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Electrical Safety Training by Georgia Tech
Subpart S - Electrical
(1910.301 - 399)
Live parts
515

Standard: 1910.

303(g)(2)(i)

*

Conductors entering cabinets/boxes/fittings protected from abrasion
457

305(b)(1)

Grounding path
396

304(f)(4)

Electrical box covers
347

305(b)(2)

*

*

*

Use of flexible cords and cables
305(g)(1)(iii)

290

*

*Average number of Federal OSHA citations issued
between 2000 and 2003
2
DEFINITION
A physical agency caused by the
motion of electrons, protons, and other
charged particles, manifesting itself as
an attraction, repulsion, magnetic,
luminous, and heating effects, etc.
ELEMENTS & ATOMS
Every known substance – solid, liquid or
gas is composed of elements
An atom is the smallest particle of an
element that retains all the properties of
that element
Each element has it’s own kind of atom
ATOMS
Inner part composed of protons & neutrons
Outer part composed of electrons
Protons = positive charge
Neutrons = no charge
Electrons = negative charge
ATOMS
Each element has a definite number of
electrons ----and the same number of
protons
They are oppositely charged and
therefore attract each other. This tends
to hold the electrons in orbit around the
atom.
ELECTRICALLY BALANCED
ATOM
FREE ELECTRONS
Some atoms are easily moved out of orbit
The ability to move or flow is the basis of
current electricity
If channeled in a given direction, a flow of
electrons occurs --- when flowed through a
conductor it is dynamic electricity
ELECTICAL MATERIALS
CONDUCTOR – contains many free
electrons --- gold, copper, silver,
aluminum
INSULATOR – contains few free
electrons-Usually non-metallic such as
wood, rubber, glass, etc
GENERATING ELECTRICITY
Friction, pressure, heat, light, chemical
reaction, and magnetism
Magnetism is most practical & inexpensive
method
Electricity is produced when a magnet is
moved past a piece of wire, or wire is
moved through a magnetic field
VOLTAGE, CURRENT, &
RESISTANCE
VOLTAGE – unit of measurement of electromotive
force (EMF)
CURRENT - Continuous movement of electrons past
a given point. (measured in amperes)
RESISTANCE – Opposition to movement of electrons.
Makes it possible to generate heat, control current
flow, & supply correct voltage to devices
OHM’S LAW
George Simon Ohm


Formulated a mathematical relationship between:
 Current
 Voltage
 Resistance



Resistance = Impedance
 Resistance = DC
 Impedance = AC
 Interchangeable – Most Branch circuits
DIRECT CURRENT
Always flows in one direction
Used to charge batteries, run some
motors, operate magnetic lifting devices
and welding equipment.
ALTERNATING CURRRENT
More common in electrical work
Changes rapidly in both direction and
value
Power companies produce power
cheaper with alternating current
ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
SHOCK. Electric shock occurs
when the human body becomes
part of the path through which
current flows.
The direct result can be
electrocution.
The indirect result can be injury
resulting from a fall or movement
into machinery because of a
shock
ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
BURNS. Burns can result when a
person touches electrical wiring or
equipment that is energized.
ARC-BLAST. Arc-blasts occur from
high- amperage currents arcing
through the air. This can be caused
by accidental contact with energized
components or equipment failure.
Arc Flash and Arc Blasts
Arc Flash:









80%-Burns due to
ignition of clothing
Temperature-35,000
F
Fatal Burns-10 ft.
2000 people
hospitalized with
burns
Molten metal

Arc Blast:





Pressure Wave
Heat
Molten metal
Destruction of
structures and life
Arc Blast
Cause


Short Circuit caused by working on
energized equipment
 Dropped Tool





Occurs in milliseconds
Temp: 30,000 degrees
Air expands very violently
 15 tons of pressure
ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
ARC-BLAST. The three primary
hazards associated with an arcblast are:
Thermal radiation.
Pressure Wave.
Projectiles.
ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
EXPLOSIONS. Explosions occur
when electricity provides a
source of ignition for an explosive
mixture in the atmosphere.
ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
FIRES. Electricity is one of the
most common causes of fires
both in the home and in the
workplace. Defective or misused
electrical equipment is a major
cause.
EFFECTS ON THE
HUMAN BODY
Depends on:
Current and Voltage
Resistance
Path through body
Duration of shock
Effects of AC Electricity
More than 3 mA- Painful shock- cause
indirect accident
More than 10 mA- Muscle contraction –
“No Let Go” danger
More than 30 mA- Lung paralysis,
usually temporary
Effects of AC Electricity
More than 50 mA- Ventricular
fibrillation, usually fatal
100 mA to 4 A- Certain ventricular
fibrillation, fatal
Over 4 A- Heart paralysis, severe burns
Effects
Protection





Circuit Breakers
Fuses
15 or 20 amps
Property/equipment protection
Conductors
American Wire Gauge




12 gauge – 20 amps (Safely)
14 gauge – 15 amps
10 gauge – 30 amps

What determines amount of amps
through a circuit?



