The Human Jungle: Exploring the Microbiome

The Inner Jungle:The Natural History of the Human Microbiome Carl Zimmer Joint Summits on Translational Science Keynote Lecture San Francisco, CA, March 8, 2011

Linsley PondBranford, Connecticuthttp://www.ct.gov/caes/cwp/view.asp?a=2799&q=381326

G. Evelyn Hutchinson (1903-1991)

http://apod.nasa.gov

Linsley Pond as an energy ﬂow Raymond Lindeman www.cedarcreek.umn.edu/

Real food webs are even more complex than this...

The biodiversity of a little lake:4 species of mammals3 birds20 ﬁsh~200 zooplankton~1,000 algae~20,000 species total

Why so many species?http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/brochures/foodweb/LMfoodweb.pdf

Hutchinson’s Niche From The Art of Ecology, 2011

A complicated space From The Art of Ecology, 2011

Heating of Linsley Pond From The Art of Ecology, 2011

Dissolved substances From The Art of Ecology, 2011

From The Art of Ecology, 2011Time opens new niches

From The Art of Ecology, 2011“The History of a Lake”

Transforming invasions: the alewife

Brooks and Dodson 1965, Science 150:28-35

Erosion andeutrophication leave their markBrugham, Ecology 1979 59:19-36

Brugham, Ecology 1979 59:19-36

Max Delbruck (1906-1981)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ File:Max_Delbruck.jpg

Max Delbruckand Salvador Luria

Cold Spring Harbor Archives http://www.ﬂickr.com/photos/cshlarchives/4276595071/

“Molecular genetics, our latestwonder, has taught us to spellout the connectivity of the treeof life in such palpable detail thatwe may say in plain words, ‘Thisriddle of life has been solved.’The ideas of informationstorage, of the replication of thestored information and of its Max Delbruck,programmed readout have Nobel Lecture, 1969become commonplace and haveﬁltered down into the popularmagazines and grade schooltextbooks.”

blogs.discovermagazine.com/ loom

It will unlock new insights into our origins and history as a species; and it points to new ways of combating disease. The people of many countries have invested in the Human Genome Projects determination of the sequence, and it is hard to see how that investment could have received better returns.http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v409/n6822/full/409745a0.html

A ﬂood of data...

...and impatiencehttp://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2010/04/08/the-decade-of-the-human-genome-where-are-the-fab-four/

The Genomic Hype Cycle http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hype_cycle

Yes, we’re like viruses...

...but we are also like lakes

“Wee animacules”

Diaper ecology

An undeserved fame

Wang et al, Appl Microbiol Biotechnol (2010) 88:1333–1342

Stalking the Wild MicrobiomeWang et al, Appl Microbiol Biotechnol (2010) 88:1333–1342

100 trillionmicrobes in your body: moremicrobes than allthe humans who have ever lived sigen.org

Imagine producing an elephant’s worth of microbes

Now multiply times ﬁve

Microbial abundance raises the question: how human are we? Human: 10 trillion human cells 20,000 human genesMicrobiota: Microbiota:100 trillion microbial cells 20 million microbial genes 99.9% of our genomes the same, but our microbes...?

The microbiomehelps digest food & metabolize drugsAnnu. Rev. Nutr. 2002. 22:283–307doi: 10.1146/annurev.nutr.22.011602.092259

The microbiomemanages theimmune systemFraune and Bosch 2010Bioessays 32: 571–580

The microbiome kills invading pathogensThe skin bacteriaStaphylococcusepidermis makesδ-toxin and killsS. aureus Cogen et al, PLoS ONE 5(1): e8557. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008557

The microbiome heals woundsLeft ear: wound Right ear: woundwithout S. epidermis with S. epidermis Lai 2009 Nature Medicine 15, 1377 - 1382 (2009)

The microbiome: anorgan that works asan ecosystem

Diversity from nose to nose Wos-Oxley et al, The ISME Journal (2010) 4, 839–851

Mouth to mouth: 818 bacterial species lives in three people’smouths, 387 shared by all three. Zaura et al BMC Microbiol (2009) vol. 9 (1) pp. 259

