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Presentation on ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Agenda ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Today What Industry is Looking? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Parting Thought ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The 802 Wireless Space
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Sensor/Control Network Requirements
What is ZigBee ? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
What is ZigBee ? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
What is the origin of ZigBee Name ,[object Object],[object Object]
What is  ZigBee Alliance? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Who is supporting the ZigBee Alliance? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ZigBee Alliance Members:
IEEE 802.15.4 Basics: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ZigBee Operating Frequency Bands
ZigBee Radio Characteristics ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],ZigBee technology relies upon IEEE 802.15.4, which has excellent performance in low SNR environments
What ZigBee do?  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The ZigBee Platform IEEE 802.15.4 Public Application Profile ZigBee Stack Certified Product Compliant Platform
Why ZigBee? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Advantages of  ZigBee over proprietary solutions? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ZigBee Applications
802.15.4 Application Space ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
World is Moving Towards Wireless (Home Automation)
ZigBee Applications ZigBee Wireless Control that  Simply Works RESIDENTIAL/ LIGHT COMMERCIAL CONTROL CONSUMER ELECTRONICS TV VCR DVD/CD remote security HVAC lighting control access control lawn & garden irrigation PC & PERIPHERALS INDUSTRIAL CONTROL asset mgt process control environmental energy mgt PERSONAL HEALTH CARE BUILDING  AUTOMATION security HVAC AMR lighting control access   control mouse keyboard joystick patient monitoring fitness monitoring
Typical ZigBee Enabled Device:
ZigBee Application Model ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ZigBee Lighting Control System Demo
ZigBee Mesh Networking
ZigBee Mesh Networking
ZigBee Mesh Networking
ZigBee Mesh Networking
ZigBee Mesh Networking
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Characteristics of a ZigBee Lighting Control System
ZigBee Features Set
ZigBee Features are: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ZigBee Features are: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ZigBee Architecture
ZigBee Application Layer ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ZigBee Network Layer ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ZigBee Network Layer ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
How Devices Join in Network? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Hierarchy of Association:
ZigBee MAC Layer ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ZigBee Physical Layer ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ZigBee Network Topologies PAN coordinator Full Function Device Reduced Function Device Star Mesh Cluster Tree
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Basic Network Characteristics   Network coordinator Full Function node Reduced Function node Communications flow Virtual links
ZigBee Device Types ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ZigBee Device Types
ZigBee Device Functionalities   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],The ZigBee Network Node The ZigBee Network Coordinator
ZigBee Network Topologies ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Star Network: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Tree Network: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ZigBee Tree Network Example:
Mesh Network: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Mesh Network: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ZigBee Mesh Network Example:
ZigBee – Highly Reliable ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ZigBee Routing: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
AODV Routing:
Cluster Tree Algorithm: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Cluster Tree Algorithm: Multi cluster network with DD  border nodes
ZigBee Profiles  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ZigBee Protocol Stack
ZigBee Stack Architecture
ZigBee Stack Architecture ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Responsibilities of ZigBee Network Layer:   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Responsibilities of ZigBee Application Layer:   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ZigBee Stack Architecture ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ZigBee Stack Architecture ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ZigBee Device Binding ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ZigBee Device Binding
Direct & Indirect Binding ,[object Object],[object Object]
ZigBee Lighting Applications Addressing & Binding Example:
ZigBee Device Binding ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ZigBee Device Object (ZDO) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ZigBee Device Object (ZDO) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ZigBee Traffic & Frames
ZigBee/IEEE802.15.4 - Typical Traffic Types Addressed ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
PHY Packet Overview:  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Different Frames in IEEE 802.15.4 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ZigBee all Four Frame Formats:
MAC Frame: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Frame Commonality:  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Beacon Frame:
Data Frame:
Acknowledgement  Frame:
MAC Command Frame:
IEEE 802.15.4 & ZigBee Frame Formats
General APDU Frame Format:
Super Frame: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Super Frame without  GTS
Super Frame: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Super Frame with  GTS
Super Frame & Beacon ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Data Transfer Modes in ZigBee ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Data Transfer Modes in ZigBee ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Data Transfer Types in ZigBee ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
MAC Data Service Diagrams Non-Beacon Network  Communication Beacon Network Communication:
Data Transfer  Coordinator to Device (NonBeacon-Enabled) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Data Exchange Scenario in Non-Beacon Enabled Networks:  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Beacon communication from coordinator to device: ,[object Object],Here Both the ACK’s are optional.
Steps required for transmitting data from Coordinator to Device (Beacon enabled) network ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Data Transmission from a device to a Coordinator in Beacon enabled network  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ZigBee Security
ZigBee – Highly Secure ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ZigBee Security Architecture
ZigBee Security ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ZigBee Security ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ZigBee Security ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ZigBee Security ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Trust Centre concept in ZigBee   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Fundamental Key types in ZigBee   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Example: New device joining into the network:  ,[object Object]
Example: New device joining into the network:  ,[object Object]
Example: New device joining into the network:  ,[object Object]
Example: Key distribution in ZigBee networks: ,[object Object]
ZigBee Frame with Security ,[object Object]
Security at MAC Layer ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Security at MAC Layer ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Security at NWK Layer ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Security policies are not defined in ZigBee  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ZigBee  Descriptors &   Commands
Descriptors used in ZigBee User-definable information  O  User  Further information about the device descriptions (one per active endpoint)  O  Complex  Device descriptions contained in the node (one per active endpoint)  M  Simple  Node power characteristics M  Node power  Type and capabilities of the node (one per device)  M  Node  Description  Mandatory/ Optional  Name
ZigBee Node Descriptor Allocated by the ZigBee Alliance  16  Manufacturer code  Alternative PAN coordinator, MAC logical device type, power source, receiver on when idle, security capability  8  MAC capability flags  868MHz, 915MHz, 2.4GHz  5  Frequency band  ZigBee coordinator, router, end-device  3  Logical type  Description  Length (bits)  Field name
ZigBee Simple Descriptor Number of output clusters  8  Application output cluster count  List of supported output clusters 8*o Application output cluster list  Description  Length (bits)  Field name  The endpoint to which this descriptor refers  8  Endpoint  The profile implemented on this endpoint  16  Application profile ID  The device description implemented on this endpoint  16  Application device ID  Version 1.0  4  Application device version  Complex, user descriptor available  4  Application flags  List of supported input clusters  8* i  Application input cluster list  Number of input clusters  8  Application input cluster count
Device & Service Discovery Commands
Binding Commands
Network Mgmt Commands
CSMA/CA Algorithm
Some of Important Parameters: 12 symbol periods aMinSIFSPeriod 40 symbol periods aMinLIFSPeriod 440 symbol periods aMinCAPLength 18 octets aMaxSIFSFrameSize 3 aMaxFrameRetries 5 aMaxBE 60 symbol periods aBaseSlotDuration 15--133 octets PHY data frame length 23--100 octets PHY beacon frame length 11 octets PHY acknowledgement frame length 8 symbol periods CCA duration Value Attribute
Some of Important Parameters: 0-15 (default 15) macSuperframeOrder 0-3 (default 3) macMinBE 0-5 (default 4) macMaxCSMABackoffs 0-15 (default 15) macBeaconOrder 120 or 54 symbol periods (channels 0 to 10 and 11 to 26, respectively)  macAckWaitDuration 20 symbol periods aUnitBackoffPeriod 12 symbol periods aTurnaroundTime
Super Frame :
Terminology: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Slotted CSMA/CA Algorithm:
Slotted CSMA/CA Algorithm: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Slotted CSMA/CA Algorithm: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Unslotted CSMA/CA Algorithm:
ZigBee  vs Other Wireless Protocols
ZigBee vs Bluetooth ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],ZigBee Bluetooth
Major Wireless Standards using ISM Band:
ZigBee and Other Wireless Standards:
More Information ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
More Information: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Questions: ?
Thank You ! ,[object Object],[object Object]