How much the equipment draws
How much “stuff” plugged in
Protective Devices
Fuses
Circuit Breakers


Trip or break circuit breakers if conductors
exceed their ampacity
Summary
Current (I)
Voltage (E or v)
Resistance (R) (Ohms)
Electrocution Triangle
Electricity (levels)
Time
Path
Wires
Black = hot = Ungrounded Conductor
White = neutral = Grounded Conductor
(connected to grounding
electrode/Grounding rod)
Electrical Safety Training by Georgia Tech
How to check
Wiring Checks



Testers
Different types
Instruments
Normal 3 light Tester


Won’t check resistance to ground

Others - Check what the 3 light tester
will


Also checks resistance for ground
Double Insulated
Indicators





No ground pin
Plastic tool case
Listed by NTL
Marked as double insulated
 Square in a square
 Marked “double insulated”
1910.302 Electrical
Utilization Systems
Scope:


(a) Covers electrical installations and
utilization equipment installed or used within
or on buildings, structures, and other
premises
1910.303 General
Requirements
(a) Approval. The conductors and equipment
required or permitted by this subpart shall be
acceptable only if approved
1910.303 (b) Examination,
installation and use
Employer Obligation:


(1) Electrical equipment shall be free from
recognized hazards that are likely to cause
death or serious physical harm to employees
1910.303 (b)
Examination, installation,
and use Safety of equipment shall
(1) Examination.
determined using the following
considerations:


(i) Suitability of equipment for an identified
purpose may be evidenced by listing or labeling for
that identified purpose
• 1910.303(a) Approval
– All electrical conductors and equipment
shall be approved.
UNDERWRITERS
LABORATORIES
LISTED

ENCLOSED SWITCH
Issue AK 3225
1910.303(a)
NEC Article 110-2
5

6
1910.303 (f) Identification
of Disconnecting
Means and Circuits
Each disconnecting means legibly
marked to indicate its purpose


(Unless so arranged so the purpose is
evident)

Disconnect switch for
motor number 3
1910.303 (f) ID of
Disconnecting Means
Each service, feeder, and branch circuit, at its
overcurrent device, legibly and durably marked
to indicate its purpose
Switches and circuit breakers must be clearly
labeled to indicate its circuit’s function
Circuit breaker for motors
1,2,3, and 4
1910.303(g) Working
Space
(1) Sufficient access and working space around
all electrical equipment, provided & maintained
to provide ready and safe operation and
maintenance
(ii) Not used
for storage
(ii) If located in aisle or general open area,
working space shall be suitably guarded
1910.303(g)(1)(v)
Illumination
Illumination provided for
all working spaces about
service equipment,
switchboards, panelboards, and motor control
centers installed indoors.
1910.303(g)(1)(vi)
Headroom

6'3"

The minimum
headroom of working
spaces about service
equipment,
switchboards, panelboards, or motor
control centers shall
be 6 feet 3 inches
1910.303(g) Guarding of
live parts

(2)(i) Live parts of electric equipment

operating at 50 volts or more guarded against
accidental contact by approved cabinets
Guarding live parts – 1910.303
(g)(2)(i) or other forms of approved enclosures,
or by any of the following means:


(A) By location in a room, vault, accessible only to
qualified persons



(B) By permanent, substantial partitions or screens



(C) By location on a suitable
balcony or platform as to exclude
unqualified persons



(D) By elevation of 8 feet or more
above the floor or other
working surface
1910. 303(g) Guarding live parts
(2)(iii) Entrances to rooms
and other guarded
locations containing
exposed live parts shall be
marked with conspicuous
warning signs forbidding
unqualified persons to enter
1910.303(h)(3)(ii) Illumination
Adequate illumination for all
working spaces about
electric equipment
The lighting outlets arranged
that persons changing lamps
or making repairs on the
lighting system will not be
endangered by live parts or
other equipment
Electrical Safety Training by Georgia Tech
1910.304(a)(1) Identification of
Conductors
A conductor used as a
grounded conductor shall be
identifiable and distinguishable
from all other conductors.
A conductor used as an
equipment grounding conductor
shall be identifiable and
distinguishable from all other
conductors
Identification of Conductors
Grounded conductor and equipment grounding
conductors marked or color coated
So that employees can i.d. and tell apart
Grounded conductor is an energized circuit
(conductor that is connected to earth through
the system ground) Commonly referred to as
the neutral
Grounding Conductors
Equipment grounding conductor acts as a
safeguard against insulation failure or faults in
the other circuit conductors
Not an energized conductor under normal
conditions.
Energized if a leak or fault in the normal
current path
Directs current back to the source
Enabling fuses or circuit breakers to operate
Identification of Conductors
Grounded conductor i.d. and distinguished
from other conductors w/ white or gray

Equipment grounding conductor i.d. and
distinguished w/ green, green w/ yellow stripes,
or bare
1910.304(a) Use and identification
of grounded and grounding
conductors
(2) No grounded conductor may be attached to
any terminal or lead so as to reverse polarity
(3) A grounding terminal on a receptacle, cord
connector, or plug may not be used for
purposes other than grounding
Electrical Safety Training by Georgia Tech
Polarity of
connections
Improper connection of
these conductors (‘hot
and neutral’) is most
prevalent on smaller
branch circuits:


Standard 120 volt
receptacle outlets



Cord-and plugconnected equipment
Reversed Polarity
Reversed polarity is a condition when the
grounded conductor (neutral) is incorrectly
connected to the ungrounded (hot) terminal of a
plug, receptacle, or other type of conductor
Normal Wiring

1910.304(a)(2)
Reverse Polarity

Hot

Neutral

Neutral
Hot
1910.304(a)(2)
NEC Article 200-11
1910. 304(b) Branch circuits
1. Reserved
2. Outlet devices. Outlet devices shall have
an ampere rating not less than the load
to be served
1910. 304 (d)(1) Disconnecting
means
General. Means shall be provided to disconnect
all conductors in a building or other structure
from the service-entrance conductors.
The disconnecting means shall plainly indicate
whether it is in the open or closed position and
shall be installed at a readily accessible
location nearest the point of entrance of the
service-entrance conductors.
1000kV
1910. 304 (d)(2) Services
over 600 volts, nominal
(i) Guarded to make them accessible only to
qualified persons
(ii) Signs warning of high voltage shall be
posted where other than qualified employees
might come in contact with live parts

