A lecture presentation on the structure of academic writing in engineering and science.

1. Academic Writing: David Lawrence
Communication Skills Specialist
Arrangement, Structure, Georgia Institute of Technology
Organization, taxis

2. From George Kennedy’s
Aristotle On Rhetoric
“An effective speech
[paper] follows a
structural pattern; that
is, it consists of parts,
each performing some
function, but joined
together into an artistic
unity (257).”

3. Arrangement:
Considerations

4. Arrangement:
Considerations
• Purpose

5. Arrangement:
Considerations
• Purpose
• Audience

6. Arrangement:
Considerations
• Purpose
• Audience
• Field of Argument

7. Arrangement:
Considerations
• Purpose
• Audience
• Field of Argument
• Conventions

8. Arrangement:
Considerations
• Purpose
• Audience
• Field of Argument
• Conventions
• Discipline

9. Arrangement:
Considerations
• Purpose
• Audience
• Field of Argument
• Conventions
• Discipline
• Culture

10. Arrangement:
Considerations
• Purpose
• Audience
• Field of Argument
• Conventions
• Discipline
• Culture
• Method(s)

11. Introduction - Methods - Results - Discussion
IMRaD

12. 1. Introduction
A number of behavioral studies have attempted to
Introduction determine the kinds of influences participative
budgeting has on such aspects as a subordinate's job
(first paragraph) satisfaction and job performance. Participative
budgeting allows a subordinate to bring his1 information
to the task of specifying standards of performance and
as such may lead to higher job performance and higher
job satisfaction. The evidence is generally mixed on the
former, but reasonably consistent on the latter (Locke
and Schweiger [1979]). The existence of information
asymmetry on the part of subordinates has recently
gained importance in agency theory, where concern is
focused on obtaining true revelations of subordinates'
inside information (e.g., see Baiman [1982] and
Christensen [1982]). The problem is that the existence
of private information coupled with participation may
give rise to situations in which subordinates intentionally
build excess requirements for resources into the
budget, or knowingly understate production capabilities
(Schiff and Lewin [1970], Bonin [1976], Lawler and
Rhode [1976], and Baiman and Evans [1983]). This
practice is known as creating budgetary slack.
However, not much is known about the conditions
under which participative budgeting can lead to the
creation of budgetary slack.
Source: A three-dimensional osteochondral composite scaffold for articular cartilage repair.
Jill K. Sherwooda,*, Susan L. Rileyb, Robert Palazzoloa, Scott C. Browna, Donald
C. Monkhousea, Matt Coatesc, Linda G. Griffithc, Lee K. Landeenb, Anthony Ratcliffeb
Biomaterials 23 (2002) 4739–4751

13. 1. Introduction
A number of behavioral studies have attempted to
Introduction determine the kinds of influences participative
budgeting has on such aspects as a subordinate's job
(first paragraph) satisfaction and job performance. Participative
budgeting allows a subordinate to bring his1 information
to the task of specifying standards of performance and
as such may lead to higher job performance and higher
job satisfaction. The evidence is generally mixed on the
• Gain reader interest former, but reasonably consistent on the latter (Locke
and Schweiger [1979]). The existence of information
asymmetry on the part of subordinates has recently
gained importance in agency theory, where concern is
focused on obtaining true revelations of subordinates'
inside information (e.g., see Baiman [1982] and
Christensen [1982]). The problem is that the existence
of private information coupled with participation may
give rise to situations in which subordinates intentionally
build excess requirements for resources into the
budget, or knowingly understate production capabilities
(Schiff and Lewin [1970], Bonin [1976], Lawler and
Rhode [1976], and Baiman and Evans [1983]). This
practice is known as creating budgetary slack.
However, not much is known about the conditions
under which participative budgeting can lead to the
creation of budgetary slack.
Source: A three-dimensional osteochondral composite scaffold for articular cartilage repair.
Jill K. Sherwooda,*, Susan L. Rileyb, Robert Palazzoloa, Scott C. Browna, Donald
C. Monkhousea, Matt Coatesc, Linda G. Griffithc, Lee K. Landeenb, Anthony Ratcliffeb
Biomaterials 23 (2002) 4739–4751

14. 1. Introduction
A number of behavioral studies have attempted to
Introduction determine the kinds of influences participative
budgeting has on such aspects as a subordinate's job
(first paragraph) satisfaction and job performance. Participative
budgeting allows a subordinate to bring his1 information
to the task of specifying standards of performance and
as such may lead to higher job performance and higher
job satisfaction. The evidence is generally mixed on the
• Gain reader interest former, but reasonably consistent on the latter (Locke
and Schweiger [1979]). The existence of information
asymmetry on the part of subordinates has recently
• Start broad, then narrow gained importance in agency theory, where concern is
focused on obtaining true revelations of subordinates'
inside information (e.g., see Baiman [1982] and
Christensen [1982]). The problem is that the existence
of private information coupled with participation may
give rise to situations in which subordinates intentionally
build excess requirements for resources into the
budget, or knowingly understate production capabilities
(Schiff and Lewin [1970], Bonin [1976], Lawler and
Rhode [1976], and Baiman and Evans [1983]). This
practice is known as creating budgetary slack.
However, not much is known about the conditions
under which participative budgeting can lead to the
creation of budgetary slack.
Source: A three-dimensional osteochondral composite scaffold for articular cartilage repair.
Jill K. Sherwooda,*, Susan L. Rileyb, Robert Palazzoloa, Scott C. Browna, Donald
C. Monkhousea, Matt Coatesc, Linda G. Griffithc, Lee K. Landeenb, Anthony Ratcliffeb
Biomaterials 23 (2002) 4739–4751

15. 1. Introduction
A number of behavioral studies have attempted to
Introduction determine the kinds of influences participative
budgeting has on such aspects as a subordinate's job
(first paragraph) satisfaction and job performance. Participative
budgeting allows a subordinate to bring his1 information
to the task of specifying standards of performance and
as such may lead to higher job performance and higher
job satisfaction. The evidence is generally mixed on the
• Gain reader interest former, but reasonably consistent on the latter (Locke
and Schweiger [1979]). The existence of information
asymmetry on the part of subordinates has recently
• Start broad, then narrow gained importance in agency theory, where concern is
focused on obtaining true revelations of subordinates'
• Situate research / context inside information (e.g., see Baiman [1982] and
Christensen [1982]). The problem is that the existence
of private information coupled with participation may
give rise to situations in which subordinates intentionally
build excess requirements for resources into the
budget, or knowingly understate production capabilities
(Schiff and Lewin [1970], Bonin [1976], Lawler and
Rhode [1976], and Baiman and Evans [1983]). This
practice is known as creating budgetary slack.
However, not much is known about the conditions
under which participative budgeting can lead to the
creation of budgetary slack.
Source: A three-dimensional osteochondral composite scaffold for articular cartilage repair.
Jill K. Sherwooda,*, Susan L. Rileyb, Robert Palazzoloa, Scott C. Browna, Donald
C. Monkhousea, Matt Coatesc, Linda G. Griffithc, Lee K. Landeenb, Anthony Ratcliffeb
Biomaterials 23 (2002) 4739–4751

