Varnish in action confoo11

Varnish in ac*on Thijs Feryn Evangelist +32 (0)9 218 79 06 thijs@combellgroup.com Confoo Friday March 11th 2011 Montrea, Canada

About me I’m an evangelist at Combell

About me I’m a board member at PHPBenelux

<?php$country = new Country();$country->setName(Belgium);$country->setHasGovernment(false);

I live in the wonderful city of Bruges MPBecker -‐ Bruges by Night hVp://www.ﬂickr.com/photos/galverson2/3715965933

Follow me on TwiVer: @ThijsFerynGive me feedback: hVp://joind.in/2882 Read my blog: hVp://blog.feryn.eu

Varnish

Varnish Reverse proxy? Caching proxy? Loadbalancer?

Varnish HTTP accelerator !

Caching

Caching Storing computed data for faster serving of future requests

Basically Pucng stuﬀ in boxes for later use

Protect your server

In the beginning there was ...

Browser cache

Browser cache: expira*on Expires: Sun, 25 Jun 2006 14:57:12 Cache-‐Control: max-‐age=86400, must-‐revalidate

Browser cache: valida*on Last-‐Modiﬁed: Sun, 25 Jun 2006 14:57:12 GMT ETag: “686897696a7c876b7e”

Browser cache: valida*on Last-‐Modiﬁed: Sun, 25 Jun 2006 14:57:12 GMT ETag: “686897696a7c876b7e” Compared with the “If-‐None-‐Match” header. Throws “HTTP/1.0 304 Not Modiﬁed” accordingly

Browser cache: in PHP

Browser cache: in PHP<?php$seconds = 10;$expires = gmdate(D, j M Y H:i:s T, time() + $seconds);header("Expires: $expires");header("Cache-Control: max-age=$seconds, must-revalidate");?><ul> <li>Current date/time: <?= gmdate(D, j M Y H:i:s T)?></li> <li>Expires: <?= $expires ?></li> <li>Cache-control: <?= $seconds?> seconds</li></ul>

Browser cache: in Apache

Browser cache: in ApacheExpiresAc*ve onExpiresDefault "access plus 1 month"ExpiresDefault "now plus 4 weeks"ExpiresDefault "modiﬁca*on plus 30 days"ExpiresByType text/html "access plus 1 month 15 days 2 hours"

Browser cache is your friend !

Problems with browser cache

Problems with browser cache Mul*ple standards Can be ignored by browser Force refresh Cache per client

Solu*ons: use a caching/reverse proxy! Use a caching/reverse proxy Varnish does that It’ll make your site ﬂy!

Info•Website: h$p://www.varnish-‐cache.org•Wiki: h$p://www.varnish-‐cache.org/trac/wiki•Examples: h$p://www.varnish-‐cache.org/trac/wiki/VCLExamples•DocumentaHon site: h$p://www.varnish-‐cache.org/docs/2.1

Setup Varnish

Setup Varnish curl http://repo.varnish-cache.org/debian/ GPG-key.txt | apt-key add - echo "deb http://repo.varnish-cache.org/ debian/ $(lsb_release -s -c) varnish-2.1" >> /etc/apt/sources.list apt-get update apt-get install varnish

Setup Varnish START=yes DAEMON_OPTS="-a :80 -T localhost:6082 -f /etc/varnish/default.vcl -s file,/var/lib/varnish/$INSTANCE/ varnish_storage.bin,1G" In “/etc/default/varnish”

Setup the backend

Setup the backend Listen 8080 In “/etc/apache2/ports.conf”

Setup the backend backend default { .host = "127.0.0.1"; .port = "8080"; } In “/etc/varnish/default.vcl”

Out of the box Varnish will only ...

... obey your caching headers

... and cache sta*c ﬁles

Time for ac*on !