What is the shape of the core microbiome?Hamady M , Knight R Genome Res. 2009;19:1141-1152

Or is it a core of genes, not of species?Hamady M , Knight R Genome Res. 2009;19:1141-1152

Diversity within the core Periphery(not in all people) Core (in all people) Costello et al, Science Vol. 326 no. 5960 pp. 1694-1697

r Hair The body has many niches Hairehead Forehead Foreheadernal ear (L) External nose External noseernal ear (R) External ear (R) External ear (R) el External ear (L) External ear (L)mpit (R) Palm (R) Palm (R)mpit (L) Index finger (R) Index finger (R)ernal nose Palm (L) Palm (L) tril (R) Index finger (L) Index finger (L) tril (L) Forearm (R) Forearm (R)ex finger (R) Forearm (L) Forearm (L)m (R) Nostril (R) Nostril (R)ex finger (L) Nostril (L) Nostril (L)earm (R) EAC (R) Armpit (R)earm (L) EAC (L) Armpit (L)m (L) Armpit (R) Sole of foot (R) k of knee (R) Armpit (L) Sole of foot (L) k of knee (L) Sole of foot (R) Back of knee (R)e of foot (R) Sole of foot (L) Back of knee (L)e of foot (L) Back of knee (R) NavelC (R) Back of knee (L) EAC (R)C (L) Navel EAC (L)ns penis Glans penis Glans penis ia minora Labia minora Labia minora l cavity Oral cavity Oral cavity sal tongue Dorsal tongue Dorsal tongue (Sp) Gut (Sp) Gut (Sp) (Sw) Gut (Sw) Gut (Sw) 0.02 0.05 weighted quantitative symmetric UniFrac (Kulczynski) Costello et al, Science Vol. 326 no. 5960 pp. 1694-1697 Fig. S11

Detailed biogeography of thehuman face

Wang et al, Appl Microbiol Biotechnol (2010) 88:1333–1342

From The Art of Ecology, 2011Time opens new niches

Time opens new nichesA 0.9 0.8UniFrac distance 0.7 0.6 variation within people (day-to-day) variation between people 0.5 (on any given day) 0.4 Oral Gut Skin Nostril Hair EAC cavity HabitatB 0.3eighted UniFrac distance 0.2 variation within people 0.1 (day-to-day) Costello et al, Science Vol. 326 no. 5960 pp. 1694-1697 variation between people

Diversity through co-dependence:the case of the elusive mouth resident, Synergistetes Vartoukian et al Environmental Microbiology (2010) 12(4), 916–928

Top: Synergistetes alone in culture grows extremely slowly Bottom: Parvimonas micra speeds up growth of Synergistetes (streak)Vartoukian et al Environmental Microbiology (2010) 12(4), 916–928

It’s a jungle in there

Four mouth microbes that cannot grow aloneActinomyces Streptococcus naeshindii oralisFusobacterium Porphyromonas nucleatum gigivalis Robinson et al, Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2010 Sep;74(3):453-76.

Four mouth microbes that cannot grow alone supports the growth ofActinomyces Streptococcus naeshindii oralis supports the growth ofFusobacterium Porphyromonas nucleatum gigivalis Robinson et al, Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2010 Sep;74(3):453-76.

Four mouth microbes that cannot grow alone supports the growth ofActinomyces Streptococcus naeshindii oralis supports the growth of supports the growth ofFusobacterium Porphyromonas nucleatum gigivalis Robinson et al, Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2010 Sep;74(3):453-76.

Four mouth microbes that cannot grow alone supports the growth ofActinomyces Streptococcus naeshindii oralis supports the growth of supports the growth of supports the growth ofFusobacterium Porphyromonas nucleatum gigivalis Robinson et al, Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2010 Sep;74(3):453-76.

Four mouth microbes that cannot grow alone supports the growth ofActinomyces Streptococcus naeshindii oralis supports the growth of supports the cannot support the growth of growth of supports the growth ofFusobacterium Porphyromonas nucleatum gigivalis Robinson et al, Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2010 Sep;74(3):453-76.

