Interview, Ethnography, and Action Research

Types of Interviews Standardized Unstandardized Semistandardized Dramaturgical

Standardized

Unstandardized

Semistandardized

Dramaturgical

Techniques for New Researchers Uncomfortable silence (max. 45 sec.) Echoing Letting people talk

Uncomfortable silence (max. 45 sec.)

Echoing

Letting people talk

The Ten Commandments of Interviewing Never begin an interview cold Remember your purpose Present a natural front Demonstrate aware hearing Think about appearance Interview in a comfortable place Don’t be satisfied with monosyllabic answers Be respectful Practice, practice, practice Be cordial and appreciative

Never begin an interview cold

Remember your purpose

Present a natural front

Demonstrate aware hearing

Think about appearance

Interview in a comfortable place

Don’t be satisfied with monosyllabic answers

Be respectful

Practice, practice, practice

Be cordial and appreciative

Practice Interview Purpose: To determine the most difficult aspects of teaching

Purpose: To determine the most difficult aspects of teaching

Reflection Did your body language change during the exchanges? Did you move closer or further apart? Did the level of sound change when you when from the mundane structured questions to more personal ones? What did it feel like to sit silently and concentrate on listening? What did you do that made your interviewee feel comfortable and open? What suggestions for improvement does your interviewee have?

Did your body language change during the exchanges? Did you move closer or further apart?

Did the level of sound change when you when from the mundane structured questions to more personal ones?

What did it feel like to sit silently and concentrate on listening?

What did you do that made your interviewee feel comfortable and open?

What suggestions for improvement does your interviewee have?

Recording Data Note taking Post-interview write-up Tape recording Video recording

Note taking

Post-interview write-up

Tape recording

Video recording

Ethnographic Strategies Gaining entry Gatekeepers Guides and informants Becoming invisible

Gaining entry

Gatekeepers

Guides and informants

Becoming invisible

Watching, Listening, and Learning Taking in the physical setting Developing relationships with inhabitants Tracking, observing, eavesdropping, asking questions Locating subgroups and stars

Taking in the physical setting

Developing relationships with inhabitants

Tracking, observing, eavesdropping, asking questions

Locating subgroups and stars

Data Collection Field notes Strategies for recalling data Record key words and phrases while in the field Make notes about the sequence of events Limit the time you remain in the setting Write full notes immediately after exiting the field Write up your notes before sharing hem with others

Field notes

Strategies for recalling data

Record key words and phrases while in the field

Make notes about the sequence of events

Limit the time you remain in the setting

Write full notes immediately after exiting the field

Write up your notes before sharing hem with others

Analyzing Ethnographic Data Typologies (classifications; groupings) Mapping Sociometric Assessments Observational records; Frequency of specific behaviors

Typologies (classifications; groupings)

Mapping

Sociometric Assessments

Observational records; Frequency of specific behaviors

Action Research The basics of action research Identifying the research question Gathering the information to answer the question Analyzing and interpreting the information Sharing the results with the participants

The basics of action research

Identifying the research question

Gathering the information to answer the question

Analyzing and interpreting the information

Sharing the results with the participants