CUBRID Developer's Course

CUBRIDDeveloper's Course
Author: Bomyung Oh
Team / Department: DBMS Development Lab
Author(2): Kyungsik Seo
Team / Department: DBMS Development Lab

Comparison of the featuredevelopment speed with MySQL
CUBRID
CUBRID Cluster
Cluster
R3.2
SQL Compatibility
CUBRID FBO
R3.1
R3.0
HA Feature
Hierarchical Query
R2.0
Views
Triggers
Stored Procedure
AUTO_INCREMENT
Query Plan Cache
Query Result Cache
Replication
Partitioning
Click Counter
R1.0
MySQL
5.5
5.4
5.1
5.0
Views
Triggers
Stored Procedures
AUTO_INCREMENT
Query Cache
Replication
Full Text Indexing
Partitioning
Event scheduler
MySQL Cluster
XML Functions
4.1
4.0
3.23
2003
2001
2002
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010

Who are using CUBRID
Over 100,000 Downloads

Introduction to CUBRID
Overview and Architecture of CUBRID
Using CUBRID
Introduction to CUBRID HA

1.1 Overview and Architecture of CUBRID

What is CUBRID?
Introduction
CUBRIDis a comprehensive open source relational database management system that is highly optimized for Web Applications, particularly those with Read-intensive transactions.
Korea
http://dev.naver.com/projects/cubrid/
http://www.cubrid.com/online_manual/cubrid_830/index.htm
http://www.cubrid.com
http://devcafe.nhncorp.com/g_cubrid
Global
http://www.cubrid.org/
http://wiki.cubrid.org/index.php/CUBRID_Manuals/cubrid_2008_R3.0_manual
You Tube
http://www.youtube.com/user/cubrid

CUBRIDArchitecture (Simplified)
A 3-tier structure that separates DB Servers from Brokers
Broker : DB Server = 1 : N is possible
Application Client
Java Apps
CUBRID Manager
WAS
WAS
Query Editor
DB Interface
JDBC driver
Manager port: 8001,8002
JDBC
JDBC
connect
Broker port: 30000
Middleware
cub_broker
cub_auto
Broker1
Broker2
cub_job
cub_cas
send_fd
connect
Server port: 1523
DBServer
cub_master
cub_auto
connect
Server port: 1523
send_fd
cub_job
cub_server
DB Server2
DB Server1
Data
Volume2
Data
Volume1
volume file
log file
volume file
log file

CUBRIDArchitecture (Detailed)
CUBRID
Manager
GUI
CUBRID
Manager
Interface
ODBC
CCI
PHP
OLE DB
Python
Ruby
JDBC
CM Server
Broker
Job
Queuing
Monitoring
Connection
Pooling
Logging
Client Library
Native C API
Parser
Object
Manager
Schema
Manager
Transaction
Manager
Query
Transform
Workspace Manager
Query
Optimizer
Memory Manager
Plan
Generation
Communication Module
Server
Admin
Utility
Communication Module
Create, Delete, Copy, Rename
Transaction
Manager
Log
Manager
Lock
Manager
Query
Manager
Access
Method
B+Tree
Module
File Manager
System
Catalog Module
Add Volume
Buffer Manager
Load /
Unload
Disk Manager
Backup /
Restore
Active
Log
Compact /
Optimize
File Based
Objects
Data
Volume
Index
Volume
Temp
Volume
Check /
Diag
Archive
Log

CUBRIDProcess (Detailed)
JDBC driver
CCI library
API
connect
query &
result
port listening
query &
result
File
cub_broker
cubrid_broker.conf
fork
parse
descriptor pass
Process
cub_cas
cub_cas
shared memory
csql
cubridcs.so
cubridcs.so
Dynamic shared library
connect
cubridcs.so
request &
response
TCP
job queue
multi-thread
port listening
parse
descriptor pass
parse
cub_master
cub_server
cubrid.conf
UDS
cubrid.so
mount
(read/write)
register
read
volume file
log file
databases.txt
volume file
log file
cub_admin
cubridsa.so

1.2 Using CUBRID

Prerequisites for Installation
Download CUBRID
http://sourceforge.net/projects/cubrid
Check supported platforms
(Linux/Windows)
uname –r
rpm –qa | grepglibc
Install JRE version 1.5 or higher and set up the environment variables(CUBRID Manager)
http://java.sun.com/javase/downloads/index.jsp
For Linux
For Windows
Visual C++ 2008 distribution pack installation
Create DB users
(multiple instances)
http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?displaylang=ko&FamilyID=9b2da534-3e03-4391-8a4d-074b9f2bc1bf
Install and launch CUBRID

CUBRIDInstallation and Starting CUBRID Service
How to install CUBRID and start CUBRID Service in the Windows environment
For detailed information, see the manual provided at the following link:. Run the exe file to start the installation wizard.http://www.cubrid.org/manual/gs/gs_install_windows.htm
Starting CUBRID Service in the CUBRIDtray
How to install CUBRID and start CUBRID Service in the Linux environment
For detailed information, see the manual provided at the following link:
http://www.cubrid.org/manual/gs/gs_install_linux.htm
Starting CUBRID Service (CUBRID-related processes must be started)
For detailed information, see the manual provided at the following link:
http://www.cubrid.org/manual/gs/gs_must_svcstart.htm
Start the CUBRID service by using the following command:
% sh CUBRID-8.3.0.0312-linux.x86_64.sh% . /home1/cub_user/.cubrid.sh
% cubrid service start