16. 1. Introduction
A number of behavioral studies have attempted to
Introduction determine the kinds of influences participative
budgeting has on such aspects as a subordinate's job
(first paragraph) satisfaction and job performance. Participative
budgeting allows a subordinate to bring his1 information
to the task of specifying standards of performance and
as such may lead to higher job performance and higher
job satisfaction. The evidence is generally mixed on the
• Gain reader interest former, but reasonably consistent on the latter (Locke
and Schweiger [1979]). The existence of information
asymmetry on the part of subordinates has recently
• Start broad, then narrow gained importance in agency theory, where concern is
focused on obtaining true revelations of subordinates'
• Situate research / context inside information (e.g., see Baiman [1982] and
Christensen [1982]). The problem is that the existence
of private information coupled with participation may
• Statement of problem / give rise to situations in which subordinates intentionally
build excess requirements for resources into the
budget, or knowingly understate production capabilities
research question (Schiff and Lewin [1970], Bonin [1976], Lawler and
Rhode [1976], and Baiman and Evans [1983]). This
practice is known as creating budgetary slack.
However, not much is known about the conditions
under which participative budgeting can lead to the
creation of budgetary slack.
Source: A three-dimensional osteochondral composite scaffold for articular cartilage repair.
Jill K. Sherwooda,*, Susan L. Rileyb, Robert Palazzoloa, Scott C. Browna, Donald
C. Monkhousea, Matt Coatesc, Linda G. Griffithc, Lee K. Landeenb, Anthony Ratcliffeb
Biomaterials 23 (2002) 4739–4751

17. 1. Introduction
A number of behavioral studies have attempted to
Introduction determine the kinds of influences participative
budgeting has on such aspects as a subordinate's job
(first paragraph) satisfaction and job performance. Participative
budgeting allows a subordinate to bring his1 information
to the task of specifying standards of performance and
as such may lead to higher job performance and higher
job satisfaction. The evidence is generally mixed on the
• Gain reader interest former, but reasonably consistent on the latter (Locke
and Schweiger [1979]). The existence of information
asymmetry on the part of subordinates has recently
• Start broad, then narrow gained importance in agency theory, where concern is
focused on obtaining true revelations of subordinates'
• Situate research / context inside information (e.g., see Baiman [1982] and
Christensen [1982]). The problem is that the existence
of private information coupled with participation may
• Statement of problem / give rise to situations in which subordinates intentionally
build excess requirements for resources into the
budget, or knowingly understate production capabilities
research question (Schiff and Lewin [1970], Bonin [1976], Lawler and
Rhode [1976], and Baiman and Evans [1983]). This
practice is known as creating budgetary slack.
However, not much is known about the conditions
under which participative budgeting can lead to the
creation of budgetary slack.
Source: A three-dimensional osteochondral composite scaffold for articular cartilage repair.
Jill K. Sherwooda,*, Susan L. Rileyb, Robert Palazzoloa, Scott C. Browna, Donald
C. Monkhousea, Matt Coatesc, Linda G. Griffithc, Lee K. Landeenb, Anthony Ratcliffeb
Biomaterials 23 (2002) 4739–4751

18. 1. Introduction
A number of behavioral studies have attempted to
Introduction determine the kinds of influences participative
budgeting has on such aspects as a subordinate's job
(first paragraph) satisfaction and job performance. Participative
budgeting allows a subordinate to bring his1 information
to the task of specifying standards of performance and
as such may lead to higher job performance and higher
job satisfaction. The evidence is generally mixed on the
• Gain reader interest former, but reasonably consistent on the latter (Locke
and Schweiger [1979]). The existence of information
asymmetry on the part of subordinates has recently
• Start broad, then narrow gained importance in agency theory, where concern is
focused on obtaining true revelations of subordinates'
• Situate research / context inside information (e.g., see Baiman [1982] and
Christensen [1982]). The problem is that the existence
of private information coupled with participation may
• Statement of problem / give rise to situations in which subordinates intentionally
build excess requirements for resources into the
budget, or knowingly understate production capabilities
research question (Schiff and Lewin [1970], Bonin [1976], Lawler and
Rhode [1976], and Baiman and Evans [1983]). This
practice is known as creating budgetary slack.
However, not much is known about the conditions
under which participative budgeting can lead to the
creation of budgetary slack.
Source: A three-dimensional osteochondral composite scaffold for articular cartilage repair.
Jill K. Sherwooda,*, Susan L. Rileyb, Robert Palazzoloa, Scott C. Browna, Donald
C. Monkhousea, Matt Coatesc, Linda G. Griffithc, Lee K. Landeenb, Anthony Ratcliffeb
Biomaterials 23 (2002) 4739–4751

19. 1. Introduction
A number of behavioral studies have attempted to
Introduction determine the kinds of influences participative
budgeting has on such aspects as a subordinate's job
(first paragraph) satisfaction and job performance. Participative
budgeting allows a subordinate to bring his1 information
to the task of specifying standards of performance and
as such may lead to higher job performance and higher
job satisfaction. The evidence is generally mixed on the
• Gain reader interest former, but reasonably consistent on the latter (Locke
and Schweiger [1979]). The existence of information
asymmetry on the part of subordinates has recently
• Start broad, then narrow gained importance in agency theory, where concern is
focused on obtaining true revelations of subordinates'
• Situate research / context inside information (e.g., see Baiman [1982] and
Christensen [1982]). The problem is that the existence
of private information coupled with participation may
• Statement of problem / give rise to situations in which subordinates intentionally
build excess requirements for resources into the
budget, or knowingly understate production capabilities
research question (Schiff and Lewin [1970], Bonin [1976], Lawler and
Rhode [1976], and Baiman and Evans [1983]). This
practice is known as creating budgetary slack.
However, not much is known about the conditions
under which participative budgeting can lead to the
creation of budgetary slack.
Source: A three-dimensional osteochondral composite scaffold for articular cartilage repair.
Jill K. Sherwooda,*, Susan L. Rileyb, Robert Palazzoloa, Scott C. Browna, Donald
C. Monkhousea, Matt Coatesc, Linda G. Griffithc, Lee K. Landeenb, Anthony Ratcliffeb
Biomaterials 23 (2002) 4739–4751

20. 1. Introduction
A number of behavioral studies have attempted to
Introduction determine the kinds of influences participative
budgeting has on such aspects as a subordinate's job
(first paragraph) satisfaction and job performance. Participative
budgeting allows a subordinate to bring his1 information
to the task of specifying standards of performance and
as such may lead to higher job performance and higher
job satisfaction. The evidence is generally mixed on the
• Gain reader interest former, but reasonably consistent on the latter (Locke
and Schweiger [1979]). The existence of information
asymmetry on the part of subordinates has recently
• Start broad, then narrow gained importance in agency theory, where concern is
focused on obtaining true revelations of subordinates'
• Situate research / context inside information (e.g., see Baiman [1982] and
Christensen [1982]). The problem is that the existence
of private information coupled with participation may
• Statement of problem / give rise to situations in which subordinates intentionally
build excess requirements for resources into the
budget, or knowingly understate production capabilities
research question (Schiff and Lewin [1970], Bonin [1976], Lawler and
Rhode [1976], and Baiman and Evans [1983]). This
practice is known as creating budgetary slack.
However, not much is known about the conditions
under which participative budgeting can lead to the
creation of budgetary slack.
Source: A three-dimensional osteochondral composite scaffold for articular cartilage repair.
Jill K. Sherwooda,*, Susan L. Rileyb, Robert Palazzoloa, Scott C. Browna, Donald
C. Monkhousea, Matt Coatesc, Linda G. Griffithc, Lee K. Landeenb, Anthony Ratcliffeb
Biomaterials 23 (2002) 4739–4751

21. 1. Introduction
Introduction Over 16 million people in the US suffer from
(first paragraph) severe joint pain and related dysfunction, such
as loss of motion, as a result of injury or
osteoarthritis [1,2]. In particular, loss of
function of the knees can severely impact
mobility and thus the patient’s quality of life.
The biological basis of joint problems is the
deterioration of articular cartilage [3], which
covers the bone at the joint surface and
performs many complex functions. Articular
cartilage is composed of hyaline cartilage
which has unique properties, such as
viscoelastic deformation, that allow it to
absorb shock, distribute loads, and facilitate
stable motion [4–13]. Self-repair of hyaline
cartilage is limited [14,15] and the tissue that
forms is usually a combination of hyaline and
fibrocartilage [16], which does not perform as
well as hyaline cartilage and can degrade over
time [17].
Source: Participative Budgeting: The Effects of Risk Aversion and Asymmetric Information on
Budgetary Slack
Mark Young
Journal of Accounting Research, Vol. 23, No. 2, (Autumn 1985), pp. 829-842.