Danger
1910. 304 (e)(1)(vi) Circuit
breakers
Circuit breakers shall clearly indicate whether
they are in the open (off) or closed (on) position

1000kV
Danger
1910. 304 (f) Grounding
(4) The path to ground from circuits,
equipment, and enclosures shall be
permanent and continuous
Grounding
There are two kinds of grounding:


1. Electrical circuit or system grounding



2. Electrical equipment grounding
Electrical System Grounding
One conductor of the circuit is
intentionally grounded to earth
Protects circuit from lightning, or other
high voltage contact
Equipment Grounding
All metal frames & enclosures of equipment are
grounded by a permanent connection or bond

The equipment grounding conductor provides a
path for dangerous fault current to return to the
system ground at the supply source should a
fault occur
Grounding Equipment
Connected by Cord and Plug
Exposed non-current carrying metal parts of
cord and plug connected equipment which
may become energized shall be grounded
If in a hazardous location
If operated at over 150 volts
Electrical Safety Training by Georgia Tech
Note that properly bonded conduit and associated
metal enclosures can also serve as a grounding
conductor.
Ground fault circuit
interrupters (GFCI’s)
A GFCI is not an overcurrent device like a fuse
or circuit breaker
GFCI’s are designed to sense an imbalance in
current flow over the normal path
Ground fault circuit
interrupters (GFCI’s)
GFCI contains a special
sensor that monitors the
strength of the magnetic
field around each wire in
the circuit when current is
flowing
The field is proportional to
the amount of current flow

T
Ground fault circuit
interrupters (GFCI’s)
If the current flowing in the black (ungrounded)
wire is within 5 milliampers of the current
flowing in the white (grounded) all the current
will flow in the normal path
If the current flow differs by more than 5mA +/1mA, the GFCI will quickly open the circuit
Electrical Safety Training by Georgia Tech
Testing GFCI’s
GFCI’s are complex mechanisms, they must be tested
on a regular basis
Installation must be correct according to the
listing & labeling requirements or the GFCI will not
protect as designed
For permanently mounted types, once a month testing
is recommended
Portable GFCI’s should be tested before each use!
GFCI’s have a test-circuit which imposes an artificial
ground fault when the test button is pushed
Wiring methods, components,
and
equipment
for general use
1910.305(a)(1)(ii) Wiring in ducts
No wiring systems of any type shall be
installed in ducts used to transport
dust, loose stock or flammable vapors
1910.305(a)(2) Temporary wiring
(iii)(F) Lamps for general illumination shall be
protected from accidental contact or breakage
Protection shall be provided by elevation of at
least 7 feet from normal working surface or by a
suitable fixture or lampholder with a guard
1910.305(a)(2) Temporary wiring
(iii)(G) Flexible cords and cables shall be
protected from accidental damage
Sharp corners and projections shall be avoided.
Where passing through doorways or other
pinch points, flexible cords and cables shall be
provided with protection to avoid damage
1910.305(a)(2)(iii)(G) Flexible
Cords
Where passing through doorways or other
pinch points, flexible cords and cables shall be
provided with protection to avoid damage
1910.305 (b) Conductors Entering
Boxes, Cabinets or Fittings
Conductors can be damaged if
they rub against the sharp edges
of cabinets, boxes, or fittings
Where they enter they must be
protected by some type of clamp
or rubber grommet
The device used must close the
hole through which the conductor
passes as well as provide
protection from abrasion
1910.305 (b) Conductors Entering
Boxes, Cabinets or Fittings
If the conductor is in a conduit
and the conduit fits tightly in the
opening, additional sealing is
not required
The knockouts in cabinets,
boxes, and fittings should be
removed only if conductors are
to be run through them
Open knockouts and other
holes must be closed
Conductors Entering Boxes,
Cabinets or Fittings
All pull boxes, junction boxes and fittings must
be provided with approved covers
If covers are metal they must be grounded.
Each outlet box must have a cover, faceplate
or fixture canopy
1910.305(e) Enclosures for
damp or wet locations
Cabinets, cutouts
boxes, fittings, and
panelboards shall be
weatherproof
Switches, circuit
breakers, and
switchboards shall be
in weather proof
enclosures
1910.305 (g)(1) Use of Flexible
Cords & Cables
Flexible cords and shall be approved and
suitable for conditions of use and location*

* The OSHA electric standard
(1910.305) lists specific situations in
which flexible cords may be used
1910.305 (g)(1)(iii) Prohibited
uses of flexible cords
Except for the previously listed exemptions,
flexible cords may not be used for:


(A) As a substitute for fixed wiring of the structure;
(B) Where run through holes in walls, ceilings, or
floors;



(C) Where run through doorways, windows, etc..


