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CHAPTER 6 :
NUTRITION


 6.9 Macronutrients &
Micronutrients in Plants
LEARNING OUTCOMES
     • List elements required by
       plants,
     • Classify elements required
       by plants based on the
       amount needed,
     • Relate the effects of
       macronutrient deficiency in
       plants.
     • Explain the function of each
       macronutrient in plants,
     • State the function of
       micronutrients & effects of
       micronutrient deficiency in
       plants.
•M  ACRO   nut r i ent s : n e e d e d i n
  L ARGER q u an t i t i e s
• Car b o n , Hyd r o g e n , Ox yg e n ,
  Ph o s p h o r o u s , Po t as s i u m
  ( Kal i u m) , Cal c i u m, Mag n e s i u m
  & Su l phu r.
• M CRO
    I      nut r i ent s : n e e d e d i n
  S MAL L ER q u an t i t i e s .
• Bo r o n , Mo l yb d e n u m, Zi n c ,
  Man g an e s e , Co p p e r & F e r u m
• Wilhelm Knop (scientist)
  successfully prepared a
  solution which can provide a
  plant with all the nutrients it
  needs
• The solution is known as Knop’s
  Solution.
 Calcium nitrate, Ca(NO3)2             0.8g
 Potassium nitrate, KNO3               0.2g
 Potassium dihydrogen phosphate, KH2PO4 0.2g
 Magnesium sulphate, MgSO4             0.2g
 Ferum (III) phosphate, FePO4          Trace
 Distilled water                       1 litre
6[1].9 macro & micronutrients in plants
LEARNING OUTCOMES
• Describe the development that leads to
  the discovery of photosynthesis,
• State the substances required for
  photosynthesis,
• State the substances produced from
  photosynthesis,
• Draw & label the cross section of leaf
• State the function of each part of the
  leaf with respect to photosynthesis,
• Explain leaf adaptation to optimise
  photosynthesis,
• Explain how plants from different
  habitats are adapted to carry out
  photosynthesis.
The Discovery of Photosynthesis
• 1692 – Dutch scientist, Van Helmont carried out
  an investigation to study the nutrition of plants.
• He filled a big pot with exactly 91kg of dry soil 
  planted a plant (2.4kg)  the surface covered
  with a metal sheet with small holes to allow
  water to enter  Van watered the plants for 5
  years consistently  plant (increased to 75kg),
  soil (decreased by 0.057kg)
• Van Helmont concluded that the increase in
  weight of the plant came from the water & not
  the soil.
The Discovery of Photosynthesis
• 1772 – Joseph Priestly carried out an
  experiment using mouse, candle & plants.
• The plant had changed the air in the container.
• 1770s – Jan Ingenhouse discovered that a plant
  could only change the air container if there was
  light. He also discovered that only the green
  parts of the plant were able to do so. (light &
  chlorophyll both play a part in photosynthesis0
• 1780s – Jean Senebier showed that the plants
  gave out oxygen when they were provided with
  CO2
P H O T O S YN T H E
            S Iprocess through
The biochemical
                S
 which light energy is absorbed
 by chlorophyll, and is used to
  fuel the synthesis of sugar
            molecules

   “The process where organic
 compounds are synthesised from
  water & carbon dioxide in the
      presence of sunlight &
          chlorophyll.”
STRUCTURE & FUNCTION OF
   THE PARTS OF A LEAF
Adaptations of Leaf for Optimal
         Photosynthesis
• The internal structure of a leaf, the shape of a
  leaf & the arrangement of leaves on a plants are
  all adapted for obtaining optimum light & CO2
• Table 2
• The shape of a leaf is also adapted for
  photosynthesis. Most leaves are broad & thin.
• Large surface area enables the leaf to absorb
  maximum light & CO2
• The thinness  light & CO2 need not travel too
  far to reach every mesophyll cell
Adaptations of Leaf for
     Optimal Photosynthesis
• Th e ar r an g e me n t o f l e ave s i s
  al s o ad ap t e d t o o p t i mi z e
  p ho t o s y nt he s i s .

