Copyright & The Evolution Of Creative Commons

Copyright, Fair Use, & the Evolution of Creative Commons © © © ©

Essential Vocabulary
Copyright
Exclusive Rights
Infringement
Fair Use
First Sale
Public Domain
Cease and Desist
Creative Commons

Copyright
"Copyright" is the right to control some uses of a creative work, be it a book, movie, song, or web design.
While the specifics vary from country to country, the essence is the same: copyright holders, whether authors, their heirs, or their publishers, have some rights to control how the work is used.
http://fairusenetwork.org

Copyright Exclusive Rights
Reproduction
Distribution
Derivative Works
Public Display
Performance

Copyright in the Constitution
The clause of the Constitution that gives Congress the power to enact copyright laws indicates that the purpose of the given power is to " promote the progress of science and the useful arts " by allowing authors to secure the exclusive rights in their works for " limited times ."

Copyright in the Constitution
Thus, many see the Constitutional scheme behind copyright as a kind of balance between
(1) forming incentives for authors to create new works by giving them rights that will allow them to make money from their works, and
(2) limiting the rights so that the works themselves are useful to the public and in turn advance the "progress of science and the useful arts."

Copyright Infringement
"Copyright infringement" means exercising one of the copyright holder's exclusive rights without permission.
These exclusive rights include copying (or "reproducing") the work, distributing it, publicly performing or displaying it, and making "derivative works" such as abridgments or translations.
For instance, making a thousand copies of a video and selling them would almost certainly infringe the copyright holder's rights to reproduce and distribute the work.
Under certain circumstances, people who contribute to or are responsible for the infringements may also be held liable — this is called secondary or derivative liability .

Copyright Infringement & Fair Use
When a copyright holder sues a user of the work for infringement, the user may argue in defense that the use was not infringement but "fair use."
Under the fair use doctrine, it is not an infringement to use the copyrighted works of another in some circumstances, such as for commentary, criticism, news reporting, or educational use.
The defense generally depends on a case-by-case judgment of the facts.
http://chillingeffects.org/fairuse/

Fair Use Doctrine
The fair use doctrine permits anyone to use copyrighted works, without the owners' permission, in ways that are fundamentally equitable and fair.
Common examples of fair use are criticism, commentary, news reporting, research, scholarship, and multiple copies for classroom use.

Fair Use – Legal Term
Fair use is codified at Section 107 of the Copyright Act, which gives a non-exclusive set of four factors courts will consider in deciding whether a use is fair or not.
These factors are:
the purpose and character of the use,
the nature of the copyrighted work,
the amount and substantiality of the portion used, and
the effect of the use on the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work.
http://chillingeffects.org/fairuse/

Fair Use Factors
FACTOR 1: THE PURPOSE AND CHARACTER OF THE USE
This factor considers whether the use helps fulfill the intention of copyright law to stimulate creativity for the enrichment of the general public.
The defendant must show how a use either advances knowledge or the progress of the arts through the addition of something new.
The more transformative the use, the more likely it is to be fair, whereas if defendant merely reproduces plaintiff's work without putting it to a transformative use, the less likely this use will be held to be fair.
Further, the more commercial defendant's use, the less likely such use will be fair.
http://chillingeffects.org/fairuse

Fair Use Factors
FACTOR 2: THE NATURE OF THE COPYRIGHTED WORK
The more creative, and less purely factual, the copyrighted work, the stronger its protection.
In order to prevent the private ownership of work that rightfully belongs in the public domain, facts and ideas are separate from copyright—only their particular expression or fixation merits such protection.
Second, if a copyrighted work is unpublished, it will be harder to establish that defendant's use of it was fair.
While some argue that legal protection of unpublished works should come from the law of privacy rather than the law of copyright, Congress amended the Fair Use doctrine to explicitly note, "The fact that a work is unpublished shall not itself bar a finding of fair use if such finding is made upon consideration of all the above factors."

Fair Use Factors
FACTOR 3: THE AMOUNT AND SUBSTANTIALITY OF THE PORTION DEFENDANT USED
In general, the less of the copyrighted work that is used, the more likely the use will be considered fair. If, however, the defendant copied nearly all of, or the heart of, the copyrighted work, his or her use is less likely to be considered fair.