22. 1. Introduction
Introduction Over 16 million people in the US suffer from
(first paragraph) severe joint pain and related dysfunction, such
as loss of motion, as a result of injury or
osteoarthritis [1,2]. In particular, loss of
function of the knees can severely impact
• Gain reader interest mobility and thus the patient’s quality of life.
The biological basis of joint problems is the
deterioration of articular cartilage [3], which
covers the bone at the joint surface and
performs many complex functions. Articular
cartilage is composed of hyaline cartilage
which has unique properties, such as
viscoelastic deformation, that allow it to
absorb shock, distribute loads, and facilitate
stable motion [4–13]. Self-repair of hyaline
cartilage is limited [14,15] and the tissue that
forms is usually a combination of hyaline and
fibrocartilage [16], which does not perform as
well as hyaline cartilage and can degrade over
time [17].
Source: Participative Budgeting: The Effects of Risk Aversion and Asymmetric Information on
Budgetary Slack
Mark Young
Journal of Accounting Research, Vol. 23, No. 2, (Autumn 1985), pp. 829-842.

23. 1. Introduction
Introduction Over 16 million people in the US suffer from
(first paragraph) severe joint pain and related dysfunction, such
as loss of motion, as a result of injury or
osteoarthritis [1,2]. In particular, loss of
function of the knees can severely impact
• Gain reader interest mobility and thus the patient’s quality of life.
The biological basis of joint problems is the
deterioration of articular cartilage [3], which
• Start broad, then narrow covers the bone at the joint surface and
performs many complex functions. Articular
cartilage is composed of hyaline cartilage
which has unique properties, such as
viscoelastic deformation, that allow it to
absorb shock, distribute loads, and facilitate
stable motion [4–13]. Self-repair of hyaline
cartilage is limited [14,15] and the tissue that
forms is usually a combination of hyaline and
fibrocartilage [16], which does not perform as
well as hyaline cartilage and can degrade over
time [17].
Source: Participative Budgeting: The Effects of Risk Aversion and Asymmetric Information on
Budgetary Slack
Mark Young
Journal of Accounting Research, Vol. 23, No. 2, (Autumn 1985), pp. 829-842.

24. 1. Introduction
Introduction Over 16 million people in the US suffer from
(first paragraph) severe joint pain and related dysfunction, such
as loss of motion, as a result of injury or
osteoarthritis [1,2]. In particular, loss of
function of the knees can severely impact
• Gain reader interest mobility and thus the patient’s quality of life.
The biological basis of joint problems is the
deterioration of articular cartilage [3], which
• Start broad, then narrow covers the bone at the joint surface and
performs many complex functions. Articular
• Situate research / context cartilage is composed of hyaline cartilage
which has unique properties, such as
viscoelastic deformation, that allow it to
absorb shock, distribute loads, and facilitate
stable motion [4–13]. Self-repair of hyaline
cartilage is limited [14,15] and the tissue that
forms is usually a combination of hyaline and
fibrocartilage [16], which does not perform as
well as hyaline cartilage and can degrade over
time [17].
Source: Participative Budgeting: The Effects of Risk Aversion and Asymmetric Information on
Budgetary Slack
Mark Young
Journal of Accounting Research, Vol. 23, No. 2, (Autumn 1985), pp. 829-842.

25. 1. Introduction
Introduction Over 16 million people in the US suffer from
(first paragraph) severe joint pain and related dysfunction, such
as loss of motion, as a result of injury or
osteoarthritis [1,2]. In particular, loss of
function of the knees can severely impact
• Gain reader interest mobility and thus the patient’s quality of life.
The biological basis of joint problems is the
deterioration of articular cartilage [3], which
• Start broad, then narrow covers the bone at the joint surface and
performs many complex functions. Articular
• Situate research / context cartilage is composed of hyaline cartilage
which has unique properties, such as
• Statement of problem / viscoelastic deformation, that allow it to
absorb shock, distribute loads, and facilitate
research question stable motion [4–13]. Self-repair of hyaline
cartilage is limited [14,15] and the tissue that
forms is usually a combination of hyaline and
fibrocartilage [16], which does not perform as
well as hyaline cartilage and can degrade over
time [17].
Source: Participative Budgeting: The Effects of Risk Aversion and Asymmetric Information on
Budgetary Slack
Mark Young
Journal of Accounting Research, Vol. 23, No. 2, (Autumn 1985), pp. 829-842.

26. 1. Introduction
Introduction Over 16 million people in the US suffer from
(first paragraph) severe joint pain and related dysfunction, such
as loss of motion, as a result of injury or
osteoarthritis [1,2]. In particular, loss of
function of the knees can severely impact
• Gain reader interest mobility and thus the patient’s quality of life.
The biological basis of joint problems is the
deterioration of articular cartilage [3], which
• Start broad, then narrow covers the bone at the joint surface and
performs many complex functions. Articular
• Situate research / context cartilage is composed of hyaline cartilage
which has unique properties, such as
• Statement of problem / viscoelastic deformation, that allow it to
absorb shock, distribute loads, and facilitate
research question stable motion [4–13]. Self-repair of hyaline
cartilage is limited [14,15] and the tissue that
forms is usually a combination of hyaline and
fibrocartilage [16], which does not perform as
well as hyaline cartilage and can degrade over
time [17].
Source: Participative Budgeting: The Effects of Risk Aversion and Asymmetric Information on
Budgetary Slack
Mark Young
Journal of Accounting Research, Vol. 23, No. 2, (Autumn 1985), pp. 829-842.

27. 1. Introduction
Introduction Over 16 million people in the US suffer from
(first paragraph) severe joint pain and related dysfunction, such
as loss of motion, as a result of injury or
osteoarthritis [1,2]. In particular, loss of
function of the knees can severely impact
• Gain reader interest mobility and thus the patient’s quality of life.
The biological basis of joint problems is the
deterioration of articular cartilage [3], which
• Start broad, then narrow covers the bone at the joint surface and
performs many complex functions. Articular
• Situate research / context cartilage is composed of hyaline cartilage
which has unique properties, such as
• Statement of problem / viscoelastic deformation, that allow it to
absorb shock, distribute loads, and facilitate
research question stable motion [4–13]. Self-repair of hyaline
cartilage is limited [14,15] and the tissue that
forms is usually a combination of hyaline and
fibrocartilage [16], which does not perform as
well as hyaline cartilage and can degrade over
time [17].
Source: Participative Budgeting: The Effects of Risk Aversion and Asymmetric Information on
Budgetary Slack
Mark Young
Journal of Accounting Research, Vol. 23, No. 2, (Autumn 1985), pp. 829-842.

