2. Imagine a world without science?
• Imagine a world without system.
• Imagine a world without collection of
knowledge
• Imagine a man who knows nothing….
9. The Scientific Revolution
• The period roughly between 1500 and
1700 during which the foundations of
modern science were laid down in
Western Europe. Before this
period, nothing like science in the modern
sense.
10. The Myth Vs. Science
MYTHS
• The world is flat.
• The center of the universe is Earth.
• Dragons are monsters.
• The race of man came from Eve and
Adam.
11. The Myth Vs. Science
FACTS
• The world is round.
• The center of the Solar System is the Sun.
• Dragons are reptiles and they are not big.
• Man came from apes.
12. Superstitious Vs. Facts
Superstitious Belief
Traditional belief, rituals, and customs that
is being followed or applied without any
scientific bases.
Facts
Any information gathered from scientific
experimentation, result of any observed
phenomenon or event.
13. The Scientific Revolution
• Aristotle Aristotle, one of the
greatest ancient Greek
philosophers, was the first
to provide a systematic
exposition of
biology, psychology, physi
cs, and literary theory.
Aristotle emphasized the
importance of reason and
logic.
14. The Scientific Revolution
• Aristotle
“mixed sciences”
It tried to combine the
principles of one science,
geometry, with those of
another, physics, in order to
explain the behavior of
heavenly bodies or rays of
light. But the results,
according to Aristotle, could
not properly explain anything.
15. The Scientific Revolution
• Galen Galen, a Greek physician who
lived during the 2nd century
AD, believed that mental
disorders resulted from an
imbalance of the four bodily
humors: black bile, yellow
bile, blood, and phlegm. His
studies dominated European
medical theory and practice
for 1400
16. The Scientific Revolution
• Galen The arts and medical faculties
tended to follow suit, with the
result that study focused not
on the natural world itself, nor
on the techniques of practical
healing, but instead on the
writings of Aristotle and
Galen, who was the equivalent
medical authority in ancient
times. Concentration on the
study of texts meant that there
was little or no practical study
or experimentation within the
university curricula.
17. The Scientific Revolution
• Pedanius Pedanius Dioscorides (40?-90?
AD), Greek physician, born in
Dioscorides Anazarbus, in Cilicia (now in
Turkey). He served in the Roman
armies of Nero and studied
plants for their medicinal
properties. He wrote De Materia
Medica (On Medical Matters), the
first authoritative and
superstition-free text on botany
and pharmacology.
He more localized and uses practical knowledge to lay
experts in herbal lore outside the university system.
18. The Scientific Revolution
• The alchemy Alchemy, ancient art
practiced especially in the
Middle Ages, devoted chiefly
to discovering a substance
that would transmute the
more common metals into
gold or silver and to finding a
means of indefinitely
prolonging human life.
Although its purposes and
techniques were dubious and
often illusory, alchemy was in
many ways the predecessor
of modern
science, especially the
science of chemistry.
19. The Scientific Revolution
• The stand of Roman Catholic Church
“ queen of the
sciences,”
The Church considered
Aristotelian natural
philosophy to provide
support to religious
doctrines, but other
naturalist pursuits were
considered to be
subversive.
20. Development of Experimentation
• The Renaissance was
the period when the
experimental
method, still
characteristic of
science today, began
to be developed and
came increasingly to
be used for
understanding all
aspects of the
21. Development of Experimentation
William Gilbert (1544-
1603), English physicist
and physician, known
primarily for his original
experiments in the nature
of electricity and
magnetism.
22. Development of Experimentation
Andreas Vesalius Belgian anatomist and
physician Andreas
Vesalius helped
establish the
foundations of modern
anatomy in the 16th
century by dissecting
human cadavers and
publishing his results.
23. Development of Experimentation
Andreas Vesalius Belgian anatomist and
physician Andreas
Vesalius helped
establish the
foundations of modern
anatomy in the 16th
century by dissecting
human cadavers and
publishing his results.
24. Development of Experimentation
De Magnete (1600; Of Magnets, Magnetic
Bodies, and the Great Magnet of the
were first1890),
Earth,
developed by
Petrus
Peregrinus, a
renowned
medieval
magus
(magician).
25. Religious Opposition
Religious opposition to magic had less force after the discovery of
various writings allegedly written by Hermes
Trismegistus, Zoroaster, Orpheus, and other mythical or legendary
characters.
26. New Focus On Experimentation
And Observation
The invention of new observational instruments…
Italian physicist and
astronomer
Galileo
maintained that the
earth revolved around
the sun, disputing the
belief held by the
Roman Catholic
church that the earth
was the center of the
universe.
27. New Focus On Experimentation
And Observation
The invention of new observational instruments…
28. Mathematization of Nature
The scientific revolution has also been
characterized as the period of the
“mathematization of the world
Quantitative information and mathematical analysis of the physical
world began to be seen to offer more reliable knowledge than the
picture”
more qualitative and philosophical analyses that had been typical of
traditional natural philosophy. The mathematical sciences had their
own long history, but thanks to Aristotle's strictures they had always
been kept separate from natural philosophy and regarded as inferior
to it.