DB Creation and DB Start
How to create a new DB and start itFor detailed information, see the manual provided at the following link:
http://www.cubrid.org/manual/admin/admin_db_create_create.htm
Creating testdb and starting it with a command
Starting an existing DB(demodb is included in the installation of CUBRID, by default)For detailed information, see the manual provided at the following link:
http://www.cubrid.org/manual/gs/gs_must_svcstart.htm
Creating demodb and starting it with a command
% cubridcreatedbtestdb
% cubrid server start testdb
% cubrid server start demodb

CUBRID Manager - Configuration
Java-based GUI tools JRE/JDKversion 1.6 or higher is required
CUBRID Manager is a tool used to control the functions of servers and brokers, andto monitor and analyze logs
CUBIRD Manager consists of the search pane to the left, the query edit pane to the right, the top menu, and the toolbar

CUBRID Manager – start
Start CUBRID Server
Start CUBRID Manager
inserthost connection information
(Default manager account
ID: admin / PW: admin)
insert
DB connection information
(Default DB account
ID: dba / PW: No password)
Start DB Server
Execute queries

CUBRID Manager - stop
Stop DB Server
Disconnect from the host
Stop CUBRID Manager

1.3 Introduction to CUBRID HA

Introduction to CUBRID HA
Replication
No-Automatic Fail-over  No-Automatic Sync
HA
Automatic Fail-over  Automatic Sync

HA Configuration and Usage– DB Server Redundancy
AP
Web Server
AP
Web Server
Fail-back
Fail-over
Broker #2
Broker #1
Automatic failover
Active
Server
Standby
Server
Node Fail
Automatic failover
Replication

HA Configuration and Usage– Broker Redundancy
AP
Web Server
AP
Web Server
JDBC Driver
CCI Library
Automatic failover
Fail-back
Fail-over
Broker #2
Broker #1
Node Fail
Active
Server
Standby
Server
Replication

Diagram of HA Architecture (Detailed)
Async
Update
Select
A-Node
Active Server Node
S1-Node
Standby Server Node
applylogdb
coyplogdb
applylogdb
coyplogdb
Server
Active
Replica
Standby
Semi-Sync
Sync
active log
archive logs
A-node’s
active & archive logs
S1-node’s
active & archive logs
active log
archive logs
Replication Log is not included
Replication Log is included
#Configurations#
#A-Node’s log path
S1-Node’s active & archive logs
= $CUBRID_DATABASES/database-name_S1-Node-hostname
(ex. /home1/cubrid1/DB/tdb01_Snode1)
copylogdb & applylogdberror logs
= $CUBRID/log
#S1-Node’s log path
A-Node’s active & archive logs
= $CUBRID_DATABASES/database-name_A-Node-hostname
(ex. /home1/cubrid1/DB/tdb01_Anode1)
copylogdb & applylogdberror logs
= $CUBRID/log
#Configurations#
A-node & S1-node’s <cubrid.conf>
ha_mode=yes
ha_node_list=hagrpname@A-node:S1-node
A-node & S1-node’s <cubrid-ha>
CUBRID_USER=username
DB_LIST=‘dbname‘
broker node’s <databases.txt>
dbnamevol_pathA-node:S1-nodelog_path

2. CUBRIDArchitecture
CUBRIDVolume Structure
CUBRIDParameters
Broker Parameters
Error Log File
System Catalog

2.1 CUBRIDVolume Structure

CUBRIDVolume Structure
* : The table is mapped to aCUBRID file.
**: A CUBRID file can be separated to multiple CUBRID volumes.
File_1
File_2
File_3
Free_Pages
Volumes

DB Volume Structure

DBVolume – InformationVolume
Information Volumes
Data volume
Saves the data of an application, such as tables or records
A record storage file, called heap, is created in a data volume
Index volume
A volume in which B+Tree indexes are saved for faster data access or queries
Temp volume
A volume in which intermediate results are saved to fetch result sets that exceed the size of the memory buffer, or to execute join queries
A temporary volume with an appropriate size must be created when creating a DB volume.
This is a permanent volume that is used for temporary purposes, and is different from temporary volumes that are used only temporarily.
Generic volume
The initial volume during DB creation, which can be used as the data, index, or temp volume.
If the usage of the volume (data, index, or temporary) is not specified, it can be used for general purposes.

DB Volume – Log Volume
Log Volumes
The active log volume includes the most recent updates that have been applied to a database.
Records the status of a committed, aborted, or active transaction.
It is used to recover a DB from a storage media failure.
When the space allocated to an active log is completely used up, the content of the active log will be copied to and stored in a new log (archive log).
Example: demodb_lgat(active log), demodb_lgar*(arcive log)

DB Volume – Control Volume
Control Information Volumes
Volume Information
Includes the location information on DB volumes to be created or added
This file cannot be manually modified, deleted, or moved.
The name of the file is in {dbname}_vinf format.
Log Information
Records the information of the current logs and archive logs
Records the information on a new archive log file and unnecessary archive log file.
The name of the file is in {dbname}_lginf format
-5 C:CUBRIDdatabasesdemodbdemodb_vinf
-4 C:CUBRIDdatabasesdemodbdemodb_lginf
-3 C:CUBRIDdatabasesdemodbdemodb_bkvinf
-2 C:CUBRIDdatabasesdemodbdemodb_lgat
0 C:CUBRIDdatabasesdemodbdemodb
1 C:CUBRIDDATABA~1demodbdemodb_x0010
COMMENT: CUBRID/LogInfo for database /CUBRID/databases/demodb
ACTIVE: /CUBRID/databases/demodb_lgat 5000 pages
ARCHIVE: 0 /CUBRID/databases/demodb_lgar000 0 4997
COMMENT: Log archive /CUBRID/databases/demodb_lgar000 is not needed any longer unless a database media crash occurs.

