CL4 – English Language and Culture for
Business
The History of Anglo-
American Culture
Prof. Peter Cullen

US Demographic Growth and
Comparative Demographics

Pre-Columbian Old-World Systems

Western Europe and Cultivation
Time Immemorium

Braudel’s Secular Trends and
European Production Increase

The Columbian Moment
Aztec Civilisation

The European “Age of Discovery”

The Columbian Moment
Central American Production

The Spread of Colonisation 1600 -
1700

Colonial America (1750 – 1776)

The Columbian Moment
Chesapeake Civilisation in 1607

The Columbian Moment
Chesapeake Civilisation in 1670

The Columbian Moment
New England and New France

The British Atlantic Economy in the
18° Century

The Columbian Moment
The North

The Colombian Moment
Trade and Exploration

European Global Politics
War, War, and more War

European Expansion in America
War, War, and more War

European Population Movements
in North America
Refugees from the United States

Society and the State
13 Atlantic American Colonies
Declaration of Independence
Drafting of the United States
Constitution
Consolidation of the structures of
Government in the US
Problem: Monarchy, Federalism,
Regional Differences (state vs. State)

Thomas Jefferson (1743 – 1826)
Born in Virginia to a prominent family
2° American governor of Virgina (1779 – 1781)
1° United States Secretary of State (1789 – 1793)
2° Vice-President of the United States (1797 – 1801)
3° President of the United States (1801 – 1809)
Principal author of the Declaration of
Independence (1776)
Anti-Federalist (particulalry fiscal
intrusion)
Founded the Democratic-Republican Party
with James Madison

Alexander Hamilton (1755 – 1804)
Born on the island of Nevis in the West Indies
Artillery captain in the War of Independence
1° United States Secretary of the Treasury (1789 – 1795)
Believed in a strong a strong central
government
Created the 1° US national bank
Federal funding of the national debt
Federal assumption of state debts
Import taxes and taxes on whiskey
Created the Federalist Party – later the Whig or Democratic party
Wanted friendly relations with Britain, industrialisation, extensive
federal fiscal authority
Was killed in a duel with Vice President Aaron Burr

US Elections 1789 - 1808

Immigration and the Consolidation
of the American Republic

European Expansion in America
Anglicising a Continent

Pres. James Monroe and The
Monroe Doctrine
The Monroe Doctrine: 1823
a constitutional amendment
European powers could no longer
colonise or interfere in the Americas
The US will not intervene in European
affairs unless its rights are disturbed
It is a moral objection to
colonialism
It complements US
recognition of South American countries
struggling for independence from Spain

Manifest Destiny

Manifest Destiny
Term coined in 1845 by
journalist John O’Sullivan
Idea supported by Andrew
Jackson’s Democoratic Party
to justify annexation of Texas
and Oregon and expansion of
territory west of the Mississippi
“... our manifest destiny to overspread the continent
allotted by Providence for the free development of
your yearly multiplying millions.”

The Americas and Slavery
Slaves Transported to America (1500 - 1800) and the
American Black Population (1800)
Figures x 1000
American
Slaves Proportion of
Black
Transported out Population in American Blacks
of Africa to 1800 1800 to Imported Slaves
United States 348 1002 2.88
Spanish Mainland 750 920 1.23
Brasil 2261 1988 0.88
Carrib
ean 3889 1692 0.43
Eng. Car. 2060 570 0.28
Frnch Car. 1415 732 0.52
Spn. Car. 414 390 0.94
Total 7248 5602 0.77

American Westward Expansion

Production, Logistics, Westward
Expansion

Civil War and Production

Slavery and Production 1860

The American Civil War
The Fighting

Civil War and Production
The Economic War

US Wealth Distribution 1872

The World on the Move
19th Century Population Movements

European Emigration to America
the 19th Century

US Expansion in Latin America
The Monroe Doctrine and the Roosevelt
Corollary

Global Trade Logistics and
American Expansion
The Panama Canal

America’s Place in Global Affairs
Entering the 20th Century World Stage

US Population Movement During
the Depression

The Mid-20th Century Global
Economy

US Economic Growth After WWII

US Population Movement in the
20th Century

US Highway Infrastructure

Global Exports 1970 - 2003

Prices and Inflation
Price stability
Consumer prices
Price inflation
Central Banks
Consumer Confidence
Price-directed spending
Market Factors
The cost of living
Micro-economics
Macro-economics
Retail prices
B2B prices
Infrastructure and “Just in Time” delivery

Prices and Inflation
Production Consumption
Info and infrastructure Communication
Cell phones, Internet, Courrier, road, rail, boat, air.
Which sectors depend on physical Infrastructure ?
Knowledge and infrastructure influence
distribution and development cost.
Cost influences the margin = price to end user

Prices and Inflation
When consumer prices do not fall with the cost of
production = INFLATION
Negative affect on sales, jobs, and output =
possible MARKET SHRINKAGE
Cost/Price gap is driven by domestic production vs.
imported materials/services
Prices fluctuate: every 4-5 months in
consumer manufactures
never/rarely in fuel/utilities
(until 2006/2007)

Milton Friedman and Monetarism
1970’s = Inflation AND high unemployment
Curing STAGFLATION = Monetary policy vs. Fiscal policy
Milton Friedman = unemployment cannot drop
below a certain level without
provoking an acceleration in
the inflation rate.
Price inflation was linked to wage inflation – which
depended on inflationary expectations of
employer/worker negotiation

Milton Friedman and Monetarism
Workers wages Employers
(unions) prices (capital)
= layoffs
unemployment
Theoretically, wages conform to business cycles
wages and prices rise until unemployment reaches market
equilibrium =
Labour market in balance with consumer market

Milton Friedman and Monetarism
Goverment regulation and policies to cut
unemployment necessarily drive UP inflation
FRIEDMAN: instead of employment reform,
government should guarantee a
steady supply of money (print more)
Problem: The globalisation of industrial and
financial processes =
OFF-SHORING and OUTSOURCING

Milton Friedman and Monetarism
Friedman advocated DEREGULATION
1972 = the US $ is no longer tied to GOLD
it is tied to PRODUCTION GROWTH
Friedman and Ronald Reagan (Republican – 1980 – 1988)
De–regulate production to stimulate the economy
print a great deal of money
increase US deficit immensly (3.x trillion dollars)
do this by speculating on the value of US production

Milton Friedman and Monetarism
Monetary policy = a central bank’s strategy
for managing the
production and circulation
of money
Affects: DI = $ circulating = spending
exchange value of currency = change in impt/expt
interest and circulation
inflation = changes in spending/cost of production/
unemployment

Price Fluctuations in Europe and
the US (2006)
2006 - The European Central Bank (ECB)
publishes a 3 year study on retail
prices
Euro consumer prices change every 4 -5 quarters
Prices change more often in the USA where discount
sales are important
Euro price changes tend to be BIG (average cut = 10%)
(average hike = 8%)

Price Fluctuations in Europe and
the US (2006)
GENERAL RULE: more raw material in
production = more price
fluctuation
i.e. Gas prices change every 5/6 months
Fresh food prices change faster than processed food
Service prices are “stickier” because they are
LABOUR INTENSIVE = little downward movement
Europe’s labour market is “gummier” than the US
- cost of labour is higher
- unions are more powerful

Commerce and the Balance of
Payments
The US and Italy

OPEC and Oil Prices

US Trading Partners in 2002

Global Population Increases

Global Transnationals and SMEs

Scale of Multinational Corporations
a -1990 - 2005, b -Q3 2006
a b

The US Mexican Border 2006