Viral Time: Carl Zimmer's talk at the Long Now Foundation

Viral Time Carl ZimmerThe Long Now Foundation June 7, 2011

Ming the Clam Born c.1600 Died 2007Image: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_(clam)

One grand day Photo by Mike Talbot http://www.ﬂickr.com/ photos/25258702@N04/5711451273

cdc.gov

Gago et al, Science 6 March 2009: Vol. 323. no. 5919, p. 1308

Flu mutates about 10,000 times faster than we doGago et al, Science 6 March 2009: Vol. 323. no. 5919, p. 1308

Photo by Mike Talbot http://www.ﬂickr.com/ photos/25258702@N04/5711451273

Virus Clouds

http://www.wrongsideoftheart.com/2008/12/rabid-1977-canada/

2002: SARS SARS C (SAR

Palm Civet Photo by Kabacchi http://www.ﬂickr.com/photos/36197880@N03/5028702541

Chinese horseshoe bat http://www.bio.bris.ac.uk/research/bats/China%20bats/rhinolophussinicus.htm

bush meat

From Zimmer,The Tangled Bank

www.billheidrick.com/Orpd/RFludd/

Ramses V, Pharaoh of Egypt 1149-1145 BChttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/afterlife-ancient-egypt.html

Smallpox

Viruses that become one with their hostEMBO reports 4, S1, S10–S14 (2003) doi:10.1038/sj.embor.embor857

Dewannieux et al Genome Res. 2006. 16: 1548-1556

VIZAL TIMEVIRAL TIPEZIRAL TIMEVIRAL TIMNVJRAL TIMEVIRAL RIME

VIZAL TIMEVIRAL TIPEZIRAL TIMEVIRAL TIMNVJRAL TIMEVIRAL RIMEVIRAL TIME

Awake after two million years Dewannieux et al Genome Res. 2006. 16: 1548-1556

Bannert and Kurth Annu. Rev. Genomics Hum. Genet. 2006. 7:149–73

T. Dittmar, K.S. Zänker (eds.), Cell Fusion in Health and Disease, Advances inExperimental Medicine and Biology 713, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-0763-4_6,

Cave of Crystals, Mexico

https://picasaweb.google.com/zichali

Vostok http://www.ﬂickr.com/photos/nsf_beta/4514670771/

Yau et al, PNAS 2011 108:15 6163-6168

Erik K.Veland http://www.ﬂickr.com/photos/16346469@N00/437201319

How many viruses are there?

10000000000000000000000000000000

100,000,000 light years

Photo by wisze - http://ﬂic.kr/p/94522P

Breathe in some viral oxygen PennyChisholm, MIT

Stromatolites STROMATOLITES Courtesy of Frans Lanting

Craig Venter and Sorcerer II

Boyer M, Madoui M-A, Gimenez G, La Scola B, Raoult D (2010) Phylogenetic and Phyletic Studies of Informational Genes in Genomes Highlight Existence of a 4thDomain of Life Including Giant Viruses. PLoS ONE 5(12): e15530. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0015530

Proto-life?

Proto-virus?

Whence DNA?

Did viruses create life as we know it? Patrick Forterre, Pasteur Institute

Expect more ﬂu boston.com/bigpicture

VIRUS SEX

doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000566.g002

http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/658/Dugan VG, Chen R, Spiro DJ, Sengamalay N, Zaborsky J, et al. (2008) The Evolutionary Genetics and Emergence ofAvian Inﬂuenza Viruses in Wild Birds. PLoS Pathog 4(5): e1000076. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000076

Introduced strain (avian ﬂu) Evolved strain (human ﬂu) RIP RIP RIP RIP RIPBased on Parrish et al Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, September 2008, p. 457-470, Vol. 72, No. 3

Genesis of swine-origin H1N1 influenza viruses. G Neumann et al. Nature 000, 1-9 (2009) doi:10.1038/nature08157

Factory Farms = Flu Factories

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:XN_Sus_domesticus_Animal_husbandry_912.jpg

Hepatitis C: Another primate virus?

Kapoor et al, PNAS in press

Treetop diseasehttp://www.ﬂickr.com/photos/85265584@N00/2288300863

The 1918 ﬂu pandemic http://1918.pandemicﬂu.gov/pics/photos/Washington_State1.jpg

Nicholls H (2006) Pandemic Inﬂuenza: The Inside Story. PLoS Biol 4(2): e50. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040050

Smallpox: Extinct in the wild

http://www.unaids.org/globalreport/documents/20101123_globalreport_slides_chapter2_em.pdf

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK49491/figure/ch01.F3/?report=objectonly

Batteries built by viruses Angela Belcher, MIT

global geoengineering?

Thank you For moreinformation, visit carlzimmer.com

Comparative Rates of Evolutionary Change • Eukaryotes (dsDNA): ~0.01 mutations per genome, per replication ~10-8 to 10-9 substitutions/site/year • RNA viruses (and ssDNA viruses):~1 mutation per genome, per replication* ~10-3 to 10-4 substitutions/site/year

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Viral Time: Carl Zimmer's talk at the Long Now Foundation

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