• Mo s t p l an t s s p r e ad o u t t h e i r
  l e ave s i n s u c h a way t h at
  t h e r e i s mi n i mal o ve r l ap p i n g
  k n o wn as l e af mo s ai c 
  e ve r y l e af c an r e c e i ve
A D A P T A T IO N O F P L A N T S F R O M
     D IF F E R E N T H A B IT A T S F O R
           P H O T O S YN T H E S IS
• Two main aspects :
  – The distribution of stomata
  – The distribution of chloroplasts

• Examples :
  – Hibiscus : land
  – Water lily : water surface
  – Hydrilla : in the water
  – Cactus : desert
6.11:
THE MECHANISM
      OF
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
LEARNING OUTCOMES
• To identify the parts of chloroplast
  related to photosynthesis,
• To explain the light reaction & dark
  reaction of photosynthesis,
• To compare & contrast light reaction
  & dark reaction in photosynthesis,
• To relate light reaction with dark
  reaction in photosynthesis,
• To write an equation to represent the
  process of photosynthesis
• Photosynthesis
  occurs in in the
  chloroplasts of
  mesophyll cells &
  guard cells of the
  leaf.
• Consist of two part :
  stroma & grana
• Each granum
  contain chlorophyll
  that absorb energy
  of sunlight
• The process of photosynthesis is divided
  into two :
        – Light reaction
        – Dark reaction
• Light reaction : occurs in the granum (contain
  chlorophyll) photolysis of water
• Dark reaction : occurs in the stroma (gel-like
  matrix – contain enzymes)  CO2 is reduced to
  carbohydrate in a process called fixation of CO2
  (reduction of CO2)
LIGHT REACTION
• Occurs in granum
• Chlorophyll captures light  excites the
  electrons of chlorophyll to higher level
• Light energy is used to split the water molecules
   hydroxyl ions + hydrogen ions (photolysis of
  water)
            sunlight
• 4H2O     chlorophyll
                       4H+ + 4(OH)-
• The hydrogen ions combine with the electrons
  released by chlorophyll to from hydrogen atoms
• 4(H)+ + 4 electrons  4(H)
LIGHT REACTION
• The hydrogen atom are used in ‘dark reaction’ to
  reduce CO2.
• Each hydroxyl ion loses an electron to the
  chlorophyll  hydroxyl groups  combine
  together to form H2O & O2
• 4(OH)- - 4 electrons  4(OH)
• 4(OH)  2H2O + O2
• Oxygen is released into the atmosphere & later
  used for cellular respiration
• Energy released from the excited electrons is
  used to form ATP
DARK REACTION
• Occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast
• Hydrogen atoms from ‘light reaction’ are
  used in dark reaction to reduce carbon
  dioxide to basic units of glucose (CH2O)
• Involves a series of complex chemical
  reactions which require enzymes
  – CO2 + 4(H)  (CH2O) + H2O
• Six units of (CH2O) combine together to
  form a molecule of glucose
DARK REACTION
• 6(CH2O)  C6H12O6
• Glucose is converted into starch, cellulose,
  sucrose & lipids. When combined with
  nitrogen  protein
• Overall process :
12H2O + 6CO2         sunlight        C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
                    chlorophyll