DB Volume – Backup Volume
Backup Volume Information
Records the location and backup information of a backup volume
Located in the same path in which log files are stored.
The name of the file is in {dbname}_bkvinf format.
0 0 /Backup/demodb_bk000 0 level full backup of the first file.
0 1 /Backup/demodb_bk001 0 level full backup of the second file.
1 0 /Backup/demodb_bk100 1 level incremental backup of the first file.
2 0 /Backup/demodb_bk200 2 level incremental backup of the first file.
The path information of a backup
file
Backup level
information
The sequence number of a backup volume per
level

DB Volume – $CUBRID/conf/databases.txt
databases.txt
Contains the name, path, and the name of the built host of a DB.
Records the information related to the DB that is created in the databases.txt file upon the creation of a DB.
Saved to the path in which the $CUBRID_DATABASES environment variables are specified.
If it does not exist in the directory specified by the environment variable, the current directory will be used instead.
Caution
If a host name has been changed or a DB deleted by an OS command, this file must be modified as well.
As the user must be able to modify the databases.txt file during DB creation or deletion, the user must have the privilege to write to this file. If a user without the appropriate privilege attempts to create a DB, the DB creation will fail. For this reason, a DBA should enable the user-write privilege for the directory, or create a databases.txt file in the directory of each user and configure the environment variables.
demodb /CUBRID/databases/demodb hostname /CUBRID/databases/demodb
DB name
DB path
Host name
DB log path

DB Volume Management
An example of volume configuration
disk1
disk3
disk2
db1
db1_temp
db1_log
db1_data
db1_index
db_backup
Distributes according to usage to avoid the disk bottlenecks
Distributes data, index, temp, and log volume so that they are separated from each other
Avoids the disk bottlenecks and improves disk management
Distributes volumes that can be used simultaneously
data & log, data & index, data & temp
Configures a volume to an appropriate size to prevent it from adding more volumes while in service
Data, Index, Temp, Active Log: Page size and the number of pages must be considered
Backup: Backs up with the -r option, and then deletes unnecessary archive logs

2.2 CUBRID Parameters
$CUBRID/conf/cubrid.conf

Environment Configuration File - $CUBRID/conf/cubrid.conf
cubrid.conf
A file in which the value of CUBRIDsystem parameters are saved.
The file is located in a subdirectory of $CUBRID/conf . You are recommended to specify different values from one DB to another DB in the DB.
There are two types of parameters: DB server parameters and DB client parameters. If a parameter has been changed in a process, that process must be restarted.
SQL is used to change a client parameter.
Syntax for configuring parameters
Case-insensitive
The name and value of a parameter must be inserted on the same line.
An equals sign (=) can be used, and a blank character can be added at both sides of the sign..
If the value of a parameter is a string, insertthe string without quotation marks. If a blank character is included in the string, encase it with quotation marks.
[commom]
data_buffer_pages=250000
[demodb]
data_buffer_pages=500000

Higher in priority than the configuration of cubrid.conf
Add CUBRID_ at the beginning of the parameter to configure it as an environment variable
Configuring with an SQL statement
Only client parameters can be configured
Use “;” for multiple configurations
Environment Configuration File- $CUBRID/conf/cubrid.conf
set CUBRID_SORT_BUFFER_PAGE=512
SET SYSTEM PARAMETERS 'parameter_name=value [{; name=value}...]‘
SET SYSTEM PARAMETERS 'csql_history_num=70’
SET SYSTEM PARAMETERS 'csql_history_num=70; index_scan_in_oid_order=1'

Memory Related Configurations
data_buffer_pages
The number of data pages cached to the memory by a DB server
Requires an amount of memory equivalent to num_data_buffers times database page size (the page size specified when the DB is initialized; default is 4KB). (The size of the required memory is 100MB if the default is 25,000)
The actual size of a DB, the size of the memory, and the number and size of other processes must be considered when determining the size
The larger the value, the more data needs to be cached to the memory, which means less disk I/O. However, a value that is too large will cause the full swapping of page buffers.
index_scan_oid_buffer_pages
Configure the number of buffer pages in which the OID list is to be temporarily stored when scanning indexes
The default value is 4, (0.05~16).

Memory Related Configurations
sort_buffer_pages
The number of pages used to process queries that require sorting.
One sort buffer is allocated to each active client request.
The allocated memory is released upon the completion of sorting.
A value between 16 and 500 is recommended.
temp_file_memory_size_in_pages
Determines the number of buffer pages that cache the temporary results of a query
The default value is 4, and the maximum value is 20.

Log Related Configurations
checkpoint_interval_in_mins, checkpoint_interval_in_npages
Configures the interval of a checkpoint execution in min./page
The larger the value, the more time it takes to recover a DB.
media_failure_support
Configures whether to keep an archive log in the event of a storage media failure
If it is configured to the default value (yes), all active logs will be copied to and stored in an archive log when changes are made to a transaction while the active logs are full.
Please note that any archive logs which have been created while active logs that are full will be deleted if this value is no.