Judgment of application
There are usually citations when the usage is
obviously not temporary; and,
When the cord is extended to some distant
outlet in order to avoid providing a fixed outlet
where needed
Identification, Splices and
Terminations
Flexible cords shall only be used in
continuous lengths, no taps or splices

Damaged cord
improperly repaired
Identification, Splices and
Terminations
Flexible cords shall be connected to devices
and fittings so that strain relief is provided
which will prevent pull from being directly
transmitted to joints or terminal screws
1910.305 (g)(2)(ii)
Flexible cords shall be used only in continuous
lengths without splice or tap.
Hard service flexible cords No. 12 or larger may
be repaired if spliced so that the splice retains
the insulation, outer sheath properties, and
usage characteristics of the cord being spliced.
Note: The National Electric Code allows
splice in 14 gauge or greater wire
Electrical Safety Training by Georgia Tech
1910.331 Scope
Covers:




Qualified persons (those who have training in
avoiding the electrical hazards
Unqualified persons (those with little or no such
training)

Working on or near the following:




Premises wiring
Wiring for connection to supply
Other wiring
1910.332 Training
Scope:


The training requirements contained in this section
apply to employees who face a risk of electric shock
that is not reduced to a safe level by the electrical
installation requirements of 1910.303 through
1910.308



Employees shall be trained in and familiar with the
safety-related work practices required by 1910.331
through 1910.335 that pertain to their respective job
assignments
Footnote to Table S-4
(1) Workers in these groups do not need to be
trained if their work or the work of those they
supervise does not bring them or their
employees close enough to exposed parts of
electric circuits operating at 50 volts or more to
ground for a hazard to exist.
1910.332 Training
(b)(3) Qualified persons: (i.e. those permitted
to work on or near exposed energized parts)
shall, at a minimum, be trained in and familiar
with the following:






(i) The skills and techniques necessary to
distinguish exposed live parts from other parts of
electric equipment
(ii) The skills and techniques necessary to
determine the nominal voltage of exposed live
parts
(iii) The clearance distances specified in
1910.333(c)
1910.333 (a)(1)
Deenergized parts
Live parts to which an employee may be
exposed shall be deenergized before
the employee works on or near them:




Unless the employer can demonstrate that
deenergizing introduces additional or
increased hazards or is infeasible
Live parts that operate at less than 50 volts
to ground need not be deenergized if there
will be no increased exposure to electrical
burns or to explosion due to electric arcs
1910.333(b) Working on or
near exposed deenergized
parts
(1) Conductors and parts of electric equipment
that have been deenergized but have not been
locked out or tagged in accordance with
paragraph (b) of this section shall be treated as
energized parts
1910.333(c)(4) Illumination
Employees may not enter spaces containing
exposed energized parts, unless illumination is
provided that enables the employees to
perform the work safely
1910.333(c)(4) Illumination
Employees may not
reach blindly into
areas which may
contain energized
parts.
1910.333(c)(7) Portable
ladders
Portable ladders shall have nonconductive
siderails if they are used where the employee
or the ladder could contact exposed
energized parts
1910.333(c)(8) Conductive
apparel
Conductive articles of jewelry and clothing
(such a watch bands, bracelets, rings, key
chains, necklaces, etc...) may not be worn if
they might contact exposed energized parts
1910.334 Use of equipment
Portable equipment shall be handled in
a manner which will not cause damage
Flexible electric cords connected to
equipment may not be used for raising
or lowering the equipment
Flexible cords may not be fastened with
staples or otherwise hung in such a
fashion as could damage the outer
jacket or insulation
1910.334 (a)(2)(i) Use of equipment
Portable cord and plug connected equipment
and flexible cord sets (extension cords)
visually inspected before use for external
defects (such as loose parts, or damage to
outer jacket or insulation) and for evidence of
possible internal damage (pinched or crushed
outer jacket)
Extension cords which remain connected once
they are put in place and are not exposed to
damage need not be visually inspected until
they are relocated
1910.334 Use of equipment
A flexible cord used with grounding type equipment
shall contain an equipment grounding conductor
Attachment plugs and receptacles may not be
connected or altered in a manner which would
prevent proper continuity of the equipment grounding
conductor at the point where plugs are attached to
receptacles
1910.334 (c)(1) Use
Only qualified persons may perform testing
work on electric circuits or equipment
1910.334 Use of equipment
(c)(2)"Visual inspection." Test instruments and
equipment and all associated test leads,
cables, power cords, probes, and connectors
shall be visually inspected for external defects
and damage before the equipment is used.
If there is a defect or evidence of damage that
might expose an employee to injury, the
defective or damaged item shall be removed
from service, and no employee may use it until
repairs and tests necessary to render the
equipment safe have been made.
1910.335 Safeguards for
personnel protection
(a)(1)Employees working in areas where there
are potential electrical hazards shall be
provided with, and shall use, electrical
protective equipment that is appropriate for the
specific parts of the body to be protected and
for the work to be performed
1910.335 Safeguards for
personnel protection
(a)(1)(ii)Protective equipment shall be
maintained in a safe, reliable condition and
shall be periodically inspected or tested, as
required by 1910.137 *

*1910.137 Electrical protective equipment
1910.335 Safeguards for
personnel protection
(a)(2)(i)When working near exposed energized
conductors or circuit parts, each employee
shall use insulated tools or handling equipment
if the tools or handling equipment might make
contact with such conductors or parts
1910.335 Safeguards for
personnel protection
(b)The following alerting techniques shall be
used to warn and protect employees from
hazards which could cause injury due to
electric shock, burns, or failure of electric
equipment parts:


Safety signs and tags



Barricades



Attendants
1910.335 Safeguards for
personnel protection
(b)(1)Safety signs, safety
symbols, or accident
prevention tags shall be
used where necessary to
warn employees about
electrical hazards which
may endanger them, as
required by 1910.145
1910.335 Safeguards for
personnel protection
(b)(2)Barricades shall be used in conjunction
with safety signs where it is necessary to
prevent or limit employee access to work areas
exposing employees to uninsulated energized
conductors or circuit parts
1910.335 Safeguards for
personnel protection
If signs and barricades do not provide
sufficient warning and protection from electrical
hazards, an attendant shall be stationed to
warn and protect employees
Electrical Safety Training by Georgia Tech

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Electrical Safety Training by Georgia Tech

  • 2. Subpart S - Electrical (1910.301 - 399) Live parts 515 Standard: 1910. 303(g)(2)(i) * Conductors entering cabinets/boxes/fittings protected from abrasion 457 305(b)(1) Grounding path 396 304(f)(4) Electrical box covers 347 305(b)(2) * * * Use of flexible cords and cables 305(g)(1)(iii) 290 * *Average number of Federal OSHA citations issued between 2000 and 2003 2
  • 3. DEFINITION A physical agency caused by the motion of electrons, protons, and other charged particles, manifesting itself as an attraction, repulsion, magnetic, luminous, and heating effects, etc.
  • 4. ELEMENTS & ATOMS Every known substance – solid, liquid or gas is composed of elements An atom is the smallest particle of an element that retains all the properties of that element Each element has it’s own kind of atom
  • 5. ATOMS Inner part composed of protons & neutrons Outer part composed of electrons Protons = positive charge Neutrons = no charge Electrons = negative charge
  • 6. ATOMS Each element has a definite number of electrons ----and the same number of protons They are oppositely charged and therefore attract each other. This tends to hold the electrons in orbit around the atom.
  • 8. FREE ELECTRONS Some atoms are easily moved out of orbit The ability to move or flow is the basis of current electricity If channeled in a given direction, a flow of electrons occurs --- when flowed through a conductor it is dynamic electricity
  • 9. ELECTICAL MATERIALS CONDUCTOR – contains many free electrons --- gold, copper, silver, aluminum INSULATOR – contains few free electrons-Usually non-metallic such as wood, rubber, glass, etc
  • 10. GENERATING ELECTRICITY Friction, pressure, heat, light, chemical reaction, and magnetism Magnetism is most practical & inexpensive method Electricity is produced when a magnet is moved past a piece of wire, or wire is moved through a magnetic field
  • 11. VOLTAGE, CURRENT, & RESISTANCE VOLTAGE – unit of measurement of electromotive force (EMF) CURRENT - Continuous movement of electrons past a given point. (measured in amperes) RESISTANCE – Opposition to movement of electrons. Makes it possible to generate heat, control current flow, & supply correct voltage to devices
  • 12. OHM’S LAW George Simon Ohm  Formulated a mathematical relationship between:  Current  Voltage  Resistance  Resistance = Impedance  Resistance = DC  Impedance = AC  Interchangeable – Most Branch circuits
  • 13. DIRECT CURRENT Always flows in one direction Used to charge batteries, run some motors, operate magnetic lifting devices and welding equipment.
  • 14. ALTERNATING CURRRENT More common in electrical work Changes rapidly in both direction and value Power companies produce power cheaper with alternating current
  • 15. ELECTRICAL HAZARDS SHOCK. Electric shock occurs when the human body becomes part of the path through which current flows. The direct result can be electrocution. The indirect result can be injury resulting from a fall or movement into machinery because of a shock
  • 16. ELECTRICAL HAZARDS BURNS. Burns can result when a person touches electrical wiring or equipment that is energized. ARC-BLAST. Arc-blasts occur from high- amperage currents arcing through the air. This can be caused by accidental contact with energized components or equipment failure.
  • 17. Arc Flash and Arc Blasts Arc Flash:      80%-Burns due to ignition of clothing Temperature-35,000 F Fatal Burns-10 ft. 2000 people hospitalized with burns Molten metal Arc Blast:     Pressure Wave Heat Molten metal Destruction of structures and life
  • 18. Arc Blast Cause  Short Circuit caused by working on energized equipment  Dropped Tool    Occurs in milliseconds Temp: 30,000 degrees Air expands very violently  15 tons of pressure
  • 19. ELECTRICAL HAZARDS ARC-BLAST. The three primary hazards associated with an arcblast are: Thermal radiation. Pressure Wave. Projectiles.
  • 20. ELECTRICAL HAZARDS EXPLOSIONS. Explosions occur when electricity provides a source of ignition for an explosive mixture in the atmosphere.
  • 21. ELECTRICAL HAZARDS FIRES. Electricity is one of the most common causes of fires both in the home and in the workplace. Defective or misused electrical equipment is a major cause.
  • 22. EFFECTS ON THE HUMAN BODY Depends on: Current and Voltage Resistance Path through body Duration of shock
  • 23. Effects of AC Electricity More than 3 mA- Painful shock- cause indirect accident More than 10 mA- Muscle contraction – “No Let Go” danger More than 30 mA- Lung paralysis, usually temporary
  • 24. Effects of AC Electricity More than 50 mA- Ventricular fibrillation, usually fatal 100 mA to 4 A- Certain ventricular fibrillation, fatal Over 4 A- Heart paralysis, severe burns
  • 26. Conductors American Wire Gauge    12 gauge – 20 amps (Safely) 14 gauge – 15 amps 10 gauge – 30 amps What determines amount of amps through a circuit?   How much the equipment draws How much “stuff” plugged in
  • 27. Protective Devices Fuses Circuit Breakers  Trip or break circuit breakers if conductors exceed their ampacity
  • 28. Summary Current (I) Voltage (E or v) Resistance (R) (Ohms)
  • 30. Wires Black = hot = Ungrounded Conductor White = neutral = Grounded Conductor (connected to grounding electrode/Grounding rod)
  • 32. How to check Wiring Checks   Testers Different types