Water + carbon dioxide    sunlight     glucose + oxygen + water
                         chlorophyll
COMPARISON OF LIGHT REACTION
     & DARK REACTION
        LIGHT REACTION                           DARK REACTION
                               SIMILARITIES
                         •Both occur in the chloroplast
                       •Both involve chemical reactions
                 •Both are reactions related to photosynthesis
                          •Both occur during the day
                               DIFFERENCES
Occurs in granum                        Occurs in stroma
Requires sunlight                       Does not require sunlight
Involves photolysis of water            Involves reduction of carbon dioxide
Produces water & oxygen                 Produces glucose
Substance required in reaction is       Substance required in reaction is
water                                   carbon dioxide
6. 12 :
   FACTORS
  AFFECTING
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
LEARNING OUTCOMES
• Identify the factors affecting the rate of
  photosynthesis,
• Identify the factor that limits the rate
  of photosynthesis at different light
  intensities,
• Explain the effects of temperature &
  concentration of CO2 on the rate of
  photosynthesis,
• Explain the difference in the rate of
  photosynthesis in plants throughout the
  day based on the changes in light
  intensity & temperature,
• Identify some ways to meet the need of
  increasing the productivity of crops based
  on factors affecting the rate of
  photosynthesis.
CONCENTRATION OF CO2
• Conc. of CO2 in the
  atmosphere varies between                                         Effect of concentration of CO2 on the
  0.03% to 0.04%                                                            rate of photosynthesis
• Light intensity & temperature                                10
  are kept constant  the rate
  of photosynthesis increases                                  8




                                      rate of photosynthesis
  until a saturation point is reach                            6

• After this point, any further                                4

  increase in the conc. of CO2                                 2

  has no effect on the rate of                                 0
  photosynthesis                                                      1   2   3 4   5   6 7   8 9 10 11
                                                                                        concentration of CO2
• Limited by other factors (light
  intensity), not enough to
  increase the rate of
  photosynthesis
LIGHT INTENSITY
• Temperature &
  concentration of CO2 are                                        Effect of light intensity on the rate of
  kept constant, the rate of                                      photosynthesis at different levels of
  photosynthesis can be                                                    CO2 concentration
  increased by increasing the                                10
  light intensity up to the light
                                                             8
  saturation point.
• After this point, any further                              6




                                    rate of photosynthesis
  increase in light intensity                                4
  has no effect on the rate of                               2
  photosynthesis (limiting
  factor : CO2 conc.)                                        0
                                                                    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
• Can be increased by                                                   karb on d ioksid a tinggi    light intensity
  increasing the CO2 conc.                                              karb on d ioksid a rend ah
TEMPERATURE
• Dark reaction involves
  enzymes                                                              Effect of temperature on the rate of
• The rate of photosynthesis                                         photosynthesis at different light intensity
  increases as the temperature
  increase  enzymes more                                       12
  active
                                                                10
• Optimum temp. is between
  30oC to 35oC                                                   8
• >40oC, the rate of reaction                                    6



                                       rate of photosynthesis
  decrease  enzymes                                             4
  denatured  photosynthesis
                                                                 2
  stops
• If the light intensity is too low,                             0
  any increase in temperature                                        1     2       3      4      5      6      7   8
  will not increase the rate of                                                         temperature
  photosynthesis
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE RATE OF
PHOTOSYNTHESIS THROUGHOUT THE
  DAY WITH THE CHANGES IN LIGHT
    INTENSITY & TEMPERATURE

