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Music of the Enlightenment
Enlightenment’s Impact on Music
Voltaire thought that people of other cultures and
 religions should not only be tolerated but
 embraced as part of a greater brotherhood of
 man
Such ideas were quickly absorbed into the music
 of the day
Christoph Willibald Gluck sought to rid musical
 expression of “useless, excessive ornamentation”
 and draw from the ideals of “simplicity, truth and
 naturalness” in his music.
Changes in Music
The   Enlightenment also saw:
  ◦ the beginning of public concerts
  ◦ The middle class sought entertainment which they could
    now afford
Music   was no longer for the private amusement of
 a privileged few
Composers like Haydn invented new ways to
 indulge large audiences with music that demanded
 greater attention
  ◦ He often included a narrative theme and effects like
    contrast, subtlety, suspense and climax.
Musical Periods
Baroque     Period
 ◦ Johann Sebastian Bach
 ◦ George Frederick Handel
Classical   Period
 ◦ Joseph Hayden
 ◦ Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
 ◦ Ludwig Von Beethoven
For each composer record their
 background, major works and legacy
The Baroque Period
Roughly from the 1600's to 1760.
Baroque music shares a heavy use      of polyphony
 (more than one melody) and counterpoint (two
 melodies going back and forth).
It begins to be felt as chords in a hierarchical,
 functional tonal scheme.
Baroque music also uses longer lines and stronger
 rhythms
 ◦ the initial line is extended, either alone or
    accompanied only by the bass, until the theme
    reappears in another voice (fugue).
Johann Sebastian Bach
 Born  into a musically gifted family
 Bach picked up the violin and became part of the private
  orchestra of the prince at Weimar
 Not even a year later, he left to become an organist in
  Arnstadt
 As an organist, he graced Mühlhausen with his new talents.
 In 1708 he was made court organist and chamber musician
  at Weimar, and in 1714 he became concert master
 In 1723 he took the important post of music director of
  the church of St. Thomas, Leipzig, and of its choir school;
  he remained in Leipzig until his death.
Johann Sebastian Bach
Many   of Bach's
 works were not
 published during his
 lifetime
Best Known For:
The Brandenburg
 Concertos
Well-Tempered Clavier
Art of the Fugue
Johann Sebastian Bach
He  composed an astonishing number of
 instrumental works, many of them designed for
 the instruction of his numerous pupils.
 ◦ combined inventiveness and control in his great, striding
   fugues
During  his lifetime, Bach was better known as an
 organist than as a composer
 ◦ For decades after his death, his works were neglected,
   but in the 19th century his genius came to be
   recognized, particularly by romantic composers such as
   Mendelssohn and Schumann
 ◦ Since that time his reputation has grown steadily.
George Frideric Handel
 After studying law at the Univ. of Halle (1703), he joined the opera orchestra
  at Hamburg. He accomplished his first two operas there, Almira and Nero
 Handel's sight became impaired in 1751, and by 1753 he was totally blind
    ◦ With his determination, he continued to conduct performances of his works
   For the next for years he stayed in Italy, where his operas Rodrigo (1707?)
    and Agrippina (1709) were staged, the latter very successfully.
   In 1710 Handel became musical director to the elector of Hanover but
    obtained leave to visit England in 1711, when his Rinaldo was produced in
    London
   He returned to England in 1712 and took up permanent residence there.
   His employer, the elector, became George I of England in 1714.
   It was for the king that Handel composed his celebrated orchestral Water
    Music (1717).
   He is buried in Westminster Abbey
George Frideric Handel
Best  Known As:
Composer of
 Messiah
Water Music
Music for the Royal
 Fireworks
Zadok the Priest
George Frideric Handel
Handel's  musical style exemplifies the vigour and
 grandeur of the late German baroque and at the
 same time has English and Italian qualities of
 directness, clarity, and charm.