  • 33. Instruments Normal 3 light Tester  Won’t check resistance to ground Others - Check what the 3 light tester will  Also checks resistance for ground
  • 34. Double Insulated Indicators     No ground pin Plastic tool case Listed by NTL Marked as double insulated  Square in a square  Marked “double insulated”
  • 35. 1910.302 Electrical Utilization Systems Scope:  (a) Covers electrical installations and utilization equipment installed or used within or on buildings, structures, and other premises
  • 36. 1910.303 General Requirements (a) Approval. The conductors and equipment required or permitted by this subpart shall be acceptable only if approved
  • 37. 1910.303 (b) Examination, installation and use Employer Obligation:  (1) Electrical equipment shall be free from recognized hazards that are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to employees
  • 38. 1910.303 (b) Examination, installation, and use Safety of equipment shall (1) Examination. determined using the following considerations:  (i) Suitability of equipment for an identified purpose may be evidenced by listing or labeling for that identified purpose
  • 39. • 1910.303(a) Approval – All electrical conductors and equipment shall be approved. UNDERWRITERS LABORATORIES LISTED ENCLOSED SWITCH Issue AK 3225 1910.303(a) NEC Article 110-2 5 6
  • 40. 1910.303 (f) Identification of Disconnecting Means and Circuits Each disconnecting means legibly marked to indicate its purpose  (Unless so arranged so the purpose is evident) Disconnect switch for motor number 3
  • 41. 1910.303 (f) ID of Disconnecting Means Each service, feeder, and branch circuit, at its overcurrent device, legibly and durably marked to indicate its purpose Switches and circuit breakers must be clearly labeled to indicate its circuit’s function Circuit breaker for motors 1,2,3, and 4
  • 42. 1910.303(g) Working Space (1) Sufficient access and working space around all electrical equipment, provided & maintained to provide ready and safe operation and maintenance (ii) Not used for storage (ii) If located in aisle or general open area, working space shall be suitably guarded
  • 43. 1910.303(g)(1)(v) Illumination Illumination provided for all working spaces about service equipment, switchboards, panelboards, and motor control centers installed indoors.
  • 44. 1910.303(g)(1)(vi) Headroom 6'3" The minimum headroom of working spaces about service equipment, switchboards, panelboards, or motor control centers shall be 6 feet 3 inches
  • 45. 1910.303(g) Guarding of live parts (2)(i) Live parts of electric equipment operating at 50 volts or more guarded against accidental contact by approved cabinets
  • 46. Guarding live parts – 1910.303 (g)(2)(i) or other forms of approved enclosures, or by any of the following means:  (A) By location in a room, vault, accessible only to qualified persons  (B) By permanent, substantial partitions or screens  (C) By location on a suitable balcony or platform as to exclude unqualified persons  (D) By elevation of 8 feet or more above the floor or other working surface
  • 47. 1910. 303(g) Guarding live parts (2)(iii) Entrances to rooms and other guarded locations containing exposed live parts shall be marked with conspicuous warning signs forbidding unqualified persons to enter
  • 48. 1910.303(h)(3)(ii) Illumination Adequate illumination for all working spaces about electric equipment The lighting outlets arranged that persons changing lamps or making repairs on the lighting system will not be endangered by live parts or other equipment
  • 50. 1910.304(a)(1) Identification of Conductors A conductor used as a grounded conductor shall be identifiable and distinguishable from all other conductors. A conductor used as an equipment grounding conductor shall be identifiable and distinguishable from all other conductors
  • 51. Identification of Conductors Grounded conductor and equipment grounding conductors marked or color coated So that employees can i.d. and tell apart Grounded conductor is an energized circuit (conductor that is connected to earth through the system ground) Commonly referred to as the neutral
  • 52. Grounding Conductors Equipment grounding conductor acts as a safeguard against insulation failure or faults in the other circuit conductors Not an energized conductor under normal conditions. Energized if a leak or fault in the normal current path Directs current back to the source Enabling fuses or circuit breakers to operate
  • 53. Identification of Conductors Grounded conductor i.d. and distinguished from other conductors w/ white or gray Equipment grounding conductor i.d. and distinguished w/ green, green w/ yellow stripes, or bare
  • 54. 1910.304(a) Use and identification of grounded and grounding conductors (2) No grounded conductor may be attached to any terminal or lead so as to reverse polarity (3) A grounding terminal on a receptacle, cord connector, or plug may not be used for purposes other than grounding
  • 56. Polarity of connections Improper connection of these conductors (‘hot and neutral’) is most prevalent on smaller branch circuits:  Standard 120 volt receptacle outlets  Cord-and plugconnected equipment
  • 57. Reversed Polarity Reversed polarity is a condition when the grounded conductor (neutral) is incorrectly connected to the ungrounded (hot) terminal of a plug, receptacle, or other type of conductor
  • 59. 1910. 304(b) Branch circuits 1. Reserved 2. Outlet devices. Outlet devices shall have an ampere rating not less than the load to be served
  • 60. 1910. 304 (d)(1) Disconnecting means General. Means shall be provided to disconnect all conductors in a building or other structure from the service-entrance conductors. The disconnecting means shall plainly indicate whether it is in the open or closed position and shall be installed at a readily accessible location nearest the point of entrance of the service-entrance conductors. 1000kV
  • 61. 1910. 304 (d)(2) Services over 600 volts, nominal (i) Guarded to make them accessible only to qualified persons (ii) Signs warning of high voltage shall be posted where other than qualified employees might come in contact with live parts Danger