• Closely related & change throughout the
  day
• Light intensity high, the temperature is
  also high.
• Tropical country, LI & T are at their
  maximum at noon time. The rate of
  photosynthesis is also maximum.
• If temperature increases above 40oC, the rate of
  photosynthesis decreases.
• In temperate country (4 seasons), LI & T change
  throughout the year.
• Winter : LI & T are very low. Photosynthesis
  hardly occurs
• Autumn : the rate of photosynthesis is at its
  lowest  plants shed their leaves & light
  intensity as well as the temperature are very low
• Summer : LI & T are at their optimum level for
  photosynthesis, the rate of photosynthesis is at
  its max.
• Summer is the best time for agricultural
• To overcome the problem, the plants need
  to be planted in greenhouse.
• In a greenhouse, the conc. of carbon
  dioxide, temperature & light intensity are
  at optimum levels for photosynthesis.
• The rate of photosynthesis is at its
  maximum throughout the year, ensure the
  crop production throughout the year.
6.13 Practising a Caring Attitude
        Towards Plants
• Must be thankful to plants & practise a caring
  attitude towards them
• Why?
• Plants produce food as a source of energy for
  us, maintaining the oxygen & carbon dioxide
  content in atmosphere
• Without plants, there will be more CO2 & less
  O2 in the atmosphere  cause global warming
• Not destroy forests @ chop down plants
  indiscriminately. Should grow more plants
  around us.
6.14 – Technology in Food
         Production
• To improve the quality & quantity of food
  production in Malaysia through :
  – Direct seeding from rice
  – Hydroponics & aeroponics
  – Breeding
  – Tissue culture
  – Genetic engineering
  – Soil management
  – Biological control
6.15 :
TECHNOLOGICAL
 DEVELOPMENT
   IN FOOD
  PROCESSING
• Fresh food can last only for a short time,
  easily spoilt.
• Need to be processed in order to last
  longer
• Technology for food processing :
  – Changing raw food materials to other forms
  – Adding certain chemical
• The necessity for food processing are :
  – Destroying m/organisms
  – Extending the lifespan of food
  – Avoiding food wastage
  – Diversifying the uses of food, like milk & dairy
    products
  – Ensuring sufficient food supply because
    processed food can last longer & they can be
    easily sent to places with insufficient food
    supply
FOOD PROCESSING
          METHODS
• Cooking (to kill the bad bacteria)
• Using salt, sugar & vinegar (osmosis)
• Fermentation process (yeast is used  glucose
   ethanol + CO2)
• Drying (dehydration)
• Pasteurisation (heated to certain temp and
  rapid cooling)
• Canning (sterilised at high temp, above 120oC,
  the container is vacuum to kill bacteria,
  prevent bacteria from growing)
• Refrigeration (slow down the action of
  microorganism, temp low to -15oC)

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6[1].2 form 5
6[1].2  form 56[1].2  form 5
6[1].2 form 5
 
4[1].6 FORM 5
4[1].6    FORM 54[1].6    FORM 5
4[1].6 FORM 5
 
4[1].5 FORM 5
4[1].5 FORM 54[1].5 FORM 5
4[1].5 FORM 5
 
4[1].4 FORM 5
4[1].4    FORM 54[1].4    FORM 5
4[1].4 FORM 5
 
4[1].3 FORM 5
4[1].3  FORM 54[1].3  FORM 5
4[1].3 FORM 5
 
4[1].2 FORM 5
4[1].2   FORM 54[1].2   FORM 5
4[1].2 FORM 5
 
4[1].1 FORM 5
4[1].1 FORM 54[1].1 FORM 5
4[1].1 FORM 5
 
4[1].7 FORM 5
4[1].7  FORM 54[1].7  FORM 5
4[1].7 FORM 5
 
Subtopic 3 1[1] FORM 5
Subtopic 3 1[1] FORM 5Subtopic 3 1[1] FORM 5
Subtopic 3 1[1] FORM 5
 
3[1].3 FORM 5
3[1].3   FORM 53[1].3   FORM 5
3[1].3 FORM 5
 
Subtopic 3[1].2 FORM 5
Subtopic 3[1].2 FORM 5Subtopic 3[1].2 FORM 5
Subtopic 3[1].2 FORM 5
 
2[1].1 (c) FORM 5
2[1].1 (c)  FORM 52[1].1 (c)  FORM 5
2[1].1 (c) FORM 5
 
2[1].1 (b) FORM 5
2[1].1 (b)  FORM 5  2[1].1 (b)  FORM 5
2[1].1 (b) FORM 5
 
2[1].1 (a) FORM 5
2[1].1 (a)   FORM 52[1].1 (a)   FORM 5
2[1].1 (a) FORM 5
 
Sub 2[1].3 FORM 5
Sub 2[1].3 FORM 5Sub 2[1].3 FORM 5
Sub 2[1].3 FORM 5
 

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6[1].9 macro & micronutrients in plants