28. 1. Introduction
Introduction Over 16 million people in the US suffer from
(first paragraph) severe joint pain and related dysfunction, such
as loss of motion, as a result of injury or
osteoarthritis [1,2]. In particular, loss of
function of the knees can severely impact
• Gain reader interest mobility and thus the patient’s quality of life.
The biological basis of joint problems is the
deterioration of articular cartilage [3], which
• Start broad, then narrow covers the bone at the joint surface and
performs many complex functions. Articular
• Situate research / context cartilage is composed of hyaline cartilage
which has unique properties, such as
• Statement of problem / viscoelastic deformation, that allow it to
absorb shock, distribute loads, and facilitate
research question stable motion [4–13]. Self-repair of hyaline
cartilage is limited [14,15] and the tissue that
forms is usually a combination of hyaline and
fibrocartilage [16], which does not perform as
well as hyaline cartilage and can degrade over
time [17].
Source: Participative Budgeting: The Effects of Risk Aversion and Asymmetric Information on
Budgetary Slack
Mark Young
Journal of Accounting Research, Vol. 23, No. 2, (Autumn 1985), pp. 829-842.

29. 1. Introduction
Introduction Over 16 million people in the US suffer from
(first paragraph) severe joint pain and related dysfunction, such
as loss of motion, as a result of injury or
osteoarthritis [1,2]. In particular, loss of
function of the knees can severely impact
• Gain reader interest mobility and thus the patient’s quality of life.
The biological basis of joint problems is the
deterioration of articular cartilage [3], which
• Start broad, then narrow covers the bone at the joint surface and
performs many complex functions. Articular
• Situate research / context cartilage is composed of hyaline cartilage
which has unique properties, such as
• Statement of problem / viscoelastic deformation, that allow it to
absorb shock, distribute loads, and facilitate
research question stable motion [4–13]. Self-repair of hyaline
cartilage is limited [14,15] and the tissue that
forms is usually a combination of hyaline and
fibrocartilage [16], which does not perform as
well as hyaline cartilage and can degrade over
time [17].
Source: Participative Budgeting: The Effects of Risk Aversion and Asymmetric Information on
Budgetary Slack
Mark Young
Journal of Accounting Research, Vol. 23, No. 2, (Autumn 1985), pp. 829-842.

30. Microfluidic devices of varying levels of
Introduction complexity are rapidly gaining popularity
(other paragraphs) within the cell biology community.1–4
Most are 2D in the sense that the cells
are plated on top of a coated substrate.
Patterned substrates have been studied
as well as surfaces with topological
variations.5-7 These are useful for
studying cell confinement, alignment and
cell-cell cell-surface or receptor-ligand
interactions. Researchers now generally
agree, however, that many critical
biological subtleties may be missed in
2D cell culture models8-10 and are
seeking alternative approaches that
incorporate a 3D gel or matrix.
Source: Design, fabrication and implementation of a novel multi-parameter control microfluidic
platform for three-dimensional cell culture and real-time imaging†
Vernella Vickerman,a Jennifer Blundo,b Seok Chungc and Roger Kamm*c,d

31. Microfluidic devices of varying levels of
Introduction complexity are rapidly gaining popularity
(other paragraphs) within the cell biology community.1–4
Most are 2D in the sense that the cells
are plated on top of a coated substrate.
Patterned substrates have been studied
• Research Objective as well as surfaces with topological
variations.5-7 These are useful for
studying cell confinement, alignment and
cell-cell cell-surface or receptor-ligand
interactions. Researchers now generally
agree, however, that many critical
biological subtleties may be missed in
2D cell culture models8-10 and are
seeking alternative approaches that
incorporate a 3D gel or matrix.
Source: Design, fabrication and implementation of a novel multi-parameter control microfluidic
platform for three-dimensional cell culture and real-time imaging†
Vernella Vickerman,a Jennifer Blundo,b Seok Chungc and Roger Kamm*c,d

32. Microfluidic devices of varying levels of
Introduction complexity are rapidly gaining popularity
(other paragraphs) within the cell biology community.1–4
Most are 2D in the sense that the cells
are plated on top of a coated substrate.
Patterned substrates have been studied
• Research Objective as well as surfaces with topological
variations.5-7 These are useful for
• Literature Review studying cell confinement, alignment and
cell-cell cell-surface or receptor-ligand
interactions. Researchers now generally
agree, however, that many critical
biological subtleties may be missed in
2D cell culture models8-10 and are
seeking alternative approaches that
incorporate a 3D gel or matrix.
Source: Design, fabrication and implementation of a novel multi-parameter control microfluidic
platform for three-dimensional cell culture and real-time imaging†
Vernella Vickerman,a Jennifer Blundo,b Seok Chungc and Roger Kamm*c,d

33. Microfluidic devices of varying levels of
Introduction complexity are rapidly gaining popularity
(other paragraphs) within the cell biology community.1–4
Most are 2D in the sense that the cells
are plated on top of a coated substrate.
Patterned substrates have been studied
• Research Objective as well as surfaces with topological
variations.5-7 These are useful for
• Literature Review studying cell confinement, alignment and
cell-cell cell-surface or receptor-ligand
• Internal Preview interactions. Researchers now generally
agree, however, that many critical
biological subtleties may be missed in
2D cell culture models8-10 and are
seeking alternative approaches that
incorporate a 3D gel or matrix.
Source: Design, fabrication and implementation of a novel multi-parameter control microfluidic
platform for three-dimensional cell culture and real-time imaging†
Vernella Vickerman,a Jennifer Blundo,b Seok Chungc and Roger Kamm*c,d

34. Microfluidic devices of varying levels of
Introduction complexity are rapidly gaining popularity
(other paragraphs) within the cell biology community.1–4
Most are 2D in the sense that the cells
are plated on top of a coated substrate.
Patterned substrates have been studied
• Research Objective as well as surfaces with topological
variations.5-7 These are useful for
• Literature Review studying cell confinement, alignment and
cell-cell cell-surface or receptor-ligand
• Internal Preview interactions. Researchers now generally
agree, however, that many critical
• Research Question biological subtleties may be missed in
2D cell culture models8-10 and are
seeking alternative approaches that
incorporate a 3D gel or matrix.
Source: Design, fabrication and implementation of a novel multi-parameter control microfluidic
platform for three-dimensional cell culture and real-time imaging†
Vernella Vickerman,a Jennifer Blundo,b Seok Chungc and Roger Kamm*c,d

35. Microfluidic devices of varying levels of
Introduction complexity are rapidly gaining popularity
(other paragraphs) within the cell biology community.1–4
Most are 2D in the sense that the cells
are plated on top of a coated substrate.
Patterned substrates have been studied
• Research Objective as well as surfaces with topological
variations.5-7 These are useful for
• Literature Review studying cell confinement, alignment and
cell-cell cell-surface or receptor-ligand
• Internal Preview interactions. Researchers now generally
agree, however, that many critical
• Research Question biological subtleties may be missed in
2D cell culture models8-10 and are
seeking alternative approaches that
incorporate a 3D gel or matrix.
Source: Design, fabrication and implementation of a novel multi-parameter control microfluidic
platform for three-dimensional cell culture and real-time imaging†
Vernella Vickerman,a Jennifer Blundo,b Seok Chungc and Roger Kamm*c,d

