WorldReferent(outside language)Written Word“cat” or “c - a- t”(transcription of language sound)Spoken Word/kæt/(language sound)

Anglo-Saxon Runic FuthorcGreek Alpha-Beta

consonantsHring (ring)Hwīt (white)Cneow (knee)Gnawan (gnaw)Wrītan (write)

I mutationAlteration of certain vowels by suffixesMann + iz (plural) = manniz = menniz = men

1066William the ConquerorBattle of HastingsNormal Conquests

Influences of English Language

minimi, j, m, n u, vm, n develop connecting linesI becomes iJ becomes j

reductionHlāf = loafWeard = wardHlāf-weard = keeper of the breadHlāfordLaverdLord

. : ,

Great Vowel Shiftmi faytack; sue doe oarsmi fetak sc do urzmai fit ek so du aurzmy feet ache; so do ours

war and far/a/ became rounded after /w/warm, water, wall/a/ > /e/ did not roundwager

silent emadmademaddening

Other Factors

At the moment becomes atmBe back soon becomes bbsBecause becomes cuz, bcuz, bcz, bcos, bc, cos, coz or bcozBest friend or Boy friend becomes bf or b/fBest friend(s) for life becomes bfflBest friend(s) forever becomes bffBy the way becomes btwCan't be assed becomes cbaForever becomes 4eva or 4evrFor your information becomes fyiFriend becomes frendGot to go becomes g2g or gtgHave a nice day becomes H.A.N.D.Hold on becomes hld on or h/oHomework becomes hw, hwk or hmwkHow are you becomes hruI don't care becomes idcI don't know becomes idkI do what I want becomes idwiwI love you becomes ily, luv u, ilu, or luvyaIn my opinion becomes imoIn my humble opinion becomes imhoLaugh out loud becomes lolLots of love becomes lolLaughing quietly to myself becomes lqtmMessage (as in a text message) becomes msgNever mind becomes nm or nvm (depending on context used)No problem becomes np"No thank you" becomes "nty" or "no ty"Obviously becomes ovvi or obvOf course becomes ovcors or ofcOh my god becomes omg or (comicly) zomgParents over shoulder becomes posPlease becomes plz or plezProbably becomes probz, prbly, prolly, or probLove becomes <3 or luvPeace becomes pce, pece, or / (V sign)Rolling on the floor laughing (out loud) becomes rofl(ol)Something becomes sth, s/t, or sumthinSorry becomes sry, "soz", or "sori"