  • 1. CHAPTER 6 : NUTRITION 6.9 Macronutrients & Micronutrients in Plants
  • 2. LEARNING OUTCOMES • List elements required by plants, • Classify elements required by plants based on the amount needed, • Relate the effects of macronutrient deficiency in plants. • Explain the function of each macronutrient in plants, • State the function of micronutrients & effects of micronutrient deficiency in plants.
  • 3. •M ACRO nut r i ent s : n e e d e d i n L ARGER q u an t i t i e s • Car b o n , Hyd r o g e n , Ox yg e n , Ph o s p h o r o u s , Po t as s i u m ( Kal i u m) , Cal c i u m, Mag n e s i u m & Su l phu r. • M CRO I nut r i ent s : n e e d e d i n S MAL L ER q u an t i t i e s . • Bo r o n , Mo l yb d e n u m, Zi n c , Man g an e s e , Co p p e r & F e r u m
  • 4. • Wilhelm Knop (scientist) successfully prepared a solution which can provide a plant with all the nutrients it needs • The solution is known as Knop’s Solution. Calcium nitrate, Ca(NO3)2 0.8g Potassium nitrate, KNO3 0.2g Potassium dihydrogen phosphate, KH2PO4 0.2g Magnesium sulphate, MgSO4 0.2g Ferum (III) phosphate, FePO4 Trace Distilled water 1 litre
  • 6. LEARNING OUTCOMES • Describe the development that leads to the discovery of photosynthesis, • State the substances required for photosynthesis, • State the substances produced from photosynthesis, • Draw & label the cross section of leaf • State the function of each part of the leaf with respect to photosynthesis, • Explain leaf adaptation to optimise photosynthesis, • Explain how plants from different habitats are adapted to carry out photosynthesis.
  • 7. The Discovery of Photosynthesis • 1692 – Dutch scientist, Van Helmont carried out an investigation to study the nutrition of plants. • He filled a big pot with exactly 91kg of dry soil  planted a plant (2.4kg)  the surface covered with a metal sheet with small holes to allow water to enter  Van watered the plants for 5 years consistently  plant (increased to 75kg), soil (decreased by 0.057kg) • Van Helmont concluded that the increase in weight of the plant came from the water & not the soil.
  • 8. The Discovery of Photosynthesis • 1772 – Joseph Priestly carried out an experiment using mouse, candle & plants. • The plant had changed the air in the container. • 1770s – Jan Ingenhouse discovered that a plant could only change the air container if there was light. He also discovered that only the green parts of the plant were able to do so. (light & chlorophyll both play a part in photosynthesis0 • 1780s – Jean Senebier showed that the plants gave out oxygen when they were provided with CO2
  • 9. P H O T O S YN T H E S Iprocess through The biochemical S which light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll, and is used to fuel the synthesis of sugar molecules “The process where organic compounds are synthesised from water & carbon dioxide in the presence of sunlight & chlorophyll.”
  • 10. STRUCTURE & FUNCTION OF THE PARTS OF A LEAF
  • 11. Adaptations of Leaf for Optimal Photosynthesis • The internal structure of a leaf, the shape of a leaf & the arrangement of leaves on a plants are all adapted for obtaining optimum light & CO2 • Table 2 • The shape of a leaf is also adapted for photosynthesis. Most leaves are broad & thin. • Large surface area enables the leaf to absorb maximum light & CO2 • The thinness  light & CO2 need not travel too far to reach every mesophyll cell
  • 12. Adaptations of Leaf for Optimal Photosynthesis • Th e ar r an g e me n t o f l e ave s i s al s o ad ap t e d t o o p t i mi z e p ho t o s y nt he s i s . • Mo s t p l an t s s p r e ad o u t t h e i r l e ave s i n s u c h a way t h at t h e r e i s mi n i mal o ve r l ap p i n g k n o wn as l e af mo s ai c  e ve r y l e af c an r e c e i ve
  • 13. A D A P T A T IO N O F P L A N T S F R O M D IF F E R E N T H A B IT A T S F O R P H O T O S YN T H E S IS • Two main aspects : – The distribution of stomata – The distribution of chloroplasts • Examples : – Hibiscus : land – Water lily : water surface – Hydrilla : in the water – Cactus : desert
  • 14. 6.11: THE MECHANISM OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