36. Introduction This paper is organized in four sections.
(other paragraphs) In the first section, I provide an overview
of thalamic and cortical responses to
vibrissa stimulation at 1–40 Hz. In the
second section, I propose that these
neural response characteristics serve to
optimize detection during low-frequency
contexts (e.g., resting) and discrimination
during whisking. In the third section, I
describe vibrissa resonance and propose
that it may by crucial for the
representation of high-frequency stimuli.
In the fourth section, I hypothesize that
distinct low- and high-frequency
processing modes may exist within so-
matosensory cortex (SI).
Source: Design, fabrication and implementation of a novel multi-parameter control microfluidic
platform for three-dimensional cell culture and real-time imaging†
Vernella Vickerman,a Jennifer Blundo,b Seok Chungc and Roger Kamm*c,d

37. Introduction This paper is organized in four sections.
(other paragraphs) In the first section, I provide an overview
of thalamic and cortical responses to
vibrissa stimulation at 1–40 Hz. In the
second section, I propose that these
neural response characteristics serve to
• Research Objective
optimize detection during low-frequency
contexts (e.g., resting) and discrimination
during whisking. In the third section, I
describe vibrissa resonance and propose
that it may by crucial for the
representation of high-frequency stimuli.
In the fourth section, I hypothesize that
distinct low- and high-frequency
processing modes may exist within so-
matosensory cortex (SI).
Source: Design, fabrication and implementation of a novel multi-parameter control microfluidic
platform for three-dimensional cell culture and real-time imaging†
Vernella Vickerman,a Jennifer Blundo,b Seok Chungc and Roger Kamm*c,d

38. Introduction This paper is organized in four sections.
(other paragraphs) In the first section, I provide an overview
of thalamic and cortical responses to
vibrissa stimulation at 1–40 Hz. In the
second section, I propose that these
neural response characteristics serve to
• Research Objective
optimize detection during low-frequency
• Literature Review contexts (e.g., resting) and discrimination
during whisking. In the third section, I
describe vibrissa resonance and propose
that it may by crucial for the
representation of high-frequency stimuli.
In the fourth section, I hypothesize that
distinct low- and high-frequency
processing modes may exist within so-
matosensory cortex (SI).
Source: Design, fabrication and implementation of a novel multi-parameter control microfluidic
platform for three-dimensional cell culture and real-time imaging†
Vernella Vickerman,a Jennifer Blundo,b Seok Chungc and Roger Kamm*c,d

39. Introduction This paper is organized in four sections.
(other paragraphs) In the first section, I provide an overview
of thalamic and cortical responses to
vibrissa stimulation at 1–40 Hz. In the
second section, I propose that these
neural response characteristics serve to
• Research Objective
optimize detection during low-frequency
• Literature Review contexts (e.g., resting) and discrimination
during whisking. In the third section, I
• Internal Preview describe vibrissa resonance and propose
that it may by crucial for the
representation of high-frequency stimuli.
In the fourth section, I hypothesize that
distinct low- and high-frequency
processing modes may exist within so-
matosensory cortex (SI).
Source: Design, fabrication and implementation of a novel multi-parameter control microfluidic
platform for three-dimensional cell culture and real-time imaging†
Vernella Vickerman,a Jennifer Blundo,b Seok Chungc and Roger Kamm*c,d

40. Introduction This paper is organized in four sections.
(other paragraphs) In the first section, I provide an overview
of thalamic and cortical responses to
vibrissa stimulation at 1–40 Hz. In the
second section, I propose that these
neural response characteristics serve to
• Research Objective
optimize detection during low-frequency
• Literature Review contexts (e.g., resting) and discrimination
during whisking. In the third section, I
• Internal Preview describe vibrissa resonance and propose
that it may by crucial for the
• Research Question representation of high-frequency stimuli.
In the fourth section, I hypothesize that
distinct low- and high-frequency
processing modes may exist within so-
matosensory cortex (SI).
Source: Design, fabrication and implementation of a novel multi-parameter control microfluidic
platform for three-dimensional cell culture and real-time imaging†
Vernella Vickerman,a Jennifer Blundo,b Seok Chungc and Roger Kamm*c,d

41. Introduction This paper is organized in four sections.
(other paragraphs) In the first section, I provide an overview
of thalamic and cortical responses to
vibrissa stimulation at 1–40 Hz. In the
second section, I propose that these
neural response characteristics serve to
• Research Objective
optimize detection during low-frequency
• Literature Review contexts (e.g., resting) and discrimination
during whisking. In the third section, I
• Internal Preview describe vibrissa resonance and propose
that it may by crucial for the
• Research Question representation of high-frequency stimuli.
In the fourth section, I hypothesize that
distinct low- and high-frequency
processing modes may exist within so-
matosensory cortex (SI).
Source: Design, fabrication and implementation of a novel multi-parameter control microfluidic
platform for three-dimensional cell culture and real-time imaging†
Vernella Vickerman,a Jennifer Blundo,b Seok Chungc and Roger Kamm*c,d

42. Introduction Following these leads, this article
(other paragraphs)
focuses on another organism, the
broiler or young meat-type chicken,
asking how science and technology
have subordinated its biology to the
dictates of industrial production. By
looking explicitly at those
technoscientific practices involved
in making the industrial chicken, it
offers a perspective on the course
of technological change in
agriculture that further blurs the
distinction between nature and
technology.5
Source: Boyd, William. “Making Meat: Science, Technology, and American Poultry Production
Technology and Culture, Vol. 42, No. 4 (Oct., 2001), pp. 631-664

43. Introduction Following these leads, this article
(other paragraphs)
focuses on another organism, the
broiler or young meat-type chicken,
asking how science and technology
• Research Objective have subordinated its biology to the
dictates of industrial production. By
looking explicitly at those
technoscientific practices involved
in making the industrial chicken, it
offers a perspective on the course
of technological change in
agriculture that further blurs the
distinction between nature and
technology.5
Source: Boyd, William. “Making Meat: Science, Technology, and American Poultry Production
Technology and Culture, Vol. 42, No. 4 (Oct., 2001), pp. 631-664

44. Introduction Following these leads, this article
(other paragraphs)
focuses on another organism, the
broiler or young meat-type chicken,
asking how science and technology
• Research Objective have subordinated its biology to the
dictates of industrial production. By
• Literature Review looking explicitly at those
technoscientific practices involved
in making the industrial chicken, it
offers a perspective on the course
of technological change in
agriculture that further blurs the
distinction between nature and
technology.5
Source: Boyd, William. “Making Meat: Science, Technology, and American Poultry Production
Technology and Culture, Vol. 42, No. 4 (Oct., 2001), pp. 631-664

45. Introduction Following these leads, this article
(other paragraphs)
focuses on another organism, the
broiler or young meat-type chicken,
asking how science and technology
• Research Objective have subordinated its biology to the
dictates of industrial production. By
• Literature Review looking explicitly at those
• Internal Preview technoscientific practices involved
in making the industrial chicken, it
offers a perspective on the course
of technological change in
agriculture that further blurs the
distinction between nature and
technology.5
Source: Boyd, William. “Making Meat: Science, Technology, and American Poultry Production
Technology and Culture, Vol. 42, No. 4 (Oct., 2001), pp. 631-664

46. Introduction Following these leads, this article
(other paragraphs)
focuses on another organism, the
broiler or young meat-type chicken,
asking how science and technology
• Research Objective have subordinated its biology to the
dictates of industrial production. By
• Literature Review looking explicitly at those
• Internal Preview technoscientific practices involved
in making the industrial chicken, it
• Research Question offers a perspective on the course
of technological change in
agriculture that further blurs the
distinction between nature and
technology.5
Source: Boyd, William. “Making Meat: Science, Technology, and American Poultry Production
Technology and Culture, Vol. 42, No. 4 (Oct., 2001), pp. 631-664