30. Mathematization of Nature
Johannes Kepler
He dramatically
increased
scientists’
understanding of
planetary motion;
31. Mathematization of Nature
Isaac Newton
. Most
notably, Newton
derived the law of
universal
gravitation, invent
ed the branch of
mathematics
called calculus
32. Practical Uses of Scientific
Knowledge
• Experimentalism and mathematization
were both stimulated by an increasing
concern that knowledge of nature should
be practically useful, bringing distinct
benefits to its practitioners, its patrons, or
even to people in general. Apart from
supporting dubious medical ideas, the only
use to which natural philosophy had been
put throughout the Middle Ages was for
bolstering religion.
33. Modern Science
• Albert Einstein is considered one of the
greatest and most popular scientists of all
time.
34. Modern Science
• Albert Einstein is considered one of the
greatest and most popular scientists of all
time.
35. True or False: Write (T) if the statement is based on
facts or true and write (F) is the statement is a
superstition or false.
1. Albert Einstein invented the microscope.
2. Science is always based on facts.
3. It is a bad luck for us to keep a turtle as a
pet.
4. The Earth is the center of the Solar System.
5. Charles Darwin formulates the Theory of
Evolution.
6. Science is a systematized body of
knowledge.
7. Mathematics is a Science.
36. True or False: Write (T) if the statement is based on
facts or true and write (F) is the statement is a
superstition or false.
8. Superstations were based on facts.
9. It is not necessary to continue walking if
a black cat cross your way.
10. Isaac Newton is a well know Greek
Philosopher.
Editor's Notes
Objectives:At the end of the Lesson the students should be able to:1. Determine how people collect information to developed science.2. Distinguish the differences from ancient science and modern sciences.3. Determine how science improve our lifestyle and way of living.4. Distinguish facts from superstitious beliefValues Integration:1. Realized the value of learning science and its development through time.
Motivation:Imagine a world without science.Materials:Video clips of cave manPictures of ancient and modern world.
Motivation:Imagine a world without science.Materials:Video clips of cave manPictures of ancient and modern world.
Motivation:Imagine a world without science.Materials:Video clips of cave manPictures of ancient and modern world.
Motivation:Imagine a world without science.Materials:Video clips of cave manPictures of ancient and modern world.
Motivation:Imagine a world without science.Materials:Video clips of cave manPictures of ancient and modern world.
Motivation:Imagine a world without science.Materials:Video clips of cave manPictures of ancient and modern world.
Motivation:Imagine a world without science.Materials:Video clips of cave manPictures of ancient and modern world.
Introduction:The period roughly between 1500 and 1700 during which the foundations of modern science were laid down in Western Europe. Before this period, nothing like science in the modern sense.
Explain the concept of the following myth.
Explain the following modern concept.1.The world is spherical in shape.2. It was discovered by Copernicus that the center of the Solar System is the Sun. It was supported by the studies of Galileo Galilee3. A Living dragon is known as the Comodo dragon. It is a reptile that emit gases that can produce fire.4. According the theory of evolution of Charles Darwin ---- Man came from apes. Like any organism in the planet we are also a product of evolution.The teacher is encourage to site more significant scientific theories.
*This fragmentation of studies concerned with the workings of nature was reinforced throughout the Middle Ages by the Roman Catholic Church. After some initial problems with non-Christian aspects of Aristotelian teaching, the Church embraced such teaching as a handmaiden to the so-called “queen of the sciences,” theology. The Church considered Aristotelian natural philosophy to provide support to religious doctrines, but other naturalist pursuits were considered to be subversive. The Church tended to be suspicious of natural magic, for example, even though natural magic was simply concerned with the demonstrable properties of material bodies (such as the ability of magnets to attract iron or the ability of certain plants or their extracts to cure diseases). One way or another, therefore, the powerful combination of Aristotelian teachings with Church doctrines tended to exclude direct study and analysis of nature.
