Global Studies Unit #6B – East Asia (China)

The Geography of China

Satellite View of China

China’s Provinces

Climate

Monsoon Precipitation Patterns

Winter Monsoons

Summer Monsoons

Summer Rainfall

Vegetation

Agricultural Regions in China

“ Brown” China vs. “Green” China Rice Dominant Wheat Dominant Pasture and Oasis Double-crop rice

Demographics

Top 10 Populated Nations 2001 2050

Ancient China

Yellow River Civilization

The 4 Old-World River Valley Cultures

“ T’ien Ming” The Mandate of Heaven The leader must lead by ability and virtue. The dynasty's leadership must be justified by succeeding generations. The mandate could be revoked by negligence and abuse; the will of the people was important.

The leader must lead by ability and virtue.

The dynasty's leadership must be justified by succeeding generations.

The mandate could be revoked by negligence and abuse; the will of the people was important.

The Dynastic Cycle A new dynasty comes to power. Lives of common people improved; taxes reduced; farming encouraged. Problems begin (extensive wars, invasions, etc.) Taxes increase; men forced to work for army. Farming neglected. Govt. increases spending; corruption. Droughts, floods, famines occur. Poor lose respect for govt. They join rebels & attack landlords. Rebel bands find strong leader who unites them. Attack the emperor. Emperor is defeated !! The emperor reforms the govt. & makes it more efficient. Start here 

Chinese Philosophies & Ethical Codes

Confucianism

Confucius 551 – 479 B.C.E. Born in the feudal state of Liu. Became a teacher and editor of books.

Confucianism Everyone has duties and responsibilities Accept your position in life Correct order in life will bring stability (balance is key) Ruler’s responsibility was to provide good government People’s responsibility was to be respectful and loyal subjects

Everyone has duties and responsibilities

Accept your position in life

Correct order in life will bring stability (balance is key)

Ruler’s responsibility was to provide good government

People’s responsibility was to be respectful and loyal subjects

Taoism Reject conflict and strife in everyday life Seek to live in harmony with nature Simplicity in life and the virtue of yielding to outside pressure Greatest image:Water – yields to pressure, yet is an unstoppable force that causes immense changes Best government – one that governs least

Reject conflict and strife in everyday life

Seek to live in harmony with nature

Simplicity in life and the virtue of yielding to outside pressure

Greatest image:Water – yields to pressure, yet is an unstoppable force that causes immense changes

Best government – one that governs least

Legalism Youngest of the philosophies in Ancient China Sought to unite Confucianism with Taoism under a strict code for behavior – only through a strict sense of loyalty and unity could peace and harmony with nature and self be achieved Harsh rules – set down by harsh rulers Government control of everything, down to the smallest facet of everyday life (made great use of paper to get the word out) Rulers greatest asset – ability to control the people and provide stability Control and discipline brought unity and harmony

Youngest of the philosophies in Ancient China

Sought to unite Confucianism with Taoism under a strict code for behavior – only through a strict sense of loyalty and unity could peace and harmony with nature and self be achieved

Harsh rules – set down by harsh rulers

Government control of everything, down to the smallest facet of everyday life (made great use of paper to get the word out)

Rulers greatest asset – ability to control the people and provide stability

Control and discipline brought unity and harmony

Imperial China: Qin to Ming Dynasties

Qin Dynasty: 221-206 B.C. Established China’s first empire Legalist rule Bureaucratic administration Centralized control Military expansion Book burnings  targeted Confucianists Buried protestors alive! Built large section of the Great Wall

Established China’s first empire

Legalist rule

Bureaucratic administration

Centralized control

Military expansion

Book burnings  targeted Confucianists

Buried protestors alive!

Built large section of the Great Wall

The Great Wall with Towers

The Eastern terminus of the Great Wall, Shanhai Pass

Han Dynasty, 206 B.C.-220 AD “ People of the Han”  original Chinese Paper invented [105 BC] Silk Road trade develops; improves life for many Buddhism introduced into China Empire expanded into Central Asia

“ People of the Han”  original Chinese

Paper invented [105 BC]

Silk Road trade develops; improves life for many

Buddhism introduced into China

Empire expanded into Central Asia

Trade Routes of the Ancients

Song [Sung] Dynasty, 960-1279 BC Creation of an urban, merchant, middle class. Increased emphasis on education & cheaper availability of printed books. Magnetic compass makes China a great sea power!

Creation of an urban, merchant, middle class.

Increased emphasis on education & cheaper availability of printed books.

Magnetic compass makes China a great sea power!

The MONGOLS [“Golden Horde”] Temujin --> Genghis Khan [“Universal Ruler”] 1162 - 1227 from the steppe [dry, grass-covered plains of Central Asia]

Temujin --> Genghis Khan [“Universal Ruler”]

1162 - 1227

from the steppe [dry, grass-covered plains of Central Asia]

The MONGOLS [“Golden Horde”] Genghis Khan’s Tax Laws: If you do not pay homage, we will take your prosperity. If you do not have prosperity, we will take your children. If you do not have children, we will take your wife. If you do not have a wife, we will take your head. Used cruelty as a weapon  some areas never recovered from Mongol destruction!

