David Kong Hug AJEI - S e minar Public Policies February 2009 Urban growth and environmental decay: Surat

1. Introduction 1.1 Theory & Methodology 2. Environmental urban governance 2.1) what governance have influenced on the environmental decisions? 2.2) how did different actors participate? 2.3) which links exist between the actors of the economic growth, the citizens and the public policies? 3) Conclusion PLAN

In the urban context, natural and environmental risk is not a mere threat to the city and its dwellers, rather a fundamental component of its structure and its urbanization (November, 1994) Objective : to examine Surat public policies regarding man and nature made environmental risks : • Plague 1994 • Floods 1968-94-98-2006 • Air, water and soil pollution 1) Introduction

Urban governance is: … the means by which political, administrative and responsive processes are delivered within a city (Bhushan, 2001) … consists of norms, laws and regulations and the institutions in charge of implementing them, determines the mechanisms through which the diverse actors - interested in or affected by problems – administer progressive improvements and assure the sustainability of the functionalities (IADB, 2007) … with two dimensions (Friedmann, 2001) : Vertical coordination and its implications; Horizontal coordination and the role of the different actors 1.2 Theory & Methodology

Urban governance is:

… the means by which political, administrative and responsive processes are delivered within a city (Bhushan, 2001)

… consists of norms, laws and regulations and the institutions in charge of implementing them, determines the mechanisms through which the diverse actors - interested in or affected by problems – administer progressive improvements and assure the sustainability of the functionalities (IADB, 2007)

… with two dimensions (Friedmann, 2001) :

Vertical coordination and its implications;

Horizontal coordination and the role of the different actors

« Scalar Paradox » (Preteceille, 1990) The global economy is wielding forces that shape local governance under the mould of public-private partnerships , urban entrepreneurial strategies and mercantile initiatives between private commercial actors and public sector organisations (Savitch, 2007)

2.1) What governance have influenced on the environmental decisions? A direction of mixed governance with proper administrative means while preserving economic interests ( S. R. Rao, ex Commissioner, Surat ) With Attempts to incorporate into the urban structure risk prevention (environnemental, social, industrial) But Governance still led by a political and economic hierarchy with little continuity.

2.1) What governance have influenced on the environmental decisions?

A direction of mixed governance with proper administrative means while preserving economic interests ( S. R. Rao, ex Commissioner, Surat )

With

Attempts to incorporate into the urban structure risk prevention (environnemental, social, industrial)

But

Governance still led by a political and economic hierarchy with little continuity.

2.2) How did the different actors participate? Environmental public policies have been hijacked by the bureaucratie, the commercial elite and the the “experts”, leaving little public space to the activists et intellectuals ( Sheikh 2008) . Therefore Citizens’ participation citoyenne is confined to an advisory role without much control over the decision making .

2.2) How did the different actors participate?

Environmental public policies have been hijacked by the bureaucratie, the commercial elite and the the “experts”, leaving little public space to the activists et intellectuals ( Sheikh 2008) .

Therefore

Citizens’ participation citoyenne is confined to an advisory role without much control over the decision making .

2.3) Which links exist between the actors of the economic growth, the citizens and the public policies ? A link between middle class citizens’ Eco-City and the public private promoted economy can be stated. However Economic interests and other informal advantages prevail over ecological considerations and risk prevention; Urban public policies rely more on private than the State Information on environmental measures is nebulous; Privatization of environmental services neglected slum dwellers.

2.3) Which links exist between the actors of the economic growth, the citizens and the public policies ?

A link between middle class citizens’ Eco-City and the public private promoted economy can be stated.

However

Economic interests and other informal advantages prevail over ecological considerations and risk prevention;

Urban public policies rely more on private than the State

Information on environmental measures is nebulous;

Privatization of environmental services neglected slum dwellers.

3) CONCLUSION Administrators’ environmental strategy is short term Environmental management has become a political tool Successful political and economic decentralization Citizens and community participation remains in principle Efficient privatization of environmental services Continuous migration and economic growth In spite of natural and man made risks unproperly tackled

3) CONCLUSION

Administrators’ environmental strategy is short term

Environmental management has become a political tool

Successful political and economic decentralization

Citizens and community participation remains in principle

Efficient privatization of environmental services

Continuous migration and economic growth

In spite of natural and man made risks unproperly tackled

David Kong Hug IHEID - S é minaire Gouvernance urbaine Mai 2008 MERCI!