On Concurrency Control and Locking
isolation_level
A parameter used to manage transaction concurrency
It must be an integer from 1 to 6 or a character string (Default: 3)
The larger the value of the parameter, the lower the concurrency
SERIALIZABLE: Inaccessible until transaction is complete
REPEATABLE: S_LOCK is maintained until the transaction is complete at SELECT
READ UNCOMMITTED: Allows incomplete transactions to be read
READ COMMITTED: Allows only completed transactions to be read

Configurations Related to Concurrency and Lock
deadlock_detection_interval_in_secs
Configures the interval, in seconds, of deadlock detection for stopped transactions.
Resolves deadlock by rolling back one of the deadlocked transactions
The default value is 1sec.Be sure not to set the interval to a large number, as doing so will allow deadlocks remain undetected for that length of time.
lock_escalation
Converts to table lock if the number of row locks belonging to a table is greater than the specified value.
The default value is 100,000.
If this value is small, the table management overhead will be reduced, but the concurrency will be decreased.
If this value is large, thetable management overhead is will be increased, but the concurrency will be improved.
lock_timeout_in_secs
Specifies the waiting time of a lock
If the lock has not been allowed within the specified period of time, the transaction is cancelled, and an error is returned.
The default value is -1, in which case the wait time is unlimited. If it is 0, there is no wait time.

Configurations Related to Query Caches
max_plan_cache_entries
Configures the maximum number of query plans to be cached to the memory (Default: 1,000)
If this value is lower than 1, it will not work - it works only when the value is at least 1.
Configures the hint so that query execution plans are created without using cache
Use /*+ RECOMPILE +/ in queries
select /*+ RECOMPILE */ * from record where …

Configurations Related to Syntax and Type
block_ddl_statement
Limits Data Definition Language (as known as DDL)
The default value should not be no.
block_nowhere_statement
It does not execute queries if there are no WHERE clauses in an UPDATE/DELETE statement.
The default value should not be no.
single_byte_compare
When comparing strings, set it so that it will compare the strings by a single byte.When using Unicode, set it to Yes (for UTF-8).
Default:no

Other Parameters
Parameters related to communication services
cubrid_port_id
Master Process Port
The default valueis 1523
If 1523 is already in use, the parameter must be changed to another port number.
Client/server request-related
max_clients
This number represents maximum number of DB clients that can be connected to a DB server at the same time, which by extension also means the total number of concurrent transactions. (Defaultvalue:50)
The actual number of concurrent users must be considered
DB Server restart configuration
auto_restart_server
Automatically restarts a DB server that has been stopped due to a failure
The default value when restarting the DB is yes.
In the HA, the default value is no.

Other Parameters
Parameters related to transaction processing
async_commit
Enables the asynchronous commit function (Default value: must not be set to no)
Returns a commit to a client before the commit log is flushed to a disk
When a failure occurs in a DB server, all commit transactions that have not been flushed to a disk will not be able to be recovered.
group_commit_interval_in_msecs
Collects commits that have occurred during the setting in a group, and executes them (Default value: no need to configure)
Improves performance by collecting commit logs and flushing them to a disk

2.3 Broker Parameters
$CUBRID/conf/cubrid_broker.conf

Broker Environment Configuration - $CUBRID/conf/cubrid_broker.conf
Modifying environment configuration
Configuration file: $CUBRID/conf/cubrid_broker.conf
The file can be modified in an editor. Any changes made will be applied when the Broker restarts.
To modify the configuration without a restart, use the following command:
Configurable environment variables
APPL_SERVER_MAX_SIZE, SQL_LOG, TIME_TO_KILL
SESSION_TIMEOUT, KEEP_CONNECTION
If an environment variable and its value are incorrect, an error will occur during the restart, which will prevent the restart.
% broker_changer <br-name> <conf-name> <conf-value>
% broker_changerbroker1sql_log on
OK

Introduction to Broker Parameters

2.4 Error Log File
$CUBRID/log/
$CUBRID/log/server/
$CUBRID/log/broker/
$CUBRID/log/broker/sql_log
$CUBRID/log/broker/error_log
CUBRRENT_DIRECTORY, $HOME

Broker Log File – Connection Log$CUBRID/log/broker/
Checking connection log
The connection log is a record of the time it takes for each CAS to process a request by Broker.
This log has the name of "<broker name>.access" and resides in a directory specified in the ACCESS_LOG of cubrid_broker.conf.
1 192.168.100.201 - - 1158198049.151 1158198049.246 2008/09/14 10:40:49 ~ 2008/09/14 10:40:49 29438 - -1
2 192.168.100.201 - - 1158198049.401 1158198049.406 2008/09/14 10:40:49 ~ 2008/09/14 10:40:49 29438 - -1

Broker Log File – Error Log$CUBRID/log/broker/error_log
Checking error log
Records the information about an error that has occurred while processing the request from an application client into the broker_name_app_server_num.err file
Time: 02/04/09 13:45:17.687 - SYNTAX ERROR *** ERROR CODE = -493, Tran = 1, EID = 38
Syntax: Unknown class "unknown_tbl". select * from unknown_tbl

Broker Log File – SQL Log$CUBRID/log/broker/sql_log
SQL log
The SQL log file records the SQL that an application client requests, and is saved under the name of "broker_name_app_server_num.sql.log."
02/04 13:45:17.687 (38) prepare 0 insert into unique_tbl values (1)
02/04 13:45:17.687 (38) prepare srv_h_id 1
02/04 13:45:17.687 (38) execute srv_h_id 1 insert into unique_tbl values (1)
02/04 13:45:17.687 (38) execute error:-670 tuple 0 time 0.000, EID = 39
02/04 13:45:17.687 (0) auto_rollback
02/04 13:45:17.687 (0) auto_rollback 0
*** 0.000
02/04 13:45:17.687 (39) prepare 0 select * from unique_tbl
02/04 13:45:17.687 (39) prepare srv_h_id 1 (PC)
02/04 13:45:17.687 (39) execute srv_h_id 1 select * from unique_tbl
02/04 13:45:17.687 (39) execute 0 tuple 1 time 0.000
02/04 13:45:17.687 (0) auto_commit
02/04 13:45:17.687 (0) auto_commit 0
*** 0.000
The time at which the application sent the request
(39) : The sequence number of the SQL statement group, for prepared statement pooling
(PC) : Uses the content stored in the plan cache
SELECT... : The SQL statement to be executed.
- When pooling statements, the binding variable of the WHERE clause is displayed as ?.
Execute 0 tuple 1 time 0.000
- Onerow is executed, which takes 0.000 seconds.
auto_commit/auto_rollback
- It signifies that the target will either be committed automatically or rolled back
- The second auto_commit/auto_rollback is
an error code. 0 signifies that the transaction has been completed without an error.