  • 15. LEARNING OUTCOMES • To identify the parts of chloroplast related to photosynthesis, • To explain the light reaction & dark reaction of photosynthesis, • To compare & contrast light reaction & dark reaction in photosynthesis, • To relate light reaction with dark reaction in photosynthesis, • To write an equation to represent the process of photosynthesis
  • 16. • Photosynthesis occurs in in the chloroplasts of mesophyll cells & guard cells of the leaf. • Consist of two part : stroma & grana • Each granum contain chlorophyll that absorb energy of sunlight
  • 17. • The process of photosynthesis is divided into two : – Light reaction – Dark reaction • Light reaction : occurs in the granum (contain chlorophyll) photolysis of water • Dark reaction : occurs in the stroma (gel-like matrix – contain enzymes)  CO2 is reduced to carbohydrate in a process called fixation of CO2 (reduction of CO2)
  • 18. LIGHT REACTION • Occurs in granum • Chlorophyll captures light  excites the electrons of chlorophyll to higher level • Light energy is used to split the water molecules  hydroxyl ions + hydrogen ions (photolysis of water) sunlight • 4H2O chlorophyll 4H+ + 4(OH)- • The hydrogen ions combine with the electrons released by chlorophyll to from hydrogen atoms • 4(H)+ + 4 electrons  4(H)
  • 19. LIGHT REACTION • The hydrogen atom are used in ‘dark reaction’ to reduce CO2. • Each hydroxyl ion loses an electron to the chlorophyll  hydroxyl groups  combine together to form H2O & O2 • 4(OH)- - 4 electrons  4(OH) • 4(OH)  2H2O + O2 • Oxygen is released into the atmosphere & later used for cellular respiration • Energy released from the excited electrons is used to form ATP
  • 20. DARK REACTION • Occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast • Hydrogen atoms from ‘light reaction’ are used in dark reaction to reduce carbon dioxide to basic units of glucose (CH2O) • Involves a series of complex chemical reactions which require enzymes – CO2 + 4(H)  (CH2O) + H2O • Six units of (CH2O) combine together to form a molecule of glucose
  • 21. DARK REACTION • 6(CH2O)  C6H12O6 • Glucose is converted into starch, cellulose, sucrose & lipids. When combined with nitrogen  protein • Overall process : 12H2O + 6CO2 sunlight C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O chlorophyll Water + carbon dioxide sunlight glucose + oxygen + water chlorophyll
  • 22. COMPARISON OF LIGHT REACTION & DARK REACTION LIGHT REACTION DARK REACTION SIMILARITIES •Both occur in the chloroplast •Both involve chemical reactions •Both are reactions related to photosynthesis •Both occur during the day DIFFERENCES Occurs in granum Occurs in stroma Requires sunlight Does not require sunlight Involves photolysis of water Involves reduction of carbon dioxide Produces water & oxygen Produces glucose Substance required in reaction is Substance required in reaction is water carbon dioxide
  • 23. 6. 12 : FACTORS AFFECTING PHOTOSYNTHESIS
  • 24. LEARNING OUTCOMES • Identify the factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis, • Identify the factor that limits the rate of photosynthesis at different light intensities, • Explain the effects of temperature & concentration of CO2 on the rate of photosynthesis, • Explain the difference in the rate of photosynthesis in plants throughout the day based on the changes in light intensity & temperature, • Identify some ways to meet the need of increasing the productivity of crops based on factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis.
  • 25. CONCENTRATION OF CO2 • Conc. of CO2 in the atmosphere varies between Effect of concentration of CO2 on the 0.03% to 0.04% rate of photosynthesis • Light intensity & temperature 10 are kept constant  the rate of photosynthesis increases 8 rate of photosynthesis until a saturation point is reach 6 • After this point, any further 4 increase in the conc. of CO2 2 has no effect on the rate of 0 photosynthesis 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 concentration of CO2 • Limited by other factors (light intensity), not enough to increase the rate of photosynthesis
