://groupblog.workasone.net/

Thank you for your attention!