2.5 System Catalog

Catalog Information
Provides schema information access through SQL
Tableinformation
db_class
Important fields: class_name and owner_name
Column information
db_attribute
Important fields: class_name, attr_name, and attr_type
Other
db_vclass
db_index
db_index_key
db_trig
db_partition
db_stored_procedure
db_auth

Catalog Information – Checking Table Information
Searching for table information in the catalog (db_class)
Searching for table information in the catalog (db_index)

3. CUBRID SQL
Types, Operators, and Functions
Comparison of Major SQLs
Query Plans and Hints

3.1 Types, Operators, and Functions

CUBRIDIdentifiers

CUBRID Data Types

CUBRID Operators

CUBRIDFunctions(2008 R3.0 based)

CUBRID Functions

3.2 Comparison of Major SQLs

Cautions regarding CUBRIDSQL
Does not support implicit type conversion.
Cannot process quotation marks in numeric data.
Does not support character sets.
Saves and displays the character set configured in an application as it is.
Can specify a character set via the JDBC connection url.
Does not support multi-byte characters.
Column sizes must be defined to allow sufficient space for multi-byte characters.
The length or position value in a string function is processed byte by byte.
Functions for joining DBs are not supported.
Cannot change the column size by using the ALTER TABLE statement.
This will be fixed in a future version.
If the prepare statement pooling is used, only one result set can be handled per connection.
It is recommended to open multiple connections for use.

Join Query
[Inner] Join
SELECT select_list
FROM TABLE1T1
INNER JOIN TABLE2T2 ON T1.COL1 = T2.COL2
WHERE T1.A = 'test' AND T2.B = 1;
Left [Outer] Join
SELECT select_list
FROM TABLE1 T1
LEFT OUTER JOIN TABLE2 T2 ON T1.COL1 = T2.COL2 AND T2.B=1
WHERE T1.A = 'test';

Pagination(LIMIT RESULT SET)
ROWNUM
SELECT select_list FROM TABLE1 T1
WHERE T1.A = 'test' AND ROWNUM <= 100
ORDER BY ORDER_COLUMN;
ORDERBY_NUM()
WHERE T1.A = 'test'
ORDER BY ORDER_COLUMN
FOR ORDERBY_NUM() <= 100;
LIMIT (from R3.0)
WHERE T1.A = 'test'
ORDER BY ORDER_COLUMN
LIMIT 1,100;

AUTO_INCREMENT and SERIAL
SERIAL
CREATE SERIAL SERIAL_NAME START WITH 1 MAXVALUE 1000 NOCYCLE;
CREATE TABLE TABLE1( seqnumINT,
name VARCHAR);
INSERT INTO TABLE1 VALUES (SERIAL_NAME.next_value, 'test'); //seqnum=1
AUTO_INCREMENT
CREATE TABLE TABLE1( seqnum INT AUTO_INCREMENT(1,1000) NOT NULL,
name VARCHAR);
INSERT INTO TABLE1 (name) VALUES ('test'); //seqnum=1

INDEX
CREATE INDEX on TABLE1(zipcode,lastname,address);
SELECT * FROM TABLE1
WHERE zipcode=1000 AND name LIKE '%test%' AND address LIKE '%seoul‘;
CUBRIDinternal process:
Step 1: Searches for a target in which zipcode=1000 at the index level
Step 2: Extracts targets that satisfy the name and address conditions by accessing them at the data level.
(In contrast, MySQL accesses all the data in which zipcode=1000 at the data level, and then extracts the data that satisfy the other conditions.)
INDEX usage tips:
Thesmaller the size of an index key, the better the performance.
Configure an index for columns with a good distribution (narrow range), basic keys, and columns which are the connection point for a join.
When configuring indexes, use columns that are infrequently updated.

IndexDefinition and Using USING INDEX
CREATE [ UNIQUE ] INDEX [ index_name ]
ON table_name ( column_name[(prefix_length)] [ASC | DESC] [ {, column_name[(prefix_length)] [ASC | DESC]} ...] ) [ ; ]
The UNIQUE index creates an index that is used for uniqueness constraints.
If no index name has been specified, it will be automatically created.
You can define an index only for the front part of a character string (Prefix Index)
SELECT/UPDATE/DELETE...USING INDEX {NONE | index_name[(+)],…};
Index names are distinguished by table and are used as table_name.index_name.
Scans indexes only when the cost of index scan specified in the USING INDEX clause is lower than the sequential scan.
USING INDEX The index scan is executed unconditionally in the case of index_name(+).
For USING INDEX NONE, the sequential scan is executed unconditionally.
If more than two index names are specified behind the USING INDEX clause, the appropriate index will be selected by the optimizer.
If more than two tables are joined, index names must be specified for all tables.

IndexDefinition and Using USING INDEX - Tuning
If an index column (yymm) is processed by a function in the WHERE clause,there is no index scan.

