Good Writing

Slide 1: Good Writing Daniel Novak

Slide 2: Anything that can be said can be said simply. -Ludwig Wittgenstein

Slide 3: Simple Writing Two ways to simplify and clarify your writing: Reduce adverbs and adjectives Simple sentence orders

Slide 4: Reduce Adjectives Adjectives: words that modify a noun Examples: Big Small Fat T in h Sh y adow

Slide 5: Reduce Adjectives Adverbs: words that modify a verb Examples: Quickly Slowly Evenly

Slide 6: Reduce Adjectives Adjectives and adverbs should be used sparingly. Too many modifiers can tire the reader.

Slide 7: Reduce Adjectives Adjectives and adverbs cannot replace good nouns and verbs.

Slide 8: Reduce Adjectives and Adverbs A bad example: By night, of course, the perplexity is infinitely greater. In our most trivial walks, we are constantly, though unconsciously, steering like pilots by certain well-known beacons… -From Walden (1854), by H.D. Thoreau

Slide 9: Reduce Adjectives and Adverbs A bad example: By night, of course, the perplexity is infinitely greater. In our most trivial walks, we are constantly, though unconsciously, steering like pilots by certain well-known beacons… -From Walden (1854), by H.D. Thoreau

Slide 10: Reduce Adjectives and Adverbs A good example: When the waiter arrived with the two glasses with the pressed lemon juice and ice, the whiskies, and the bottle of Perrier water, he told me that the pharmacy was closed and he could not get a thermometer. -From A Moveable Feast (1957), Hemingway

Slide 11: Reduce Adjectives and Adverbs Another good example: It was a straight answer and Ezra had never given me any other kind verbally, but I felt very bad because here was the man I liked and trusted the most as a critic then, the man who believed in the mot juste - the one and only correct word to use - the man who had taught me to distrust adjectives as I would later learn to distrust certain people in certain situations… -From A Moveable Feast (1957), Hemingway

Slide 12: Reduce Adjectives and Adverbs Even though the second and third examples uses more words, they are mostly nouns and verbs.

Slide 13: Reduce Adjectives and Adverbs Nouns and verbs are the principle components of the English language.

Slide 14: Reduce Adjectives and Adverbs Select them carefully.

Slide 15: Simple Writing Good English writing has two components: Good nouns Good verbs

Slide 16: Simple Writing Before we begin this section, let’s make a distinction between two types of writing:

Slide 17: Simple Writing Passive writing and Active writing

Slide 18: Simple Writing Passive writing occurs when no transference of action takes place.

Slide 19: Simple Writing Common examples: Having something Being something

Slide 20: Simple Writing In context: Daniel is 22 years old. Daniel has a laptop.

Slide 21: Simple Writing Daniel is 22 years old. Daniel has a laptop. Nothing happens in these sentences. They are boring to read.

Slide 22: Simple Writing Active writing occurs when someone does something, or performs an action on someone else.

Slide 23: Simple Writing In context: Daniel crossed the street. Daniel teaches English.

Slide 24: Simple Writing Daniel crossed the street. Daniel teaches English. Things happened in these sentences. Readers like when things happen.

Slide 25: Simple Writing The basic structure of English goes as follows: Subject - Verb - Object

Slide 26: Simple Writing Basically: Someone did something to someone

Slide 27: Simple Writing Every sentence you ever write should be based on those components.

Slide 28: Simple Writing The ‘subject-verb-object’ formula leads to simple, active writing.

Slide 29: Simple Writing Let’s look at a bad example: The brightly colored bus was moving.

Slide 30: Simple Writing Let’s look at another bad example: The brightly colored bus was on the street. Once again, nothing is happening!

Slide 31: Simple Writing How will you avoid this type of passive writing?

Slide 32: Simple Writing Avoid the English verbs “to be” “to have” It is the most common verb in the language, but also the most boring.

Slide 33: Simple Writing Examples: Is Was Are Have been Were

Slide 34: Simple Writing When a sentence is composed around the ‘to be’ and ‘to have’ verbs, nothing happens. A static state is described.

Slide 35: Simple Writing By composing sentences with the subject - verb - object formula, you will use fewer ‘to be’ verbs.

Slide 36: Simple Writing Let’s look at a better example: The bus cruised down the street. The bus did something to the street.

Slide 37: Simple Writing This is the key to good writing.

Slide 38: Simple Writing Let’s start with a very simple exercise.

Slide 39: Simple Writing First: pick a noun Examples: You Me The bus

Slide 40: Simple Writing Second: pick a verb Examples: Cruised Drove Crashed

Slide 41: Simple Writing Third: pick an object Examples: Street Road Car

Slide 42: Simple Writing Fourth: use the verb to relate the nouns Examples: You drove your car. I crashed my car into the bus.

Slide 43: Simple Writing Remember: Subject - verb - object

Slide 44: Simple Writing Let’s try and write some perfect sentences.

Slide 45: • Dan teaches us simple writing skills • We write simple sentences on the paper. • The plane crashed into the ground. • I enjoyed practicing English by watching movies. • The movie impressed us a lot. • I picked up a flower, and gave it to a little girl nearby.