  • 62. 1910. 304 (e)(1)(vi) Circuit breakers Circuit breakers shall clearly indicate whether they are in the open (off) or closed (on) position 1000kV Danger
  • 63. 1910. 304 (f) Grounding (4) The path to ground from circuits, equipment, and enclosures shall be permanent and continuous
  • 64. Grounding There are two kinds of grounding:  1. Electrical circuit or system grounding  2. Electrical equipment grounding
  • 65. Electrical System Grounding One conductor of the circuit is intentionally grounded to earth Protects circuit from lightning, or other high voltage contact
  • 66. Equipment Grounding All metal frames & enclosures of equipment are grounded by a permanent connection or bond The equipment grounding conductor provides a path for dangerous fault current to return to the system ground at the supply source should a fault occur
  • 67. Grounding Equipment Connected by Cord and Plug Exposed non-current carrying metal parts of cord and plug connected equipment which may become energized shall be grounded If in a hazardous location If operated at over 150 volts
  • 69. Note that properly bonded conduit and associated metal enclosures can also serve as a grounding conductor.
  • 70. Ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCI’s) A GFCI is not an overcurrent device like a fuse or circuit breaker GFCI’s are designed to sense an imbalance in current flow over the normal path
  • 71. Ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCI’s) GFCI contains a special sensor that monitors the strength of the magnetic field around each wire in the circuit when current is flowing The field is proportional to the amount of current flow T
  • 72. Ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCI’s) If the current flowing in the black (ungrounded) wire is within 5 milliampers of the current flowing in the white (grounded) all the current will flow in the normal path If the current flow differs by more than 5mA +/1mA, the GFCI will quickly open the circuit
  • 74. Testing GFCI’s GFCI’s are complex mechanisms, they must be tested on a regular basis Installation must be correct according to the listing & labeling requirements or the GFCI will not protect as designed For permanently mounted types, once a month testing is recommended Portable GFCI’s should be tested before each use! GFCI’s have a test-circuit which imposes an artificial ground fault when the test button is pushed
  • 76. 1910.305(a)(1)(ii) Wiring in ducts No wiring systems of any type shall be installed in ducts used to transport dust, loose stock or flammable vapors
  • 77. 1910.305(a)(2) Temporary wiring (iii)(F) Lamps for general illumination shall be protected from accidental contact or breakage Protection shall be provided by elevation of at least 7 feet from normal working surface or by a suitable fixture or lampholder with a guard
  • 78. 1910.305(a)(2) Temporary wiring (iii)(G) Flexible cords and cables shall be protected from accidental damage Sharp corners and projections shall be avoided. Where passing through doorways or other pinch points, flexible cords and cables shall be provided with protection to avoid damage
  • 79. 1910.305(a)(2)(iii)(G) Flexible Cords Where passing through doorways or other pinch points, flexible cords and cables shall be provided with protection to avoid damage
  • 80. 1910.305 (b) Conductors Entering Boxes, Cabinets or Fittings Conductors can be damaged if they rub against the sharp edges of cabinets, boxes, or fittings Where they enter they must be protected by some type of clamp or rubber grommet The device used must close the hole through which the conductor passes as well as provide protection from abrasion
  • 81. 1910.305 (b) Conductors Entering Boxes, Cabinets or Fittings If the conductor is in a conduit and the conduit fits tightly in the opening, additional sealing is not required The knockouts in cabinets, boxes, and fittings should be removed only if conductors are to be run through them Open knockouts and other holes must be closed
  • 82. Conductors Entering Boxes, Cabinets or Fittings All pull boxes, junction boxes and fittings must be provided with approved covers If covers are metal they must be grounded. Each outlet box must have a cover, faceplate or fixture canopy
  • 83. 1910.305(e) Enclosures for damp or wet locations Cabinets, cutouts boxes, fittings, and panelboards shall be weatherproof Switches, circuit breakers, and switchboards shall be in weather proof enclosures
  • 84. 1910.305 (g)(1) Use of Flexible Cords & Cables Flexible cords and shall be approved and suitable for conditions of use and location* * The OSHA electric standard (1910.305) lists specific situations in which flexible cords may be used
  • 85. 1910.305 (g)(1)(iii) Prohibited uses of flexible cords Except for the previously listed exemptions, flexible cords may not be used for:  (A) As a substitute for fixed wiring of the structure; (B) Where run through holes in walls, ceilings, or floors;  (C) Where run through doorways, windows, etc.. 
  • 86. Judgment of application There are usually citations when the usage is obviously not temporary; and, When the cord is extended to some distant outlet in order to avoid providing a fixed outlet where needed
  • 87. Identification, Splices and Terminations Flexible cords shall only be used in continuous lengths, no taps or splices Damaged cord improperly repaired
  • 88. Identification, Splices and Terminations Flexible cords shall be connected to devices and fittings so that strain relief is provided which will prevent pull from being directly transmitted to joints or terminal screws
  • 89. 1910.305 (g)(2)(ii) Flexible cords shall be used only in continuous lengths without splice or tap. Hard service flexible cords No. 12 or larger may be repaired if spliced so that the splice retains the insulation, outer sheath properties, and usage characteristics of the cord being spliced. Note: The National Electric Code allows splice in 14 gauge or greater wire
  • 91. 1910.331 Scope Covers:   Qualified persons (those who have training in avoiding the electrical hazards Unqualified persons (those with little or no such training) Working on or near the following:    Premises wiring Wiring for connection to supply Other wiring