IndexDefinition and Using USING INDEX - Tuning
When defining an index, this configures Covering Index while checking the query plan.
When comparing the value of an index column to NULL,there will be no index scan.Modifying query
Create an index to be able to cover search conditions
Create an index to be able to cover the ORDER BY sorting condition
The index scan is not available if you perform the LIKE search by binding a dynamic parameter.
SELECT * FROM tbl WERE col1 LIKE ? || '%‘ //A sequential scan occurs
SELECT * FROM tbl WHERE col1 LIKE 'AAA‘ || '%‘//insert a static value

3.3 QueryPlans and Hints

Query Plans and Hints
Creates a query plan based on the scan methods (sscan and iscan) and the join methods (nl-join, idx-join, and m-join)

Configuring the Display and Check of a Query Plan (CUBRIDManager)
Display Query Plan

An Example of Display Query Plan (sscan)
SELECT * FROM athlete WHERE name='Yoo Nam-Kyu';
(card, page#)
sscan:A sequential scan
card: Number of records in an expected result set
page#: Expected number of page accesses
sel(selectivity): Expected selectivity that satisfies search conditions
(card, page#)
sel

Example of a Display Query Plan (iscan)
CREATE INDEX ON athlete(name);
SELECT * FROM athlete WHERE name='Yoo Nam-Kyu';
iscan:An index scan

Example of a Display Query Plan (nl-join)
SELECT * FROMolympic, nation WHEREolympic.host_nation=nation.name;
outer table: Contains a small number of records
inner table: Contains many records and has indexes

Example of a Display Query Plan (idx-join)
SELECT * FROM game, athlete WHEREgame.athlete_code=athlete.code;

Example of a Display Query Plan (m-join)
SELECT/*+ USE_MERGE */
* FROM game, athlete WHEREgame.athlete_code=athlete.code;

4 JDBCandOther Management
JDBC Programming
Transaction Management

4.1 JDBC Programming

The SQL Type and the Java Type

JDBCMain Interfaces
Supports the JDBC 2.0 standard specifications.

How to use JDBC
Connect to DB by using JDBC
1. Loading Driver
Class.forName("cubrid.jdbc.driver.CUBRIDDriver")
Can connect to DB when a driver is loaded
2. Making the Connection
Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection(url, “user", “passwd");
URL style example: jdbc:CUBRID:localhost:33000:demodb:::
3. Creating a statement object
Statement stmt = con.createStatement();
4. Executing SQLstatement
stmt.executeUpdate(“….”);
ResultSetrs = stmt.executeQuery( “…..");

Make a connection
Build SQL statement
Send SQL statement
Close SQL statement
Close a connection
Example of JDBCusage
import java.sql.*;
class SimpleExample {
public static void main(String args[]) {
String url = “jdbc:CUBRID:localhost:33000:demodb:::”;
try {
Class.forName(“cubrid.jdbc.driver.CUBRIDDriver”);
} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
System.out.println(e.getMessage());
}
try {
Connection myConnection =
DriverManager.getConnection(url, “user”,”passwd”);
Statement myStatement = myConnection.createStatement();
ResultSetrs =
myStatement.executeQuery("select sysdate from db_root");
myStatement.close();
myConnection.close();
} catch (java.lang.Exception ex) {
ex.printStackTrace();
}
}
}

ResultSetMetaData

Send SQL statement
Fetch row
Get columns
Yes
More columns
No
Yes
More rows
No
ResultSet
...
…
Connection myConnection =
DriverManager.getConnection(url,”user”,”passwd”);
Statement myStatement = myConnection.createStatement();
ResultSetrs = myStatement.executeQuery(“SELECT name,
title, salary FROM employee”);
int I = 0;
while (rs.next()) {
I++;
String empName = rs.getString(“name”);
String empTitle = rs.getString(“title”);
long empSalary = rs.getLong(“salary”);
System.out.println(“Employee ” + empName + ” is “
+ empTitle + “ and earns $” + empSalary);
}
…
...

Cautions on CUBRIDJDBCusage
Returning resources
Make sure to return a DB object such as ResultSet or Statement,Connection after it is used.
Return occurs when the close() method is called for a corresponding object.
If AutoCommit False is used, return occurs after the transaction for a connection(Commit/Rollback) is explicitly finished.
If you execute inner query statements, you must allocate a different connection object to each of them.
When other transactions occur in a cycle statement that uses retrieved data
When a transaction(Commit/Rollback) occurs for a connection object that is being used, the ResultSet being used is finished.

4.3 Transaction Management

Introduction to CUBRIDlocking protocol
locking
Lockis managed for each transaction, for tables and records
For a record, S-lock is acquired for reading, and X-lock is acquired for writing.
To get S-lock for a record, you must get IS-lock for the corresponding table.
To get S-lock for a record, you must get IX-lock for the corresponding table.
Features
Configuring SIX-lock for a table
When a transaction that has S-lock for a table requests X-lock
Valid range of lock
X-lock : The time a transaction is finished (i.e., confirmation or withdrawal time)
S-lock : REP (the time when a transaction is finished), COMMIT (the time when reading is finished), UNCOMMIT (does not request lock)

Features of CUBRIDlocking protocol
Configuring S-lock for a table
When reading the schema of a corresponding table
When reading the higher-tier or lower-tier table of a corresponding table
When the number of records a transaction reads is greater than the lock_escalationvalue
Configuring X-lock for a table
When modifying a corresponding table
When the number of records a transaction writes is greater than the lock_escalationvalue

Checking locking information
You can check the current locking status of the DB.
Creates an object for lock object unit: table, record)
Displays information for each object
Provided information
Lock related configuration of a DB server
Information of DB clients connected to a DB server
Lock table information of an object