Slide 46: Simple Writing Keeping in mind what we’ve just reviewed, write 7 sentences about a recent vacation you took. Do your best! I will ask for examples.

Slide 47: Simple Writing Now, let’s hear some examples.

Slide 48: Simple Writing I left for Italy to present my paper at a seminar. I set off on my first journey abroad on June 23rd.

Slide 49: Break time!

Slide 50: Let’s try another activity.

Slide 51: The most amazing six words you will ever read.

Slide 52: In the 1920s, Ernest Hemingway bet his colleagues $10 that he could write a complete story in just six words. They paid up.

Slide 53: The story?

Slide 54: For sale. Baby shoes. Never worn.

Slide 55: To sharpen your writing skills, let’s try Hemingway’s exercise.

Slide 56: Good Writing Write the story of your life in exactly six words. You have about 10 minutes…

Slide 57: Good Writing This is a very, very hard exercise! It forces you to be concise, interesting, and simple all at once.

Slide 58: Good Writing If you don’t like yours, don’t worry. Keep practicing!

Slide 59: Good Writing Let’s hear some examples from the class.

Slide 60: Good education. Good Writing Hard work. Enjoy life. To meet To know To love For truths Live, die,

Slide 61: • Cheerful childhood • Abundant adulthood • Fruitful future Musical instrument University life Work brief Hectic life Poorly managed Never ends

Slide 62: Good Writing The best I could come up with: All talent, No skill. Oh well.

Slide 63: Good Writing Another one I liked: He’s clever. But is he smart?

Slide 64: Good Writing A pair of good ones from the Internet: Spoken too late, “Love you, Dad.” He ate, then returned, his seafood.

Slide 65: Good Writing The point of this exercise is simple: The words you choose matter, so choose them carefully.

Slide 66: Good Writing Make every word count.

Slide 67: Good Writing Let’s try another exercise. This one is based on Haiku.

Slide 68: Good Writing Write three sentences, each about one thing you did today BUT Use no more than 15 words, and no more than 30 syllables.

Slide 69: Good Writing Please take about 10 minutes.

Slide 70: Good Writing What did I do today? I rose to find the day in progress. I boarded the Metro and fought the crowd for a seat. I pushed through the crowded streets, entered the building.

Slide 71: Good Writing What did I do today? I rose to find the day in progress. I boarded the Metro and fought the crowd for a seat. I pushed through the crowded streets, entered the building.

Slide 72: Good Writing Let’s hear some examples.

Slide 73: • I held a weekly meeting, revised an application form, and reported to my boss. • I ran to the bus station. I jumped onto a bus. The bus took me downtown. • I fell asleep early this morning, I shopped at noon, and arrived here by 3pm.

Slide 74: • I answered the online question. I prepared for the test paper. I revised the text book. • I jogged in the morning, and finished my routine job after breakfast. For now, I am concentrating my attention on Daniel’s lecture.

Slide 75: Good Writing So, why did I have you do this exercise? To illustrate two important rules.

Slide 76: Good Writing 1. Avoid words that contain more than two syllables. (There are a few exceptions. I’ll explain.)

Slide 77: Good Writing Long words are harder to read, and usually come from Latin. Most readers prefer shorter, Germanic words. Consult a dictionary and thesaurus often!

Slide 78: Good Writing 1. Sentences should never run more than two printed lines, or about 20 words. If they run longer, split them into two sentences. There are a few exceptions.

Slide 79: Editing

Slide 80: Editing The Three Rules of Editing

Slide 81: Editing Editing is as much an art as a science.

Slide 82: Editing How will you know what to remove? How will you know how to reorganize?

Slide 83: Editing Follow the three rules.

Slide 84: Editing 1.Be Logical Logic is the way to win over your reader.

Slide 85: Editing 2. Be Consistent Readers get confused by inconsistent language, logic, and presentation.

Slide 86: Editing 3. Murder your Darlings Do not love any of your writings so much that you cannot delete them and start again.

Slide 87: Editing 3. Murder your Darlings Remember: Being clever isn’t the same as being smart.

Slide 88: Editing Let’s take a look back at your mini-essays.

Slide 89: Editing Are they logical? Are they consistent? Are they too clever?

Slide 90: More than two-thirds of adult Americans have life insurance. The bad news is that many are neglecting a bigger risk. Insurance. At the same time, people between the ages of 35 and 64 years old are six times more likely to incur injury than they are to die. People between the ages of 35 and 64 run six times the risk of injury than of death.

Slide 91: • …six times more likely to be injured badly enough to miss an extended amount of work than they are to die. • So why do fewer than a third of us have disability coverage? That error reflects what economists and psychologists sometimes call the “availability bias.” People use this mental shortcut to gauge risk. 1

Slide 92: Editing If this class has a forum, I would love to see your results from today’s activities. Please post them, and I’ll have a look.

Slide 93: Editing If we haven’t run out of time, I’ll take questions about anything.

Slide 94: Thank you for your attention. You’ve been great! See you on August 7th!

Slide 95: • Elements of Style Strunk and White A Moveable Feast Ernest Hemingway F. Scott Fitzgerald This side of Paradise The Beautiful and Damned