He strongly influenced English composers for a
 century after his death, and, following a period of
 relative neglect, he has again come to be
 recognized as one of music's great figures.
Classical Period
 Spanning from the 1730's to the 1820's
 This era brought in some of the most well known and the
  supposed best composers ever
 Taste for structural clarity worked its way into the world
  of music as well
  ◦ moving away from the layered polyphony of the Baroque period,
    and towards a style where a melody over a subordinate harmony,
    which is a combination, called homophony, was preferred
  ◦ This meant that playing of chords, even if they interrupted the
    melodic smoothness of a single selection, became a much more
    prevalent feature of music, and this in turn made the tonal structure
    of works clearer and harmonious
 There was a rise in the liking of public opera, leading to the
  changes in which the music was performed
Joseph Haydn
   His parents noticed his musical talents and so they accepted a proposal
    from their relative Johann Matthias Franck that Haydn be apprenticed to
    Franck in his home to train as a musician
    ◦ At the time he was not quite six
 He soon moved off to Vienna, where he worked for the next nine years as
  a chorus member
 Haydn was offered a job in 1761 as assistant Kapellmeister to the
  Eszterházy family
    ◦ They were one of the wealthiest and most important families in the Austrian
      Empire
 Gradually, Haydn came to write as much for publication as for his
  employer
 Around 1781 Haydn established a close friendship with Mozart, whose
  work he had already been influencing by example for many years
 The two composers enjoyed playing in string quartets together
 Haydn died in 1809, following an attack on Vienna by the French army
  under Napoleon.
Joseph Haydn
Best Known For:
The Creation
The Seasons
Joseph Haydn
 He   was the first to employ attention-grabbing special
  effects.
 Haydn would also evoke democracy with another musical
  invention: the string quartet
 Author Nicholas Till explains the “democratic principles”
  of the string quartet, which he says is a form of open
  dialogue among equal participants: two violinists, a violist
  and a cellist
 The German philosopher Goethe said Haydn’s string
  quartets resembled “four civilized persons holding a
  conversation.”
 One instrument did not dominate
 Each instrument in the string quartet carried an equal
  share, taking turns in expressing a musical argument from
  different vantage points
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
   Mozart was a remarkable prodigy
   He was taught how to play the harpsichord, violin, and organ by his father,
    Leopold, and began composing before he was five
   When Mozart was six, he and his older sister, Marianne, were presented by
    their father in concerts at the court of the Empress Maria Theresa in Vienna
    and also in the principal aristocratic households of central Europe, Paris, and
    London
   By the age of 13 he had written concertos, sonatas, symphonies, a German
    operetta, Bastien und Bastienne (1768), and an Italian opera buffa, La finta
    semplice (1769).
   Mozart was appointed concertmaster to the archbishop of Salzburg in 1771
   He was dissatisfied with his position and the restrictions placed on his work
   After six years he went on tour in search of a better post.
   Despite the successful performance in Paris of his Symphony in D (1778),
    known as the Paris Symphony, Mozart did not receive much attention there.
   In Vienna, Mozart met Haydn, and the two developed a long and warm
    friendship that benefited the work of each.
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
 Up   until this period, composers were often just highly-
  skilled servants to the church or royal courts
 Mozart’s sought to sever his obligation to the hierarchy that
  employed his services so rigidly
 Eventually, Mozart found greater freedom in Vienna, where
  he supported himself with public concerts and commissions,
  and through teaching engagements
 Mozart’s opera “The Marriage of Figaro” epitomized the
  new ways of thinking by giving servants a central role
 Previously, servants were comic figures to be laughed at;
  but, building on ideas in the play by Beaumarchais, Mozart
  presented them as equally worthy of serious attention as
  any noble aristocrat
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Best  Known For:
Eine kleine
 Nachtmusik (A Little
 Night Music, 1787)
Don Giovanni
Die Zauberflote (The
 Magic Flute, 1791)
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Became  one of the world’s first freelance
 musicians
He reflected social upheaval in his music
Created a new classical style that
 emphasized balance, symmetry, and
 emotional expression
Created 626 total pieces
Ludwig van Beethoven
 He  was noticed for his talent at a very young age
 His father, who was a court musician, subjected him to a
  cruel schedule, hoping to exploit him as a child prodigy.