  • 92. 1910.332 Training Scope:  The training requirements contained in this section apply to employees who face a risk of electric shock that is not reduced to a safe level by the electrical installation requirements of 1910.303 through 1910.308  Employees shall be trained in and familiar with the safety-related work practices required by 1910.331 through 1910.335 that pertain to their respective job assignments
  • 93. Footnote to Table S-4 (1) Workers in these groups do not need to be trained if their work or the work of those they supervise does not bring them or their employees close enough to exposed parts of electric circuits operating at 50 volts or more to ground for a hazard to exist.
  • 94. 1910.332 Training (b)(3) Qualified persons: (i.e. those permitted to work on or near exposed energized parts) shall, at a minimum, be trained in and familiar with the following:    (i) The skills and techniques necessary to distinguish exposed live parts from other parts of electric equipment (ii) The skills and techniques necessary to determine the nominal voltage of exposed live parts (iii) The clearance distances specified in 1910.333(c)
  • 95. 1910.333 (a)(1) Deenergized parts Live parts to which an employee may be exposed shall be deenergized before the employee works on or near them:   Unless the employer can demonstrate that deenergizing introduces additional or increased hazards or is infeasible Live parts that operate at less than 50 volts to ground need not be deenergized if there will be no increased exposure to electrical burns or to explosion due to electric arcs
  • 96. 1910.333(b) Working on or near exposed deenergized parts (1) Conductors and parts of electric equipment that have been deenergized but have not been locked out or tagged in accordance with paragraph (b) of this section shall be treated as energized parts
  • 97. 1910.333(c)(4) Illumination Employees may not enter spaces containing exposed energized parts, unless illumination is provided that enables the employees to perform the work safely
  • 98. 1910.333(c)(4) Illumination Employees may not reach blindly into areas which may contain energized parts.
  • 99. 1910.333(c)(7) Portable ladders Portable ladders shall have nonconductive siderails if they are used where the employee or the ladder could contact exposed energized parts
  • 100. 1910.333(c)(8) Conductive apparel Conductive articles of jewelry and clothing (such a watch bands, bracelets, rings, key chains, necklaces, etc...) may not be worn if they might contact exposed energized parts
  • 101. 1910.334 Use of equipment Portable equipment shall be handled in a manner which will not cause damage Flexible electric cords connected to equipment may not be used for raising or lowering the equipment Flexible cords may not be fastened with staples or otherwise hung in such a fashion as could damage the outer jacket or insulation
  • 102. 1910.334 (a)(2)(i) Use of equipment Portable cord and plug connected equipment and flexible cord sets (extension cords) visually inspected before use for external defects (such as loose parts, or damage to outer jacket or insulation) and for evidence of possible internal damage (pinched or crushed outer jacket) Extension cords which remain connected once they are put in place and are not exposed to damage need not be visually inspected until they are relocated
  • 103. 1910.334 Use of equipment A flexible cord used with grounding type equipment shall contain an equipment grounding conductor Attachment plugs and receptacles may not be connected or altered in a manner which would prevent proper continuity of the equipment grounding conductor at the point where plugs are attached to receptacles
  • 104. 1910.334 (c)(1) Use Only qualified persons may perform testing work on electric circuits or equipment
  • 105. 1910.334 Use of equipment (c)(2)"Visual inspection." Test instruments and equipment and all associated test leads, cables, power cords, probes, and connectors shall be visually inspected for external defects and damage before the equipment is used. If there is a defect or evidence of damage that might expose an employee to injury, the defective or damaged item shall be removed from service, and no employee may use it until repairs and tests necessary to render the equipment safe have been made.
  • 106. 1910.335 Safeguards for personnel protection (a)(1)Employees working in areas where there are potential electrical hazards shall be provided with, and shall use, electrical protective equipment that is appropriate for the specific parts of the body to be protected and for the work to be performed
  • 107. 1910.335 Safeguards for personnel protection (a)(1)(ii)Protective equipment shall be maintained in a safe, reliable condition and shall be periodically inspected or tested, as required by 1910.137 * *1910.137 Electrical protective equipment
  • 108. 1910.335 Safeguards for personnel protection (a)(2)(i)When working near exposed energized conductors or circuit parts, each employee shall use insulated tools or handling equipment if the tools or handling equipment might make contact with such conductors or parts
  • 109. 1910.335 Safeguards for personnel protection (b)The following alerting techniques shall be used to warn and protect employees from hazards which could cause injury due to electric shock, burns, or failure of electric equipment parts:  Safety signs and tags  Barricades  Attendants
  • 110. 1910.335 Safeguards for personnel protection (b)(1)Safety signs, safety symbols, or accident prevention tags shall be used where necessary to warn employees about electrical hazards which may endanger them, as required by 1910.145
  • 111. 1910.335 Safeguards for personnel protection (b)(2)Barricades shall be used in conjunction with safety signs where it is necessary to prevent or limit employee access to work areas exposing employees to uninsulated energized conductors or circuit parts
  • 112. 1910.335 Safeguards for personnel protection If signs and barricades do not provide sufficient warning and protection from electrical hazards, an attendant shall be stationed to warn and protect employees

Editor's Notes

  1. Subpart S