* During the Renaissance, Belgian physician Andreas Vesalius experimented with the dissection of human cadavers in order to learn more about human anatomy. The spirit of curiosity and experimentation that characterized the Renaissance created a fertile climate for the development of science. Advances were made in many fields including navigation, astronomy, mathematics and medicine. *Experimentation was a major aspect of the natural magic tradition and was ready for appropriation by Renaissance natural philosophers who recognized its potential. The experimental methodology used in magic became more acceptable to Renaissance scholars thanks to the rediscovery of ancient magical writings
Religious opposition to magic had less force after the discovery of various writings allegedly written by Hermes Trismegistus, Zoroaster, Orpheus, and other mythical or legendary characters. We now know these texts were written in the early centuries of the Christian Era and deliberately attributed to such legendary authors, but Renaissance scholars believed they were genuinely ancient documents. This gave the texts great authority and led to increased respect for magical approaches. *Hermes Trismegistus, Greek name for the ancient Egyptian god Thoth. Hermes Trismegistus means “the Thrice Great Hermes.” He is the supposed author of the Hermetica. This body of writings expounds the Hellenistic mystical philosophy of Hermetism, in which the sun is regarded as the visible manifestation of God.*Zoroaster,This detail from a 2nd-century wall painting at Dura Europus in Syria depicts Zoroaster, a religious poet regarded as the prophet and founder of Zoroastrianism. The mural was painted more than 1,000 years after Zoroaster lived.*Orpheus The legendary ancient Greek hero Orpheus was a musician whose singing and playing of the lyre was so beautiful that not only humans but also animals and even inanimate objects were moved by the power of his music. He is shown playing his lyre for an audience of animals in this 3rd-century mosaic from Tarsus in Turkey.
Another important aspect of the new focus on experimentation and observation (empiricism) was the invention of new observational instruments. The Italian astronomer Galileo, for example, used the telescope—first developed for commercial purposes—to make astonishing astronomical observations. His exciting success stimulated the development of a whole range of instruments for studying nature, such as the microscope, thermometer, and barometer.*Italian physicist and astronomer Galileo maintained that the earth revolved around the sun, disputing the belief held by the Roman Catholic church that the earth was the center of the universe. He refused to obey orders from Rome to cease discussions of his theories and was sentenced to life imprisonment. It was not until 1984 that a papal commission acknowledged that the church was wrong.
*Galileo’s Telescopes Italian astronomer Galileo made major discoveries about celestial objects in our solar system with newly-invented telescopes in the early 17th century. His discoveries helped turn cosmology into a science based on observation, rather than philosophy. These telescopes are now in the MuseodellaScienza in Florence, Italy.
The scientific revolution has also been characterized as the period of the “mathematization of the world picture.” Quantitative information and mathematical analysis of the physical world began to be seen to offer more reliable knowledge than the more qualitative and philosophical analyses that had been typical of traditional natural philosophy. The mathematical sciences had their own long history, but thanks to Aristotle's strictures they had always been kept separate from natural philosophy and regarded as inferior to it. Aristotle's authority weakened throughout the Renaissance, however, as the rediscovery of the writings of other ancient Greek philosophers with views widely divergent from those of Aristotle, such as Plato, Epicurus, and the Stoics, made it plain that he was by no means the only ancient.As skepticism became credible in light of the remarkable exposures of the failings of traditional intellectual positions, mathematics became an increasingly powerful force. Mathematicians claimed to deal with absolute knowledge, capable of undeniable proof and so immune from skeptical criticisms. The full story of the rise in status of mathematics is complex and crowded. Notable contributors included Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus, who claimed that, for no other reason than that the mathematics indicated it, Earth must revolve around the Sun, and German astronomer Johannes Kepler, who reinforced this idea with astronomical measurements vastly more precise than any that had previously been made. Copernicus’s moving Earth demanded a new theory of how moving bodies behave. This theory of motion was effectively initiated as a new mathematical science by Galileo and reached its pinnacle a few decades later in the work of Isaac Newton.
Nicolaus Copernicus Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus revolutionized science by postulating that the Earth and other planets revolve about a stationary Sun. Copernicus drew inspiration from classical sources, but embodied the spirit of curiosity and experimentation that characterized the Renaissance approach to science.
Johannes KeplerThe contributions of German mathematician and astronomer Johannes Kepler,dramatically increased scientists’ understanding of planetary motion; Isaac Newton drew upon Kepler’s work in formulating his theory of gravitation. Kepler also made detailed studies of a supernova.
Isaac NewtonIsaac Newton’s work represents one of the greatest contributions to science ever made by an individual. Most notably, Newton derived the law of universal gravitation, invented the branch of mathematics called calculus, and performed experiments investigating the nature of light and colors.
Answer:F 1. Albert Einstein invented the microscope. T 2. Science is always based on facts.F 3. It is a bad luck for us to keep a turtle as a pet. F 4. The Earth is the center of the Solar System. T 5. Charles Darwin formulates the Theory of Evolution.T 6. Science is a systematized body of knowledge.T 7. Mathematics is a Science.F 8. Superstations were based on facts.F 9. It is not necessary to continue a walking if a black cat cross your way.F 10. Isaac Newton is a well know Greek Philosopher.
Answer:F 1. Albert Einstein invented the microscope. T 2. Science is always based on facts.F 3. It is a bad luck for us to keep a turtle as a pet. F 4. The Earth is the center of the Solar System. T 5. Charles Darwin formulates the Theory of Evolution.T 6. Science is a systematized body of knowledge.T 7. Mathematics is a Science.F 8. Superstations were based on facts.F 9. It is not necessary to continue a walking if a black cat cross your way.F 10. Isaac Newton is a well know Greek Philosopher.