 In 1787 Beethoven first visited Vienna, at that time the
  center of the music world. There he performed for
  Mozart, whom he greatly impressed.
  In 1792 Haydn invited him to become his student. This
  made Beethoven return to Vienna, where he was to
  remain permanently.
 However, Beethoven's unorthodox musical ideas insulted
  the old master, and the lessons were ended.
 Beethoven studied with several other eminent teachers,
  including Antonio Salieri, but was developing according to
  his own singular brilliance and could no longer profit
  greatly from instruction.
Ludwig van Beethoven
   Both his breathtaking piano ability and his notable compositions won
    Beethoven favour among the enlightened aristocracy congregated at
    Vienna, and he enjoyed their charitable support throughout his life
   They were tolerant, too, of his notoriously crude manners, careless
    appearance, and towering rages.
   His work itself was widely accepted, if controversial, and from the end
    of the 1790s Beethoven was not dependent on patronage for his
    income.
   1801 marked the commencement of Beethoven's tragic suffering, his
    deafness, which became progressively worse and, by 1817, total.
   Public performance eventually became impossible; but his creative
    works were not restricted.
   Beethoven died, after a long illness, in the midst of a fierce
    thunderstorm, and legend has it that the dying man shook his fist in
    defiance of the heavens.
Ludwig van Beethoven
Best   Known For:
Fifth Symphony
Romance #2
Ludwig van Beethoven
 Beethoven   produced sonatas for violin and piano and for
  cello and piano; string and piano trios; music for wind
  instruments; miscellaneous piano works
  ◦ Produced over 200 songs; a number of shorter orchestral works;
    and several choral pieces.
 Beethoven's   influence on following composers has been
  immeasurable
 Aside from his architectonic innovations and expansion of
  the classical sonata and symphony, he brought to music a
  new depth and intensity of emotion that was emulated by
  later romantic composers but never surpassed
Sources
http://www.npr.org/programs/specials/milest
http://www.angelfire.com/music6/enlightenm

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Music of the enlightenment

  • 1. Music of the Enlightenment
  • 2. Enlightenment’s Impact on Music Voltaire thought that people of other cultures and religions should not only be tolerated but embraced as part of a greater brotherhood of man Such ideas were quickly absorbed into the music of the day Christoph Willibald Gluck sought to rid musical expression of “useless, excessive ornamentation” and draw from the ideals of “simplicity, truth and naturalness” in his music.
  • 3. Changes in Music The Enlightenment also saw: ◦ the beginning of public concerts ◦ The middle class sought entertainment which they could now afford Music was no longer for the private amusement of a privileged few Composers like Haydn invented new ways to indulge large audiences with music that demanded greater attention ◦ He often included a narrative theme and effects like contrast, subtlety, suspense and climax.
  • 4. Musical Periods Baroque Period ◦ Johann Sebastian Bach ◦ George Frederick Handel Classical Period ◦ Joseph Hayden ◦ Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart ◦ Ludwig Von Beethoven For each composer record their background, major works and legacy
  • 5. The Baroque Period Roughly from the 1600's to 1760. Baroque music shares a heavy use of polyphony (more than one melody) and counterpoint (two melodies going back and forth). It begins to be felt as chords in a hierarchical, functional tonal scheme. Baroque music also uses longer lines and stronger rhythms ◦ the initial line is extended, either alone or accompanied only by the bass, until the theme reappears in another voice (fugue).