Request vcl_recv Yes Cacheable? vcl_hash Yes No In cache? Novcl_hit() vcl_miss() vcl_fetch() vcl_deliver() Response

Hits & misses

Logging & sta*s*cs

Varnishstat Real *me stats of running varnishd instance hVp://www.varnish-‐cache.org/docs/2.1/reference/varnishstat.html

Hitrate ratio: 10 100 121Hitrate avg: 0.5365 0.5287 0.5277 9957 0.00 4.10 Client connections accepted 58932 67.92 24.28 Client requests received 30483 1.00 12.56 Cache hits 8592 0.00 3.54 Cache hits for pass 18991 66.92 7.82 Cache misses 28449 66.92 11.72 Backend connections success 22562 66.92 9.30 Backend connections reuses 28357 66.92 11.68 Backend connections recycles 488 . . N struct srcaddr 7 . . N active struct srcaddr 81 . . N struct sess_mem 21 . . N struct sess 4398 . . N struct object 4401 . . N struct objecthead 9220 . . N struct smf 355 . . N small free smf 6 . . N large free smf 2 . . N struct vbe_conn 10 . . N struct bereq 17 . . N worker threads 28 0.00 0.01 N worker threads created 164 0.00 0.07 N overflowed work requests 1 . . N backends 14608 . . N expired objects 24113 . . N LRU moved objects 53778 66.92 22.16 Objects sent with write 9957 0.00 4.10 Total Sessions 58935 67.92 24.28 Total Requests 9458 0.00 3.90 Total pass 28445 66.92 11.72 Total fetch 22496844 23506.62 9269.40 Total header bytes 606897837 263427.01 250060.91 Total body bytes 1384 0.00 0.57 Session Closed

Varnishlog Display requests of running varnishd instance hVp://www.varnish-‐cache.org/docs/2.1/reference/varnishlog.html

Varnishlog Notable tags• ReqEnd • TxHeader • RxHeader• ReqStart • TxLostHeader • RxLostHeader• Hit • TxProtocol • RxProtocol• Error • TxRequest • RxRequest• VCL_call • TxResponse • RxResponse• VCL_return • TxStatus • RxStatus• VCL_acl • TxURL • RxURL

Varnishlog varnishlog -‐c -‐o RxRequest POST All POST requests

Varnishlog varnishlog -‐c -‐i RxHeader -‐I ^User-‐Agent All user agents

Varnishlog varnishlog -‐i TxURL All URL’s that “missed”

Varnishlog varnishlog -‐o VCL_call hit | grep RxURL All URL’s that “hit”

Varnishlog varnishlog -‐w /tmp/yourfile.log Write log to file varnishlog -‐r /tmp/yourfile.log Read log from file

12 SessionOpen c 172.16.26.1 50396 :8080 12 ReqStart c 172.16.26.1 50396 668213522 12 RxRequest c GET 12 RxURL c /test.php 12 RxProtocol c HTTP/1.1 12 RxHeader c Host: varnish.dev:8080 12 RxHeader c User-‐Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; U; Intel Mac OS X 10.6; nl; rv:1.9.2.10) Gecko/20100914 Firefox/3.6.10 12 RxHeader c Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8 12 RxHeader c Accept-‐Language: nl,en-‐us;q=0.7,en;q=0.3 12 RxHeader c Accept-‐Encoding: gzip,deflate 12 RxHeader c Accept-‐Charset: ISO-‐8859-‐1,utf-‐8;q=0.7,*;q=0.7 12 RxHeader c Keep-‐Alive: 115 12 RxHeader c Connection: keep-‐alive 12 RxHeader c Cookie: PHPSESSID=2n2pkit81qdgk6k4trf1crft16 12 VCL_call c recv 12 VCL_return c pass 12 VCL_call c hash 12 VCL_return c hash 12 VCL_call c pass 12 VCL_return c pass 14 BackendClose -‐ default 14 BackendOpen b default 127.0.0.1 34267 127.0.0.1 80 12 Backend c 14 default default