Fair Use Factors
FACTOR 4: THE EFFECT OF DEFENDANT'S USE ON THE POTENTIAL MARKET OF THE COPYRIGHTED WORK
This factor is generally held to be the most important factor.
This factor considers the effect that the defendant's use has on the copyright owner's ability to exploit his or her original work.
The court will consider whether the use is a direct market substitute for the original work. The court may also consider whether harm to a potential market exists.
The burden of proof here rests on the defendant for commercial uses, but on the copyright owner for noncommercial uses.

First Sale Doctrine
The "first sale" doctrine says that once a copyright holder has sold a copy of a work, she cannot control what the user does with it.
Libraries can loan books, for example, and people can sell their old CDs.

Public Domain
Works are in the public domain when their copyright term has expired; they are then freely available for use by anybody.
Works may be dedicated to the public domain by their copyright-holder; for instance, the U.S. government has determined that all of its works are in the public domain.

Copyright Term & Public Domain
The Copyright Clause of the Constitution authorizes Congress to create copyright protection for "limited times".
In the U.S. today, a work stays under copyright until 70 years after the author's death (sometimes called "life + 70"), or, in the case of copyrights held by corporations, for 95 years.
Any work published before 1923 is in the public domain under U.S. copyright law. Works published since 1923 should be examined to see if they are still copyrighted.

C&D – Cease and Desist
Cease and desist letters can be used to assert any sort of legal right, and are often used for copyright, trademark, and related "Intellectual Property" claims.
People may think they have been sued when they receive a cease and desist letter. This isn't the case. The letter may threaten a lawsuit, but it is not the same as a complaint that is filed when an actual lawsuit begins.

Digital Millennium Copyright Act
A variation on the cease and desist letter is the "Section 512 takedown notice", named after Section 512 of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (the "DMCA").
A § 512 takedown notice is sent, not directly to an individual, but to her Internet service provider (ISP), which is defined broadly in the DMCA to include search engines, website hosting services, caching services, and companies that simply provide access to the Internet.
In some instances, the organization or individual targeted by the § 512 takedown notice may also receive a copy, either from the ISP or directly from the sender.

Creative Commons

What is Creative Commons?
An organization offering easy-to-use copyright licenses that encourage distribution of works, while preserving other copyright holder rights.
It was founded in the belief that current copyright law in the U.S. is too restrictive and thus harms creative expression and the free exchange of information and ideas.

The Creative Commons Story http://wiki.creativecommons.org/Spectrumofrights_Comic1

Creative Commons Licenses
Offering your work under a Creative Commons license does not mean giving up your copyright.
It means offering some of your rights to any member of the public but only on certain conditions.
http://creativecommons.org/about/licenses/meet-the-licenses

CC License Conditions
Attribution .
You let others copy, distribute, display, and perform your copyrighted work — and derivative works based upon it — but only if they give credit the way you request.
Example : Jane publishes her photograph with an Attribution license, because she wants the world to use her pictures provided they give her credit. Bob finds her photograph online and wants to display it on the front page of his website. Bob puts Jane’s picture on his site, and clearly indicates Jane’s authorship.

Noncommercial .
You let others copy, distribute, display, and perform your work — and derivative works based upon it — but for noncommercial purposes only
Example : Gus publishes his photograph on his website with a Noncommercial license. Camille prints Gus’ photograph. Camille is not allowed to sell the print photograph without Gus’s permission.

No Derivative Works .
You let others copy, distribute, display, and perform only verbatim copies of your work, not derivative works based upon it.
Example : Sara licenses a recording of her song with a No Derivative Works license. Joe would like to cut Sara’s track and mix it with his own to produce an entirely new song. Joe cannot do this without Sara’s permission (unless his song amounts to fair use).

Share Alike .
You allow others to distribute derivative works only under a license identical to the license that governs your work.
Example : Gus’s online photo is licensed under the Noncommercial and Share Alike terms. Camille is an amateur collage artist, and she takes Gus’s photo and puts it into one of her collages. This Share Alike language requires Camille to make her collage available on a Noncommercial plus Share Alike license. It makes her offer her work back to the world on the same terms Gus gave her.

Creative Commons Website
http://creativecommons.org

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Copyright & The Evolution Of Creative Commons

by Jennifer Dorman on Oct 09, 2007

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