Checking locking information – lockdbutility
Command: lockdb
Shows a current snapshot of the locking status of the DB.
cubrid lockdb [OPTION] database-name
Options: -o
Saves output to a file
cubrid lockdbdemodb
Lock-related configuration of a DB server
Lock Escalation at = 100000, Run Deadlock interval = 1
 Number of locks that can be converted from a row rock to a table lock

Lock information of an object
OID = 0| 1780| 7
Object type: Instance of class ( 0| 288| 6) = table_a.
Total mode of holders = X_LOCK, Total mode of waiters = X_LOCK.
Num holders= 1, Num blocked-holders= 0, Num waiters= 1
LOCK HOLDERS:
Tran_index = 2, Granted_mode = X_LOCK, Count = 2
LOCK WAITERS:
Tran_index = 1, Blocked_mode = X_LOCK
Start_waiting_at = Wed Sep 23 12:06:06 2009
Wait_for_nsecs = -1
lock target object information
No. 2 transaction has X_LOCK for this object.
No. 1 transaction is waiting to acquire X_LOCK for this object.

Transaction information
Transaction (index 1, cub_cas, dba@mycom|2908)
Isolation REPEATABLE CLASSES AND READ UNCOMMITTED INSTANCES
State TRAN_ACTIVE
Timeout_period -1
Transaction (index 2, cub_cas, dba@mycom|2980)
Isolation REPEATABLE CLASSES AND READ UNCOMMITTED INSTANCES
State TRAN_ACTIVE
Timeout_period -1
No. 1 transaction, cub_casprocess,
logging into dba, processID:2908
Lock level: Guaranteeing table read, Dirty read is allowed for the record
No.2 transaction, cub_cas process,
logging into dba, processID:2980
Waiting time to acquire lock, -1: no timeout

Checking locking information – CUBRID Manager
CUBRID Manger
Only visible to dbauser

Transaction info

Checking an application that has a transaction
For CAS, check its information in the CUBRID broker.
Check the order of ID in a broker by using a processID.
As the process IDs in the above example are 2908 and 2980, they correspond to ID1 and ID2 of query_editor broker.
As 2980is occupying X_LOCK, the corresponding transaction (ID2)must be forced to stop, if necessary.
For an application, logic change, etc. may be necessary for the application.
For a query editor or CSQL, stop the transaction (commit/rollback).

Transaction Management
Stopping a broker transaction
Forcibly stop the corresponding transaction (rollback) by using the Killtran command
% usage: cubridkilltran [OPTION] database-name
valid options:
-i, --kill-transaction-index=INDEX kill transaction with transaction INDEX
--kill-user-name=ID kill all transactions with user ID
--kill-host-name=HOST kill all transactions with client HOST
--kill-program-name=NAME kill all transactions with client program NAME
-p, --dba-password=PASS password of the DBA user; will prompt if don't specify
-d, --display-information display information about active transactions
-f, --force kill the transaction without a prompt for verification

5 Practice

CUBRID Installation
Installing CUBRID (for Windows)
Downloading and installing CUBRID.
Creating demodb
Checking if the CUBRID service tray
has started
Checking if the CUBRID service
has started
service, process

CUBRID Installation
CUBRID manager client
Checking if DB is created
Starting DB server
Checking if there is aJAVA related error message during start
Using the Query Editor
Executing a simple query: select * from db_class

CUBRID Installation
Stopping DB Server
Stopping CUBRID service
Checking process
Starting CUBRID service

DB creation
Creating a DB that satisfies the following conditions
Creation location and size of each volume
Page size: 4Kb
First volume: 5,000p, C:CUBRIDdatabases<DB name>
Log volume: 100,000p, C:CUBRIDdatabases<DB name>log
Data volume: 500,000p, C:CUBRIDdatabases<DB name>
Index volume: 250,000p, C:CUBRIDdatabases<DB name>
Temp volume: 250,000p, C:CUBRIDdatabases<DB name>

DB creation
Checking the created volume
Checking the content of databases.txt
Checking the files in each directory by referring to the volume information file
control volumes
information volumes
log volumes
Computer name

Schema management
Creating a table that satisfies the following conditions
Company table (company)
Company ID (integer): primary key, company name (string)
Customer table (client)
CustomerID (integer): not duplicated
Customer name, title, email, telephone no., address: Character string
create table company (
comp_idint primary key, // company ID
comp_namevarchar(200) // company name
);
create table client (
client_idint primary key, // customer ID
comp_idint, // company ID
client_namevarchar(20), // customer name
title varchar(10), // title
email varchar(100), // email
phone varchar(20), // phone no.
address varchar(200), // address
);

Schema management
Viewing table information in a CUBRID Manager client

Schema management
Modifying a table according to the following conditions
Re-creating after deleting a primary key
Changing type
Title: charvarcharor varchar char
Adding/changing an initial value
Title: Specifying an initial value to ‘new staff’ and deleting it
alter class client drop constraint pk_client_client_id
alter class client add primary key(client_id)
// or (possible to assign PKname),alter class client add constraint pk_id primary key (client_id)
alter class client rename attribute title as old_title
alter class client add attribute title char(20)
update client set title = cast(old_title as char(20))
alter class client drop attribute old_title
alter class client change title default 'new staff'
alter class client change title default NULL

Schema management
Index
Client
A customer name is unique. Add an index whose name is u_name.
Title is in reverse order. Add an index whose name is idx1to sort customer names in forward direction.
Searching table information by using a catalog
Checking the information of a created table
Table name, column information, index information
create unique index u_name on client(client_name)
create index idx1 on client(title desc, client_name)
select * from db_class
select * from db_attribute where class_name = 'client'
select * from db_index where class_name = 'client'