14 TxRequest b GET 14 TxURL b /test.php 14 TxProtocol b HTTP/1.1 14 TxHeader b Host: varnish.dev:8080 14 TxHeader b User-‐Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; U; Intel Mac OS X 10.6; nl; rv:1.9.2.10) Gecko/20100914 Firefox/3.6.10 14 TxHeader b Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8 14 TxHeader b Accept-‐Language: nl,en-‐us;q=0.7,en;q=0.3 14 TxHeader b Accept-‐Encoding: gzip,deflate 14 TxHeader b Accept-‐Charset: ISO-‐8859-‐1,utf-‐8;q=0.7,*;q=0.7 14 TxHeader b Cookie: PHPSESSID=2n2pkit81qdgk6k4trf1crft16 14 TxHeader b X-‐Forwarded-‐For: 172.16.26.1 14 TxHeader b X-‐Varnish: 668213522 14 RxProtocol b HTTP/1.1 14 RxStatus b 200 14 RxResponse b OK 14 RxHeader b Date: Tue, 19 Oct 2010 12:54:49 GMT 14 RxHeader b Server: Apache/2.2.16 (Ubuntu) 14 RxHeader b X-‐Powered-‐By: PHP/5.3.3-‐1ubuntu9 14 RxHeader b Vary: Accept-‐Encoding 14 RxHeader b Content-‐Encoding: gzip 14 RxHeader b Content-‐Length: 36 14 RxHeader b Content-‐Type: text/html

12 TTL c 668213522 RFC 120 1287492889 0 0 0 0 12 VCL_call c fetch 12 TTL c 668213522 VCL 10 1287492889 12 VCL_return c pass 12 ObjProtocol c HTTP/1.1 12 ObjStatus c 200 12 ObjResponse c OK 12 ObjHeader c Date: Tue, 19 Oct 2010 12:54:49 GMT 12 ObjHeader c Server: Apache/2.2.16 (Ubuntu) 12 ObjHeader c X-‐Powered-‐By: PHP/5.3.3-‐1ubuntu9 12 ObjHeader c Vary: Accept-‐Encoding 12 ObjHeader c Content-‐Encoding: gzip 12 ObjHeader c Content-‐Type: text/html 14 Length b 36 14 BackendReuse b default 12 VCL_call c deliver 12 VCL_return c deliver 12 TxProtocol c HTTP/1.1 12 TxStatus c 200 12 TxResponse c OK 12 TxHeader c Server: Apache/2.2.16 (Ubuntu) 12 TxHeader c X-‐Powered-‐By: PHP/5.3.3-‐1ubuntu9 12 TxHeader c Vary: Accept-‐Encoding 12 TxHeader c Content-‐Encoding: gzip 12 TxHeader c Content-‐Type: text/html 12 TxHeader c Content-‐Length: 36 12 TxHeader c Date: Tue, 19 Oct 2010 12:54:49 GMT 12 TxHeader c X-‐Varnish: 668213522 12 TxHeader c Age: 0 12 TxHeader c Via: 1.1 varnish

Varnishtop Read memory logs and presents them as a con*nuously updated list of commonly occuring log entries hVp://www.varnish-‐cache.org/docs/2.1/reference/varnishtop.html

Varnishtop varnishtop -‐i RxHeader -‐I ^User-‐Agent Get the top user agents

Varnishtop varnishtop -‐i RxRequest Get the top request methods

Varnishtop varnishtop -‐i TxURL Get the top misses

list length 90 dev 76.42 VCL_return pass 50.95 RxProtocol HTTP/1.1 50.95 TxProtocol HTTP/1.1 27.54 Length 110 25.48 Debug herding 25.47 RxRequest GET 25.47 RxHeader Host: varnish.dev:8080 25.47 RxHeader User-‐Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; U; Intel Mac OS X 10.6; nl;rv:1.9.2.10) Gecko/20100914 Firefox/3.6.10 25.47 RxHeader Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8 25.47 RxHeader Accept-‐Language: nl,en-‐us;q=0.7,en;q=0.3 25.47 RxHeader Accept-‐Encoding: gzip,deflate 25.47 RxHeader Accept-‐Charset: ISO-‐8859-‐1,utf-‐8;q=0.7,*;q=0.7 25.47 RxHeader Keep-‐Alive: 115 25.47 RxHeader Connection: keep-‐alive 25.47 RxHeader Cookie: PHPSESSID=2n2pkit81qdgk6k4trf1crft16 25.47 VCL_call recv 25.47 VCL_call hash 25.47 VCL_return hash 25.47 VCL_call pass 25.47 Backend 14 default default 25.47 TxRequest GET 25.47 TxHeader Host: varnish.dev:8080 25.47 TxHeader User-‐Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; U; Intel Mac OS X 10.6; nl;rv:1.9.2.10) Gecko/20100914 Firefox/3.6.10 25.47 TxHeader Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/