47. Introduction Following these leads, this article
(other paragraphs)
focuses on another organism, the
broiler or young meat-type chicken,
asking how science and technology
• Research Objective have subordinated its biology to the
dictates of industrial production. By
• Literature Review looking explicitly at those
• Internal Preview technoscientific practices involved
in making the industrial chicken, it
• Research Question offers a perspective on the course
of technological change in
agriculture that further blurs the
distinction between nature and
technology.5
Source: Boyd, William. “Making Meat: Science, Technology, and American Poultry Production
Technology and Culture, Vol. 42, No. 4 (Oct., 2001), pp. 631-664

48. 2. Materials and methods
2.1. Titanium disks
Ti disks with a diameter of 15 mm were
Methods / Materials punched from 1 mm thick sheets of grade 2
unalloyed Ti (ASTM F67 unalloyed Ti for surgical
implant applications) and supplied by Institut
Straumann AG (Basel, Switzerland). After
degreasing the disks in acetone, the disks were
exposed at 55 C for 30 s to an aqueous
solution consisting of 2% ammonium fluoride,
2% hydrofluoric acid and 10% nitric acid to
generate “pre-treated” (PT) Ti disks. The PT
disks were further sandblasted with corundum
grit (0.25e0.50 mm) at 5 bar, followed by
etching in a solution of hydrochloric and sulfuric
acids heated above 100 C for several minutes
(proprietary process of Institut Straumann AG)
to produce “sandblasted-large-grit-acid-
etched” (SLA) disks. The samples were then
rinsed with water and sterilized by gamma
irradiation at 25 kGy overnight (!12 h).
Source: The effects of combined micron-/submicron-scale surface roughness and nanoscale
features on cell proliferation and differentiation
Rolando A. Gittens a, b, Taylor McLachlan a, Rene Olivares-Navarrete b, e, Ye Cai a, Simon Berner
c, Rina Tannenbauma, Zvi Schwartzb,e, Kenneth H. Sandhagea,b,d, Barbara D. Boyana,b,e,*
Biomaterials 32 (2011) 3395e3403

49. 2. Materials and methods
2.1. Titanium disks
Ti disks with a diameter of 15 mm were
Methods / Materials punched from 1 mm thick sheets of grade 2
unalloyed Ti (ASTM F67 unalloyed Ti for surgical
implant applications) and supplied by Institut
Straumann AG (Basel, Switzerland). After
degreasing the disks in acetone, the disks were
• Descriptive Language exposed at 55 C for 30 s to an aqueous
solution consisting of 2% ammonium fluoride,
2% hydrofluoric acid and 10% nitric acid to
generate “pre-treated” (PT) Ti disks. The PT
disks were further sandblasted with corundum
grit (0.25e0.50 mm) at 5 bar, followed by
etching in a solution of hydrochloric and sulfuric
acids heated above 100 C for several minutes
(proprietary process of Institut Straumann AG)
to produce “sandblasted-large-grit-acid-
etched” (SLA) disks. The samples were then
rinsed with water and sterilized by gamma
irradiation at 25 kGy overnight (!12 h).
Source: The effects of combined micron-/submicron-scale surface roughness and nanoscale
features on cell proliferation and differentiation
Rolando A. Gittens a, b, Taylor McLachlan a, Rene Olivares-Navarrete b, e, Ye Cai a, Simon Berner
c, Rina Tannenbauma, Zvi Schwartzb,e, Kenneth H. Sandhagea,b,d, Barbara D. Boyana,b,e,*
Biomaterials 32 (2011) 3395e3403

50. 2. Materials and methods
2.1. Titanium disks
Ti disks with a diameter of 15 mm were
Methods / Materials punched from 1 mm thick sheets of grade 2
unalloyed Ti (ASTM F67 unalloyed Ti for surgical
implant applications) and supplied by Institut
Straumann AG (Basel, Switzerland). After
degreasing the disks in acetone, the disks were
• Descriptive Language exposed at 55 C for 30 s to an aqueous
solution consisting of 2% ammonium fluoride,
• Think Replication 2% hydrofluoric acid and 10% nitric acid to
generate “pre-treated” (PT) Ti disks. The PT
disks were further sandblasted with corundum
grit (0.25e0.50 mm) at 5 bar, followed by
etching in a solution of hydrochloric and sulfuric
acids heated above 100 C for several minutes
(proprietary process of Institut Straumann AG)
to produce “sandblasted-large-grit-acid-
etched” (SLA) disks. The samples were then
rinsed with water and sterilized by gamma
irradiation at 25 kGy overnight (!12 h).
Source: The effects of combined micron-/submicron-scale surface roughness and nanoscale
features on cell proliferation and differentiation
Rolando A. Gittens a, b, Taylor McLachlan a, Rene Olivares-Navarrete b, e, Ye Cai a, Simon Berner
c, Rina Tannenbauma, Zvi Schwartzb,e, Kenneth H. Sandhagea,b,d, Barbara D. Boyana,b,e,*
Biomaterials 32 (2011) 3395e3403

51. 2. Materials and methods
2.1. Titanium disks
Ti disks with a diameter of 15 mm were
Methods / Materials punched from 1 mm thick sheets of grade 2
unalloyed Ti (ASTM F67 unalloyed Ti for surgical
implant applications) and supplied by Institut
Straumann AG (Basel, Switzerland). After
degreasing the disks in acetone, the disks were
• Descriptive Language exposed at 55 C for 30 s to an aqueous
solution consisting of 2% ammonium fluoride,
• Think Replication 2% hydrofluoric acid and 10% nitric acid to
generate “pre-treated” (PT) Ti disks. The PT
disks were further sandblasted with corundum
• Precise Language grit (0.25e0.50 mm) at 5 bar, followed by
etching in a solution of hydrochloric and sulfuric
acids heated above 100 C for several minutes
(proprietary process of Institut Straumann AG)
to produce “sandblasted-large-grit-acid-
etched” (SLA) disks. The samples were then
rinsed with water and sterilized by gamma
irradiation at 25 kGy overnight (!12 h).
Source: The effects of combined micron-/submicron-scale surface roughness and nanoscale
features on cell proliferation and differentiation
Rolando A. Gittens a, b, Taylor McLachlan a, Rene Olivares-Navarrete b, e, Ye Cai a, Simon Berner
c, Rina Tannenbauma, Zvi Schwartzb,e, Kenneth H. Sandhagea,b,d, Barbara D. Boyana,b,e,*
Biomaterials 32 (2011) 3395e3403

52. 2. Materials and methods
2.1. Titanium disks
Ti disks with a diameter of 15 mm were
Methods / Materials punched from 1 mm thick sheets of grade 2
unalloyed Ti (ASTM F67 unalloyed Ti for surgical
implant applications) and supplied by Institut
Straumann AG (Basel, Switzerland). After
degreasing the disks in acetone, the disks were
• Descriptive Language exposed at 55 C for 30 s to an aqueous
solution consisting of 2% ammonium fluoride,
• Think Replication 2% hydrofluoric acid and 10% nitric acid to
generate “pre-treated” (PT) Ti disks. The PT
disks were further sandblasted with corundum
• Precise Language grit (0.25e0.50 mm) at 5 bar, followed by
etching in a solution of hydrochloric and sulfuric
• How results were obtained acids heated above 100 C for several minutes
(proprietary process of Institut Straumann AG)
to produce “sandblasted-large-grit-acid-
etched” (SLA) disks. The samples were then
rinsed with water and sterilized by gamma
irradiation at 25 kGy overnight (!12 h).
Source: The effects of combined micron-/submicron-scale surface roughness and nanoscale
features on cell proliferation and differentiation
Rolando A. Gittens a, b, Taylor McLachlan a, Rene Olivares-Navarrete b, e, Ye Cai a, Simon Berner
c, Rina Tannenbauma, Zvi Schwartzb,e, Kenneth H. Sandhagea,b,d, Barbara D. Boyana,b,e,*
Biomaterials 32 (2011) 3395e3403