Genghis Khan’s Tax Laws:

If you do not pay homage, we will take your prosperity.

If you do not have prosperity, we will take your children.

If you do not have children, we will take your wife.

If you do not have a wife, we will take your head.

Used cruelty as a weapon  some areas never recovered from Mongol destruction!

The Extent of the Mongol Empire

Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty, 1279-1368 C.E. Kublai Khan [r. 1260-1294] Pax Mongolica [“Mongol Peace”] Tolerated Chinese culture but lived apart from them. Encouraged foreign trade & foreign merchants to live and work in China. Marco Polo comes to China

Kublai Khan [r. 1260-1294]

Pax Mongolica [“Mongol Peace”]

Tolerated Chinese culture but lived apart from them.

Encouraged foreign trade & foreign merchants to live and work in China.

Marco Polo comes to China

Marco Polo (1254-1324) A Venetian merchant. Traveled through Yuan China: 1271-1295 “ Black Stones” [coal] Gunpowder. Noodles.

A Venetian merchant.

Traveled through Yuan China: 1271-1295

“ Black Stones” [coal]

Gunpowder.

Noodles.

China’s last native imperial dynasty!

The Forbidden City: China’s New Capital

Revived the Civil Service Exams Designed to find the “best” governmental officials

Ming Cultural Revolution Printing & Literacy Cheap, popular books: woodblock printing. cheap paper. Leads to explosion in literacy. Leads to further popularization of the commercial market. Culture & Art Increased literacy leads to increased interest in cultural expressions, ideas, and things: Literature. Painting. Ceramics. Opera.

Printing & Literacy

Cheap, popular books:

woodblock printing.

cheap paper.

Leads to explosion in literacy.

Leads to further popularization of the commercial market.

Culture & Art

Increased literacy leads to increased interest in cultural expressions, ideas, and things:

Literature.

Painting.

Ceramics.

Opera.

Ming Dynasty, 1368-1644 AD Golden Age of Chinese Art Moderation Softness Gracefulness Three different schools of painting developed. Hundreds of thousands of workers constructed the Forbidden City .

Golden Age of Chinese Art

Moderation

Softness

Gracefulness

Three different schools of painting developed.

Hundreds of thousands of workers constructed the Forbidden City .

Admiral Zheng He (Cheng Ho) China’s “Columbus?”

China’s “Columbus?”

Imperial China’s Impact on History Removed religion from morality. Beginnings of political philosophy through which a ruler must prove he/she is legitimate. Mandate of Heaven Secular law. Valued history  The Dynastic Cycle

Removed religion from morality.

Beginnings of political philosophy through which a ruler must prove he/she is legitimate.

Mandate of Heaven

Secular law.

Valued history  The Dynastic Cycle

The People’s Republic of China

Reasons for the Communists’ Success Mao won support of peasants – land Mao won support of women Mao’s army used guerilla war tactics Many saw the Nationalist government as corrupt Many felt that the Nationalists allowed foreigners to dominate China.

Mao won support of peasants – land

Mao won support of women

Mao’s army used guerilla war tactics

Many saw the Nationalist government as corrupt

Many felt that the Nationalists allowed foreigners to dominate China.

Communist China Under Mao Industrialized China Increased literacy Class privileges ended Rural Chinese received health care One-party dictatorship Denied people basic rights and freedoms --> Inner Mongolia, Tibet

Industrialized China

Increased literacy

Class privileges ended

Rural Chinese received health care

One-party dictatorship

Denied people basic rights and freedoms --> Inner Mongolia, Tibet

Communist China Under Mao Designed to renew revolutionary spirit and establish a more equitable society Mao wanted to put “intellectuals” in their place Schools shut down – students revolted Red Guards – students who attacked professors, government officials, factory managers

Designed to renew revolutionary spirit and establish a more equitable society

Mao wanted to put “intellectuals” in their place

Schools shut down – students revolted

Red Guards – students who attacked professors, government officials, factory managers

With regard to the great teacher Chairman Mao, cherish the word 'Loyalty'. With regard to the great Mao Zedong Thought, vigorously stress the word 'Usefullness'. (1968) Cult of Personality

The reddest, reddest, red sun in our heart, Chairman Mao, and us together Zhejiang Workers, Farmers and Soldiers Art Academy collective, 1968 Mao’s Little Red Book

Propaganda Poster China in the New Age

Communist Government and a Capitalist Economy

Tiananmen Square, 1989 More democracy!

Tiananmen Square, 1989 Democracy—Our Common Ideal!

Tiananmen Square, 1989 The Government Clamps Down

Tiananmen Square, 1989 One Lone Man’s Protest

Tiananmen Square, 1989 The Massacre: The People’s Army Moves In

Tiananmen Square, 1989 The Army Looks for Dissidents

Tiananmen Square, 1989 Student Leaders Are Arrested

Tiananmen Square, 1989 Chinese Students Mourn the Dead