Varnishncsa Read memory logs and presents them in the Apache / NCSA “combined” log format hVp://www.varnish-‐cache.org/docs/2.1/reference/varnishncsa.html

Varnishncsa varnishncsa -‐D -‐a -‐w /var/log/some.log 172.16.26.1 -‐ -‐ [19/Oct/2010:16:08:02 +0200] "GET hVp:// varnish.dev:8080/ HTTP/1.1" 200 97 "-‐" "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; U; Intel Mac OS X 10.6; nl; rv:1.9.2.10) Gecko/20100914 Firefox/3.6.10" 172.16.26.1 -‐ -‐ [19/Oct/2010:16:08:10 +0200] "GET hVp:// varnish.dev:8080/test.php HTTP/1.1" 200 36 "-‐" "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; U; Intel Mac OS X 10.6; nl; rv:1.9.2.10) Gecko/20100914 Firefox/3.6.10"

Varnishreplay The varnishreplay u*lity parses varnish logs and aVempts to reproduce the traﬃc hVp://www.varnish-‐cache.org/docs/2.1/reference/varnishreplay.html

Varnishreplay varnishlog -‐w /tmp/yourﬁle.log varnishreplay -‐r /tmp/yourﬁle.log

Management via telnet

Management via telnet root@dev:/# telnet localhost 6082 Trying ::1... Connected to localhost. Escape character is ^]. 200 154 -‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐ Varnish HTTP accelerator CLI. -‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐ Type help for command list. Type quit to close CLI session.

Management via telnet Notable ac*ons• vcl.load <configname> <filename>• vcl.use <configname>• vcl.discard <configname> Avoid interrup*on• vcl.list• vcl.show <configname>

More ac*on?

Request vcl_recv Yes Cacheable? vcl_hash Yes No In cache? Novcl_hit() vcl_miss() vcl_fetch() vcl_deliver() Response

Cache sta*c ﬁlessub vcl_recv { if ( (req.request == "GET" || req.request == "HEAD")&& req.url ~ ".(png|gif|jpe?g|swf|css|js|html?|sstm)$" ) { return(lookup); } else { return(pass); }}

Provide HIT/MISS informa*onsub vcl_deliver { if (obj.hits > 0) { set resp.http.X-Cache = "HIT"; } else { set resp.http.X-Cache = "MISS"; }}

Manipulate TTLsub vcl_fetch { set beresp.ttl = 10s;}

Cache ... even with cookiessub vcl_recv { if (req.request == "GET" || req.request =="HEAD") { return (lookup); }}sub vcl_hash { if (req.http.Cookie) { set req.hash += req.http.Cookie; }}

Remove cookies sub vcl_recv { unset req.http.cookie; } sub vcl_fetch { unset beresp.http.set-cookie; }

Remove Google Analy*cs cookiessub vcl_recv {if (req.http.Cookie) { set req.http.Cookie = regsuball(req.http.Cookie,"(^|; ) *__utm.=[^;]+;?*","1"); if (req.http.Cookie == "") { remove req.http.Cookie; }}

Mul*ple backends: hostname ﬁlteringbackend default { .host = "default.server.com"; .port = "80";}backend other { .host = "other.server.com"; .port = "80";}sub vcl_recv { if(req.http.host ~ "^www."){ set req.backend= default; } else { set req.backend = other; }}

www.example.com example.comDefault backend Other backend

Grace modesub vcl_recv { if (req.backend.healthy) { set req.grace = 1s; } else { set req.grace = 10s; }} Keep reading from cache, even when expired

Mul*ple backends: health checksbackend default { .host = "default.server.com"; .port = "80"; .probe = { .url = "/"; .timeout = 50 ms; .interval = 1s; .window = 2; .threshold = 2; }}