53. 2. Materials and methods
2.1. Titanium disks
Ti disks with a diameter of 15 mm were
Methods / Materials punched from 1 mm thick sheets of grade 2
unalloyed Ti (ASTM F67 unalloyed Ti for surgical
implant applications) and supplied by Institut
Straumann AG (Basel, Switzerland). After
degreasing the disks in acetone, the disks were
• Descriptive Language exposed at 55 C for 30 s to an aqueous
solution consisting of 2% ammonium fluoride,
• Think Replication 2% hydrofluoric acid and 10% nitric acid to
generate “pre-treated” (PT) Ti disks. The PT
disks were further sandblasted with corundum
• Precise Language grit (0.25e0.50 mm) at 5 bar, followed by
etching in a solution of hydrochloric and sulfuric
• How results were obtained acids heated above 100 C for several minutes
(proprietary process of Institut Straumann AG)
to produce “sandblasted-large-grit-acid-
etched” (SLA) disks. The samples were then
rinsed with water and sterilized by gamma
irradiation at 25 kGy overnight (!12 h).
Source: The effects of combined micron-/submicron-scale surface roughness and nanoscale
features on cell proliferation and differentiation
Rolando A. Gittens a, b, Taylor McLachlan a, Rene Olivares-Navarrete b, e, Ye Cai a, Simon Berner
c, Rina Tannenbauma, Zvi Schwartzb,e, Kenneth H. Sandhagea,b,d, Barbara D. Boyana,b,e,*
Biomaterials 32 (2011) 3395e3403

54. 2. Materials and methods
2.1. Titanium disks
Ti disks with a diameter of 15 mm were
Methods / Materials punched from 1 mm thick sheets of grade 2
unalloyed Ti (ASTM F67 unalloyed Ti for surgical
implant applications) and supplied by Institut
Straumann AG (Basel, Switzerland). After
degreasing the disks in acetone, the disks were
• Descriptive Language exposed at 55 C for 30 s to an aqueous
solution consisting of 2% ammonium fluoride,
• Think Replication 2% hydrofluoric acid and 10% nitric acid to
generate “pre-treated” (PT) Ti disks. The PT
disks were further sandblasted with corundum
• Precise Language grit (0.25e0.50 mm) at 5 bar, followed by
etching in a solution of hydrochloric and sulfuric
• How results were obtained acids heated above 100 C for several minutes
(proprietary process of Institut Straumann AG)
to produce “sandblasted-large-grit-acid-
etched” (SLA) disks. The samples were then
rinsed with water and sterilized by gamma
irradiation at 25 kGy overnight (!12 h).
Source: The effects of combined micron-/submicron-scale surface roughness and nanoscale
features on cell proliferation and differentiation
Rolando A. Gittens a, b, Taylor McLachlan a, Rene Olivares-Navarrete b, e, Ye Cai a, Simon Berner
c, Rina Tannenbauma, Zvi Schwartzb,e, Kenneth H. Sandhagea,b,d, Barbara D. Boyana,b,e,*
Biomaterials 32 (2011) 3395e3403

55. 3. Results
Water contact angle measurements
Results indicated that all of the samples
exhibited relatively hydrophobic
behavior (Fig. 5, Table 2). The contact
angles measured for the SLA and
NMSLA samples were significantly
larger than for the PT and NMPT
samples (Fig. 5, Table 2), which was
consistent with the enhanced mean
values of microscale roughness (CLM-
derived Sa values) and microscale
peak-to-valley height (CLM-derived Sz
values) for the SLA and NMSLA
samples (Table 1).
Source: The effects of combined micron-/submicron-scale surface roughness and nanoscale
features on cell proliferation and differentiation
Rolando A. Gittens a, b, Taylor McLachlan a, Rene Olivares-Navarrete b, e, Ye Cai a, Simon Berner
c, Rina Tannenbauma, Zvi Schwartzb,e, Kenneth H. Sandhagea,b,d, Barbara D. Boyana,b,e,*
Biomaterials 32 (2011) 3395e3403

56. 3. Results
Water contact angle measurements
Results indicated that all of the samples
exhibited relatively hydrophobic
behavior (Fig. 5, Table 2). The contact
• Clarity of Language angles measured for the SLA and
NMSLA samples were significantly
larger than for the PT and NMPT
samples (Fig. 5, Table 2), which was
consistent with the enhanced mean
values of microscale roughness (CLM-
derived Sa values) and microscale
peak-to-valley height (CLM-derived Sz
values) for the SLA and NMSLA
samples (Table 1).
Source: The effects of combined micron-/submicron-scale surface roughness and nanoscale
features on cell proliferation and differentiation
Rolando A. Gittens a, b, Taylor McLachlan a, Rene Olivares-Navarrete b, e, Ye Cai a, Simon Berner
c, Rina Tannenbauma, Zvi Schwartzb,e, Kenneth H. Sandhagea,b,d, Barbara D. Boyana,b,e,*
Biomaterials 32 (2011) 3395e3403

57. 3. Results
Water contact angle measurements
Results indicated that all of the samples
exhibited relatively hydrophobic
behavior (Fig. 5, Table 2). The contact
• Clarity of Language angles measured for the SLA and
NMSLA samples were significantly
• Appropriate Figures larger than for the PT and NMPT
samples (Fig. 5, Table 2), which was
consistent with the enhanced mean
values of microscale roughness (CLM-
derived Sa values) and microscale
peak-to-valley height (CLM-derived Sz
values) for the SLA and NMSLA
samples (Table 1).
Source: The effects of combined micron-/submicron-scale surface roughness and nanoscale
features on cell proliferation and differentiation
Rolando A. Gittens a, b, Taylor McLachlan a, Rene Olivares-Navarrete b, e, Ye Cai a, Simon Berner
c, Rina Tannenbauma, Zvi Schwartzb,e, Kenneth H. Sandhagea,b,d, Barbara D. Boyana,b,e,*
Biomaterials 32 (2011) 3395e3403

58. 3. Results
Water contact angle measurements
Results indicated that all of the samples
exhibited relatively hydrophobic
behavior (Fig. 5, Table 2). The contact
• Clarity of Language angles measured for the SLA and
NMSLA samples were significantly
• Appropriate Figures larger than for the PT and NMPT
• Avoid Interpretations samples (Fig. 5, Table 2), which was
consistent with the enhanced mean
values of microscale roughness (CLM-
derived Sa values) and microscale
peak-to-valley height (CLM-derived Sz
values) for the SLA and NMSLA
samples (Table 1).
Source: The effects of combined micron-/submicron-scale surface roughness and nanoscale
features on cell proliferation and differentiation
Rolando A. Gittens a, b, Taylor McLachlan a, Rene Olivares-Navarrete b, e, Ye Cai a, Simon Berner
c, Rina Tannenbauma, Zvi Schwartzb,e, Kenneth H. Sandhagea,b,d, Barbara D. Boyana,b,e,*
Biomaterials 32 (2011) 3395e3403