Four mouth microbes that cannot grow alone supports the growth ofActinomyces Streptococcus naeshindii oralis supports the growth of supports the cannot support on its cannot support the growth of own, but can speed growth of growth if A. naeshindii is also present supports the growth ofFusobacterium Porphyromonas nucleatum gigivalis Robinson et al, Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2010 Sep;74(3):453-76.

The Tangled BankKolenbrander et al 2010 Nature Reviews Microbiology 8:471

“The History of a Lake” From The Art of Ecology, 2011

The History of A Microbiome Reid et al Nat Rev Micro (2011) vol. 9 (1) pp. 27-38

From sterile to lush in a matter of weeks Fierer et al, Research in Microbiology 161 (2010) 635e642

Sampling of the microbiota 20minutes after birth

Koenig et al, PNAS 2010

A baby’s microbiomegrows more diverse Koenig et al, PNAS 2010

A lesson from ecology: diversity is healthy Salmonella invades more successfully if mice are treated with antibiotics, have low-diversity microbiomes (LCM), or are germ-freePhoto- http://ﬂic.kr/p/3vhoNg Stecher and Hardt Current Opinion in Microbiology 2010, 14:1–10

Reid et al Nat Rev Micro (2011) vol. 9 (1) pp. 27-38

Two invaders that alter ecosystemsAlewife Helicobacter hepatica

As Helicobacter hepaticus becomes more common inmouse cecae (A), microbiome diversity falls (B)KUEHL ET AL, INFECTION AND IMMUNITY, Oct. 2005, p. 6952–6961

A Manmade Catastrophe (for the Microbiome)

Jernberg et al, Microbiology (2010), 156, 3216–3223

Antonopoulos et al, Infection and Immunity (2009) vol. 77 (6) pp. 2367-2375

Robinson et al, Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2010 Sep;74(3):453-76.

Microbes guide the flow of energy

Do My Bacteria Make Me Look Fat?Ley RE, Backhed F, Turnbaugh P, et al. 2005. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102: 11070–5.

• Germ-free mice given ob/ob or wild-type gut microbes • Chow consumption and exercise the same for both groups • Both sets of mice had similar starting weight and percentage of body fatTurnbaugh, et al. Nature 2006; 444:1027

Sandoval et al, Science 328, 179 (2010)

Kinross et al. Genome Medicine 2011, 3:14

Becoming Ecosystem EngineersAlexander Khoruts, University of Minnestoa

Khoruts’s dilemma: 61 year old patient--Antibiotics for lung infection led to intestinal C. difficile infection Chronic Diarrhea - 8 months Loose bowel movements every 15 minutes Wore diapers at all times Confined to a wheel chair Lost 27 Kg Antibiotic therapy for C. difficile uneffective Khoruts, et al. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 44, 354–360 (2010)

Microbiome transplant Khoruts, et al. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 44, 354–360 (2010)

Patient had ﬁrst solid bowel movement 2 days after treatmentOn 6 month follow up visit, reported daily stools that were well formed Khoruts, et al. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 44, 354–360 (2010)

Thanks to Jonathan Eisen, Karen Jansson, Rob Knight,Sarkis Mazmanian, David Post, and David Skelly For more information, visit carlzimmer.com

http://blogs.discovermagazine.com	765
http://mauriziosalamone.blogspot.com	238
http://wwwdb.inf.tu-dresden.de	123
http://leclercfl.posterous.com	9
http://paper.li	7
http://localhost	6
http://lanyrd.com	4
http://c-vm.sixfeetup.com	4
http://translate.googleusercontent.com	2
http://www.mauriziosalamone.blogspot.com	1
res://ieframe.dll	1
http://www.mefeedia.com	1
http://m10.indicthreads.com	1
http://mauriziosalamone.blogspot.it	1

The Human Jungle: Exploring the Microbiome

by cwzimmer on Mar 20, 2011

Accessibility

Categories

Tags

Upload Details

Usage Rights

14 Embeds 1,163

Statistics

The Human Jungle: Exploring the Microbiome — Presentation Transcript