  • 6. Johann Sebastian Bach  Born into a musically gifted family  Bach picked up the violin and became part of the private orchestra of the prince at Weimar  Not even a year later, he left to become an organist in Arnstadt  As an organist, he graced Mühlhausen with his new talents.  In 1708 he was made court organist and chamber musician at Weimar, and in 1714 he became concert master  In 1723 he took the important post of music director of the church of St. Thomas, Leipzig, and of its choir school; he remained in Leipzig until his death.
  • 7. Johann Sebastian Bach Many of Bach's works were not published during his lifetime Best Known For: The Brandenburg Concertos Well-Tempered Clavier Art of the Fugue
  • 8. Johann Sebastian Bach He composed an astonishing number of instrumental works, many of them designed for the instruction of his numerous pupils. ◦ combined inventiveness and control in his great, striding fugues During his lifetime, Bach was better known as an organist than as a composer ◦ For decades after his death, his works were neglected, but in the 19th century his genius came to be recognized, particularly by romantic composers such as Mendelssohn and Schumann ◦ Since that time his reputation has grown steadily.
  • 9. George Frideric Handel  After studying law at the Univ. of Halle (1703), he joined the opera orchestra at Hamburg. He accomplished his first two operas there, Almira and Nero  Handel's sight became impaired in 1751, and by 1753 he was totally blind ◦ With his determination, he continued to conduct performances of his works  For the next for years he stayed in Italy, where his operas Rodrigo (1707?) and Agrippina (1709) were staged, the latter very successfully.  In 1710 Handel became musical director to the elector of Hanover but obtained leave to visit England in 1711, when his Rinaldo was produced in London  He returned to England in 1712 and took up permanent residence there.  His employer, the elector, became George I of England in 1714.  It was for the king that Handel composed his celebrated orchestral Water Music (1717).  He is buried in Westminster Abbey
  • 10. George Frideric Handel Best Known As: Composer of Messiah Water Music Music for the Royal Fireworks Zadok the Priest
  • 11. George Frideric Handel Handel's musical style exemplifies the vigour and grandeur of the late German baroque and at the same time has English and Italian qualities of directness, clarity, and charm. He strongly influenced English composers for a century after his death, and, following a period of relative neglect, he has again come to be recognized as one of music's great figures.
  • 12. Classical Period  Spanning from the 1730's to the 1820's  This era brought in some of the most well known and the supposed best composers ever  Taste for structural clarity worked its way into the world of music as well ◦ moving away from the layered polyphony of the Baroque period, and towards a style where a melody over a subordinate harmony, which is a combination, called homophony, was preferred ◦ This meant that playing of chords, even if they interrupted the melodic smoothness of a single selection, became a much more prevalent feature of music, and this in turn made the tonal structure of works clearer and harmonious  There was a rise in the liking of public opera, leading to the changes in which the music was performed
  • 13. Joseph Haydn  His parents noticed his musical talents and so they accepted a proposal from their relative Johann Matthias Franck that Haydn be apprenticed to Franck in his home to train as a musician ◦ At the time he was not quite six  He soon moved off to Vienna, where he worked for the next nine years as a chorus member  Haydn was offered a job in 1761 as assistant Kapellmeister to the Eszterházy family ◦ They were one of the wealthiest and most important families in the Austrian Empire  Gradually, Haydn came to write as much for publication as for his employer  Around 1781 Haydn established a close friendship with Mozart, whose work he had already been influencing by example for many years  The two composers enjoyed playing in string quartets together  Haydn died in 1809, following an attack on Vienna by the French army under Napoleon.