Data search and manipulation
Insertingdata
Insert (10,’company10’), (20,’company20’) into the company table.
Insert an arbitrary id,name, and the company ID whose comp_id is 20 into a client table in the insert-select format.
Check inserteddata information by selecting rows from the client table.
insert into company values (10, 'company10');
insert into company values (10, 'company10'),(20, 'company20');
insert into company (comp_id, comp_name) values (20, 'company20');
insert into client (comp_id, client_id, client_name) select comp_id, 20, 'new staff20'from company where comp_id = 20

Modifying data
insert an arbitraryid and name into a client table.
Check the inserted data information by searching for the client table.
Change the comp_id to 10 for the data inserted in the client table.
Check inserted data information by searching for the client table.
insert into client (client_id, client_name) values (30, 'new staff30')
update client set comp_id = 10 where client_id = 30

Data search
Retrieve the countries that achieved medals in the 1988 Olympics from the participants and their medal information
Table where participants are listed: participant
Medal information table : game
- Retrievemedal information of the participants in the 1988 Olympics
select (select name from nation where code = a.nation_code), medal
from participant a, game b
where a.host_year = 1988 and a.nation_code = b.nation_code and a.host_year = b.host_year
select (select name from nation where code = a.nation_code), medal
from participant a left outer join game b on a.nation_code = b.nation_code and a.host_year = b.host_year
where a.host_year = 1988

Usingindex
Sorting the cities that have hosted the Olympics in chronological order
Table in which the names of cities that have hosted the Olympics are listed: olympic
Sorting the cities that have hosted the Olympics, so that the most recent ones appear at the front
select host_year,host_nation,host_city from olympic where host_year > '' using index pk_olympic_host_year(+)
create index r_year on olympic(host_yeardesc)
select host_year, host_nation, host_city from olympic where host_year > '' using index r_year(+) order by host_yeardesc

Operatorsand functions
Arithmetic/Join/Type conversion operators
Checking how many months and days are left until Christmas
Displaying how many hours, minutes, and seconds are left until a training session is finished
Finding out what year this is through more than two methods.
Checking the date of the last day of this month
select months_between(to_date('12/25/2008'), sysdate), '12/25/2008' - sysdate from db_root
select to_char(t1/3600) + 'hour'+to_char(abs(mod(t1,3600)/60)) + 'minute'+ to_char(abs(mod(t1,60))) + 'second'
from (select '17:00' - systime from db_root) as t(t1)
select to_char(sysdate, 'yyyy') from db_root
select extract(year from sysdate) from db_root
select extract(day from last_day(sysdate)) from db_root

Operators and functions
Function
Finding an arbitrary number between 1 and 100
Rounding 3.141592653 to the nearest millionth
Finding out the number of bus stops where you can catch the No. 10 bus
Length of the following string (‘substring xyzxxy’), position of ‘str’, extracting 6 characters from the 4th character, removing ‘xy’ from the string, replacing ‘s’ with ‘S’
select mod(rand(), 100) + 1 from db_root
select round(3.141592653, 6), trunc(3.141592653, 6) from db_root
select count(sation_id) from bus where bus_num = '10'
select length('substring xyzxxy'), instr ('substring xyzxxy', 'str'), substr('substring xyzxxy', 4, 6), rtrim('substring xyzxxy', 'xy'), replace(('substring xyzxxy', 's', 'S')from db_root

For the Olympic medals, use 'G' for a 'gold medal,' 'S' for a 'silver medal,' and 'B' for a 'bronze medal.'
Olympic medal table : game
Use '1900s' for the Olympics held in the 1900s, '2000s' for 2000s, and 'Other' for other years, and calculate the number Olympics held.
Table showing Olympics years: olympic
select decode(medal, 'G'. 'gold medal', 'S', 'silver medal', 'B', 'bronze medal') from game
select case when host_year between 1900 and 1999 then '1900s'
when host_year between 2000 and 2999then '2000s'
else 'other years'end as years, count(*)
from olympic
group by case when host_year between 1900 and 1999 then '1900s'
when host_year between 2000 and 2999then '2000s'
else 'other years'end

rownum
Selectinghosting information of the 11th to 20th Olympics
Olympics hosting information table: olympic
Selecting 11th to 20th by sorting Olympics hosting information by year chronological order
Modifying the above query using index hint
Grouping by host_nation column
select * from olympic where rownum between 11 and 20
select * from olympic order by host_year for orderby_num() between 11 and 20;
select * from olympic order by host_year limit 11, 20;
select * from olympic where host_year > 0 and rownum between 11 and 20 using index pk_olympic_host_year(+)
select host_nation from olympicwhere rownum between 11 and 20 group by host_nation

serial
Create an arbitrary serial object, get the subsequent value, and check the current value.
create serial seq_no
select seq_no.next_value from db_root
select seq_no.current_value from db_root

Auto increment
Create a table having an auto increment column
Insertdata to the autoincrement column
Insert no date to the auto increment column
Select rows and check the auto increment column values
Delete rows and re-insertdata
create table bbs (
id intauto_increment,
title string,
cntint default 0
)
insert into bbs(id, title) values(5, 'arbitrary inserting for auto increment')
insert into bbs(title) values('auto inserting for auto increment')
select * from bbs
delete from bbs
insert into bbs(title) values('auto inserting for auto increment')

CUBRID Developer's Course

by CUBRID on Dec 23, 2010

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CUBRID Developer’s Course Presentation Transcript