59. 3. Results
Water contact angle measurements
Results indicated that all of the samples
exhibited relatively hydrophobic
behavior (Fig. 5, Table 2). The contact
• Clarity of Language angles measured for the SLA and
NMSLA samples were significantly
• Appropriate Figures larger than for the PT and NMPT
• Avoid Interpretations samples (Fig. 5, Table 2), which was
consistent with the enhanced mean
• Selection of Data values of microscale roughness (CLM-
derived Sa values) and microscale
peak-to-valley height (CLM-derived Sz
values) for the SLA and NMSLA
samples (Table 1).
Source: The effects of combined micron-/submicron-scale surface roughness and nanoscale
features on cell proliferation and differentiation
Rolando A. Gittens a, b, Taylor McLachlan a, Rene Olivares-Navarrete b, e, Ye Cai a, Simon Berner
c, Rina Tannenbauma, Zvi Schwartzb,e, Kenneth H. Sandhagea,b,d, Barbara D. Boyana,b,e,*
Biomaterials 32 (2011) 3395e3403

60. 3. Results
Water contact angle measurements
Results indicated that all of the samples
exhibited relatively hydrophobic
behavior (Fig. 5, Table 2). The contact
• Clarity of Language angles measured for the SLA and
NMSLA samples were significantly
• Appropriate Figures larger than for the PT and NMPT
• Avoid Interpretations samples (Fig. 5, Table 2), which was
consistent with the enhanced mean
• Selection of Data values of microscale roughness (CLM-
derived Sa values) and microscale
• New Knowledge peak-to-valley height (CLM-derived Sz
values) for the SLA and NMSLA
samples (Table 1).
Source: The effects of combined micron-/submicron-scale surface roughness and nanoscale
features on cell proliferation and differentiation
Rolando A. Gittens a, b, Taylor McLachlan a, Rene Olivares-Navarrete b, e, Ye Cai a, Simon Berner
c, Rina Tannenbauma, Zvi Schwartzb,e, Kenneth H. Sandhagea,b,d, Barbara D. Boyana,b,e,*
Biomaterials 32 (2011) 3395e3403

61. 3. Results
Water contact angle measurements
Results indicated that all of the samples
exhibited relatively hydrophobic
behavior (Fig. 5, Table 2). The contact
• Clarity of Language angles measured for the SLA and
NMSLA samples were significantly
• Appropriate Figures larger than for the PT and NMPT
• Avoid Interpretations samples (Fig. 5, Table 2), which was
consistent with the enhanced mean
• Selection of Data values of microscale roughness (CLM-
derived Sa values) and microscale
• New Knowledge peak-to-valley height (CLM-derived Sz
values) for the SLA and NMSLA
samples (Table 1).
Source: The effects of combined micron-/submicron-scale surface roughness and nanoscale
features on cell proliferation and differentiation
Rolando A. Gittens a, b, Taylor McLachlan a, Rene Olivares-Navarrete b, e, Ye Cai a, Simon Berner
c, Rina Tannenbauma, Zvi Schwartzb,e, Kenneth H. Sandhagea,b,d, Barbara D. Boyana,b,e,*
Biomaterials 32 (2011) 3395e3403

62. 3. Results
Water contact angle measurements
Results indicated that all of the samples
exhibited relatively hydrophobic
behavior (Fig. 5, Table 2). The contact
• Clarity of Language angles measured for the SLA and
NMSLA samples were significantly
• Appropriate Figures larger than for the PT and NMPT
• Avoid Interpretations samples (Fig. 5, Table 2), which was
consistent with the enhanced mean
• Selection of Data values of microscale roughness (CLM-
derived Sa values) and microscale
• New Knowledge peak-to-valley height (CLM-derived Sz
values) for the SLA and NMSLA
samples (Table 1).
Source: The effects of combined micron-/submicron-scale surface roughness and nanoscale
features on cell proliferation and differentiation
Rolando A. Gittens a, b, Taylor McLachlan a, Rene Olivares-Navarrete b, e, Ye Cai a, Simon Berner
c, Rina Tannenbauma, Zvi Schwartzb,e, Kenneth H. Sandhagea,b,d, Barbara D. Boyana,b,e,*
Biomaterials 32 (2011) 3395e3403

63. Discussion
These data demonstrate no increase
Discussion in the risk of hip fracture associated
with fluoridation of the public water
supply in Rochester, Minn. This finding
contrasts sharply with several recent
ecologic studies that have all
suggested a slight increase in risk of
hip fracture associated with water
fluoridation. Fluoridation in these
studies has been measured in several
ways, including the percentage of the
population served with fluoridated
water,12 fluoride concentrations in
public water supplies,15 and presence
or absence of fluoride exposure.14,16
Source: Hip Fracture Incidence before and after the Fluoridation of the Public Water Supply,
Rochester, Minnesota
Steven J. Jacobsen, MD, PhD, W Michael O'Fallon, PhD, and L. Joseph Melitnn FiLf MI)
American Journal of Public Health, May 1993, Vol. 83, No. 5

64. Discussion
These data demonstrate no increase
Discussion in the risk of hip fracture associated
with fluoridation of the public water
• present principles, relationships, and supply in Rochester, Minn. This finding
generalization shown by results
contrasts sharply with several recent
ecologic studies that have all
suggested a slight increase in risk of
hip fracture associated with water
fluoridation. Fluoridation in these
studies has been measured in several
ways, including the percentage of the
population served with fluoridated
water,12 fluoride concentrations in
public water supplies,15 and presence
or absence of fluoride exposure.14,16
Source: Hip Fracture Incidence before and after the Fluoridation of the Public Water Supply,
Rochester, Minnesota
Steven J. Jacobsen, MD, PhD, W Michael O'Fallon, PhD, and L. Joseph Melitnn FiLf MI)
American Journal of Public Health, May 1993, Vol. 83, No. 5

65. Discussion
These data demonstrate no increase
Discussion in the risk of hip fracture associated
with fluoridation of the public water
• present principles, relationships, and supply in Rochester, Minn. This finding
generalization shown by results
contrasts sharply with several recent
ecologic studies that have all
• compare/contrast your results and
suggested a slight increase in risk of
interpretations with earlier research hip fracture associated with water
fluoridation. Fluoridation in these
studies has been measured in several
ways, including the percentage of the
population served with fluoridated
water,12 fluoride concentrations in
public water supplies,15 and presence
or absence of fluoride exposure.14,16
Source: Hip Fracture Incidence before and after the Fluoridation of the Public Water Supply,
Rochester, Minnesota
Steven J. Jacobsen, MD, PhD, W Michael O'Fallon, PhD, and L. Joseph Melitnn FiLf MI)
American Journal of Public Health, May 1993, Vol. 83, No. 5

66. Discussion
These data demonstrate no increase
Discussion in the risk of hip fracture associated
with fluoridation of the public water
• present principles, relationships, and supply in Rochester, Minn. This finding
generalization shown by results
contrasts sharply with several recent
ecologic studies that have all
• compare/contrast your results and
suggested a slight increase in risk of
interpretations with earlier research hip fracture associated with water
• suggest theoretical implications fluoridation. Fluoridation in these
studies has been measured in several
ways, including the percentage of the
population served with fluoridated
water,12 fluoride concentrations in
public water supplies,15 and presence
or absence of fluoride exposure.14,16
Source: Hip Fracture Incidence before and after the Fluoridation of the Public Water Supply,
Rochester, Minnesota
Steven J. Jacobsen, MD, PhD, W Michael O'Fallon, PhD, and L. Joseph Melitnn FiLf MI)
American Journal of Public Health, May 1993, Vol. 83, No. 5