  • 14. Joseph Haydn Best Known For: The Creation The Seasons
  • 15. Joseph Haydn  He was the first to employ attention-grabbing special effects.  Haydn would also evoke democracy with another musical invention: the string quartet  Author Nicholas Till explains the “democratic principles” of the string quartet, which he says is a form of open dialogue among equal participants: two violinists, a violist and a cellist  The German philosopher Goethe said Haydn’s string quartets resembled “four civilized persons holding a conversation.”  One instrument did not dominate  Each instrument in the string quartet carried an equal share, taking turns in expressing a musical argument from different vantage points
  • 16. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart  Mozart was a remarkable prodigy  He was taught how to play the harpsichord, violin, and organ by his father, Leopold, and began composing before he was five  When Mozart was six, he and his older sister, Marianne, were presented by their father in concerts at the court of the Empress Maria Theresa in Vienna and also in the principal aristocratic households of central Europe, Paris, and London  By the age of 13 he had written concertos, sonatas, symphonies, a German operetta, Bastien und Bastienne (1768), and an Italian opera buffa, La finta semplice (1769).  Mozart was appointed concertmaster to the archbishop of Salzburg in 1771  He was dissatisfied with his position and the restrictions placed on his work  After six years he went on tour in search of a better post.  Despite the successful performance in Paris of his Symphony in D (1778), known as the Paris Symphony, Mozart did not receive much attention there.  In Vienna, Mozart met Haydn, and the two developed a long and warm friendship that benefited the work of each.
  • 17. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart  Up until this period, composers were often just highly- skilled servants to the church or royal courts  Mozart’s sought to sever his obligation to the hierarchy that employed his services so rigidly  Eventually, Mozart found greater freedom in Vienna, where he supported himself with public concerts and commissions, and through teaching engagements  Mozart’s opera “The Marriage of Figaro” epitomized the new ways of thinking by giving servants a central role  Previously, servants were comic figures to be laughed at; but, building on ideas in the play by Beaumarchais, Mozart presented them as equally worthy of serious attention as any noble aristocrat
  • 18. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Best Known For: Eine kleine Nachtmusik (A Little Night Music, 1787) Don Giovanni Die Zauberflote (The Magic Flute, 1791)
  • 19. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Became one of the world’s first freelance musicians He reflected social upheaval in his music Created a new classical style that emphasized balance, symmetry, and emotional expression Created 626 total pieces
  • 20. Ludwig van Beethoven  He was noticed for his talent at a very young age  His father, who was a court musician, subjected him to a cruel schedule, hoping to exploit him as a child prodigy.  In 1787 Beethoven first visited Vienna, at that time the center of the music world. There he performed for Mozart, whom he greatly impressed. In 1792 Haydn invited him to become his student. This made Beethoven return to Vienna, where he was to remain permanently.  However, Beethoven's unorthodox musical ideas insulted the old master, and the lessons were ended.  Beethoven studied with several other eminent teachers, including Antonio Salieri, but was developing according to his own singular brilliance and could no longer profit greatly from instruction.
  • 21. Ludwig van Beethoven  Both his breathtaking piano ability and his notable compositions won Beethoven favour among the enlightened aristocracy congregated at Vienna, and he enjoyed their charitable support throughout his life  They were tolerant, too, of his notoriously crude manners, careless appearance, and towering rages.  His work itself was widely accepted, if controversial, and from the end of the 1790s Beethoven was not dependent on patronage for his income.  1801 marked the commencement of Beethoven's tragic suffering, his deafness, which became progressively worse and, by 1817, total.  Public performance eventually became impossible; but his creative works were not restricted.  Beethoven died, after a long illness, in the midst of a fierce thunderstorm, and legend has it that the dying man shook his fist in defiance of the heavens.
  • 22. Ludwig van Beethoven Best Known For: Fifth Symphony Romance #2
  • 23. Ludwig van Beethoven  Beethoven produced sonatas for violin and piano and for cello and piano; string and piano trios; music for wind instruments; miscellaneous piano works ◦ Produced over 200 songs; a number of shorter orchestral works; and several choral pieces.  Beethoven's influence on following composers has been immeasurable  Aside from his architectonic innovations and expansion of the classical sonata and symphony, he brought to music a new depth and intensity of emotion that was emulated by later romantic composers but never surpassed