Mul*ple backends: health checksbackend other { .host = "other.server.com"; .port = "80"; .probe = { .url = "/"; .timeout = 50 ms; .interval = 1s; .window = 2; .threshold = 2; }}

Mul*ple backends: health checkssub vcl_recv { if (req.restarts == 0) { set req.backend = default; } else { set req.backend = other; } return(pass);}sub vcl_error { if (obj.status == 503 && req.restarts< 4) { restart; }}

Default backend Other backend

Loadbalancing via directorsdirector back round-robin { {.backend = default;} {.backend = other;}}sub vcl_recv { set req.backend = back; return(pass);}

50% 50%Default backend Other backend

Loadbalancing via directorsdirector back random { {.backend = default; .weight=1;} {.backend = other; .weight=2;}}sub vcl_recv { set req.backend = back; return(pass);}

33% 66%Default backend Other backend

Purgingacl purge_acl { "localhost"; "1.2.3.4"; "some.host.ext";}sub vcl_recv { if (req.request == "PURGE") { if (!client.ip ~ purge_acl) { error 405 "Not allowed."; } purge_url(req.url); error 200 "Purged."; } return(lookup);} curl -‐X PURGE hVp://yoursite.com/yourpage

Edge Side Includes: the ﬁnal piece of the puzzle

header.phpmenu.php main.php footer.php

No caching TTL 10s header.php TTL 2smenu.php main.php footer.php TTL 5s

<?phpfunction esi($file){ if(array_key_exists(HTTP_X_VARNISH,$_SERVER)){ header("esi-enabled: 1"); $url = http://.$_SERVER[HTTP_HOST].substr($_SERVER[SCRIPT_NAME],0,1+strrpos($_SERVER[SCRIPT_NAME],/)).$file; echo "<esi:include src="$url" />".PHP_EOL; } else { include($file); }}

<?phpclass My_View_Helper_Esi extends Zend_View_Helper_Abstract{ protected $_requestHeader; protected $_responseHeader; protected $_frontController; public function esi($controller = index, $action=index, $requestHeader = X_VARNISH, $responseHeader = esi-enabled: 1) { $this->_requestHeader = $requestHeader; $this->_responseHeader = $responseHeader; $this->_frontController = Zend_Controller_Front::getInstance(); if($this->_getRequestHeader()){ $this->_getResponseHeader(); return $this->_buildEsi($controller,$action); } else { return $this->_dispatch($controller, $action); } }...

...protected function _getRequestHeader(){ if($this->_requestHeader === null || $this->_requestHeader === false){ return false; } $request = $this->_frontController->getRequest(); if($request->getHeader($this->_requestHeader) === false){ return false; } else { return true; }}protected function _getResponseHeader(){ if($this->_responseHeader !== null && $this->_responseHeader !== false){ header($this->_responseHeader); }}...

... protected function _dispatch($controller,$action) { $request = new Zend_Controller_Request_Simple($action, $controller); $response = new Zend_Controller_Response_Http(); $dispatcher = $this->_frontController->getDispatcher(); $dispatcher->dispatch($request, $response); return $response->getBody(); } protected function _buildEsi($controller,$action) { $router = $this->_frontController->getRouter(); $url = $router->assemble(array(controller=>$controller,action=>$action)); return "<esi:include src="{$url}"/>"; }}

<html><body> <table> <tr> <td colspan="2" > <?php echo $this->esi(index,‘header’) ?> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><?php echo $this->esi(index,‘menu’) ?></td> <td><?php echo $this->esi(index,‘main’) ?></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" > <?php echo $this->esi(index,‘footer’) ?> </td> </tr> </table>

sub vcl_recv { if(req.url == "/header.php") { return (pass); } if(req.url ~ "^/(footer|main|menu).php$") { return (lookup); }}sub vcl_fetch { if (beresp.http.esi-enabled == "1") { esi; unset beresp.http.esi-enabled; } if(req.url == "/footer.php") { set beresp.ttl = 5s; } if(req.url == "/menu.php") { set beresp.ttl = 10s; } if(req.url == "/main.php") { set beresp.ttl = 2s; }}

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Varnish in action confoo11

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