  • 26. LIGHT INTENSITY • Temperature & concentration of CO2 are Effect of light intensity on the rate of kept constant, the rate of photosynthesis at different levels of photosynthesis can be CO2 concentration increased by increasing the 10 light intensity up to the light 8 saturation point. • After this point, any further 6 rate of photosynthesis increase in light intensity 4 has no effect on the rate of 2 photosynthesis (limiting factor : CO2 conc.) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 • Can be increased by karb on d ioksid a tinggi light intensity increasing the CO2 conc. karb on d ioksid a rend ah
  • 27. TEMPERATURE • Dark reaction involves enzymes Effect of temperature on the rate of • The rate of photosynthesis photosynthesis at different light intensity increases as the temperature increase  enzymes more 12 active 10 • Optimum temp. is between 30oC to 35oC 8 • >40oC, the rate of reaction 6 rate of photosynthesis decrease  enzymes 4 denatured  photosynthesis 2 stops • If the light intensity is too low, 0 any increase in temperature 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 will not increase the rate of temperature photosynthesis
  • 28. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE RATE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS THROUGHOUT THE DAY WITH THE CHANGES IN LIGHT INTENSITY & TEMPERATURE • Closely related & change throughout the day • Light intensity high, the temperature is also high. • Tropical country, LI & T are at their maximum at noon time. The rate of photosynthesis is also maximum.
  • 29. • If temperature increases above 40oC, the rate of photosynthesis decreases. • In temperate country (4 seasons), LI & T change throughout the year. • Winter : LI & T are very low. Photosynthesis hardly occurs • Autumn : the rate of photosynthesis is at its lowest  plants shed their leaves & light intensity as well as the temperature are very low • Summer : LI & T are at their optimum level for photosynthesis, the rate of photosynthesis is at its max.
  • 30. • Summer is the best time for agricultural • To overcome the problem, the plants need to be planted in greenhouse. • In a greenhouse, the conc. of carbon dioxide, temperature & light intensity are at optimum levels for photosynthesis. • The rate of photosynthesis is at its maximum throughout the year, ensure the crop production throughout the year.
  • 31. 6.13 Practising a Caring Attitude Towards Plants • Must be thankful to plants & practise a caring attitude towards them • Why? • Plants produce food as a source of energy for us, maintaining the oxygen & carbon dioxide content in atmosphere • Without plants, there will be more CO2 & less O2 in the atmosphere  cause global warming • Not destroy forests @ chop down plants indiscriminately. Should grow more plants around us.
  • 32. 6.14 – Technology in Food Production • To improve the quality & quantity of food production in Malaysia through : – Direct seeding from rice – Hydroponics & aeroponics – Breeding – Tissue culture – Genetic engineering – Soil management – Biological control
  • 33. 6.15 : TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT IN FOOD PROCESSING
  • 34. • Fresh food can last only for a short time, easily spoilt. • Need to be processed in order to last longer • Technology for food processing : – Changing raw food materials to other forms – Adding certain chemical
  • 35. • The necessity for food processing are : – Destroying m/organisms – Extending the lifespan of food – Avoiding food wastage – Diversifying the uses of food, like milk & dairy products – Ensuring sufficient food supply because processed food can last longer & they can be easily sent to places with insufficient food supply
  • 36. FOOD PROCESSING METHODS • Cooking (to kill the bad bacteria) • Using salt, sugar & vinegar (osmosis) • Fermentation process (yeast is used  glucose  ethanol + CO2) • Drying (dehydration) • Pasteurisation (heated to certain temp and rapid cooling) • Canning (sterilised at high temp, above 120oC, the container is vacuum to kill bacteria, prevent bacteria from growing) • Refrigeration (slow down the action of microorganism, temp low to -15oC)