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Zig Bee

Editor's Notes

  1. Among these radio technologies only 802.15.4 has the low power consumption that long-lived battery powered industrial products will need. Before ZigBee, there hasn’t been a wireless network standard that meets the unique needs of sensors and control devices. Sensors and controls don’t need high bandwidth but they do need low latency and very low energy consumption for long battery lives and for large device arrays. Despite the increasing popularity of IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN systems (WiFi) and Bluetooth systems, wireless communication has not made significant inroads in industrial applications. And while wireless systems seem like an obvious solution for industrial applications, in reality the cure can be worse than the disease. Solutions based on these standards were not designed with the industrial environment in mind. Industrial users need a network architecture that takes the unique challenges of the industrial environment into account. WLAN , Wireless Local Area Network WLAN: IEEE 802.11: WiFi (Ethernet matching speed, long range ~100m and high data rate 2-11 Mbps) WPAN , Wireless Personal Area Network WPAN Eg: IEEE 802.15: Bluetooth, RFID, ZigBee, etc., (Low cost, low power, short range, small size) WMAN , Wireless Metropolitan Area Network WMAN IEEE 802.16: WiMAX WPAN: The IEEE 802.15 working group is formed to create WPAN standard. This group has currently defined three classes of WPANs that are differentiated by data rate, battery drain and quality of service(QoS) . The high data rate WPAN( IEEE 802.15.3 ) is suitable for multi-media applications that require very high QoS. Medium rate WPANs ( IEEE 802.15.1 /Blueetooth) will handle a variety of tasks ranging from cell phones to PDA communications and have QoS suitable for voice communications. The low rate WPANs ( IEEE 802.15.4 /LR-WPAN) is intended to serve a set of industrial, residential and medical applications with very low power consumption. and with relaxed needs for data rate and QoS. This low data rate enables the LR-WPAN to consume very little power.
  2. What is ZigBee ? The origin of the term ZigBee lies in the domestic honeybee, the future of whose colony is dependent upon the continuous communication of vital information between every member of the colony. The technique that honeybee uses to communicate new found food sources to other members of the colony is referred to as the ZigBee principle. Using this silent and powerful communication system, where by bee dances in zigzag pattern, she is able to share information such as location, direction of a new food source to fellow colony. The ZigBee Alliance is not pushing a technology; rather it is providing a standardized base set of solutions for sensor and control systems.
  3. ZigBee’s addressing scheme is capable of supporting over 64,000 nodes per ‘network coordinator’, and multiple network coordinators can be linked together to support extremely large networks. The logical size of a ZigBee network ultimately depends on which frequency band is selected, how often each device on the network needs to communicate, how much data loss or retransmissions can be tolerated by the application. Key solution requirements for successful ZigBee deployment include ease of integration, redundancy, scalability, power efficiency .
  4. Wireless networks for industrial control and sensing, must be reliable , adaptable , and scalable . Because industrial sensors send only a few of bits of data per second or minute, providing information like temperature, pressure and flow, data rates of 11 Mbps or even 54 Mbps are rarely needed. Although speed is often the focus for data networks, the primary design objectives for industrial control and sensing networks are reliability, adaptability and scalability . Three factors determine the signal reliability between a radio transmitter and receiver: Path loss RF interference Transmit power The network should adapt to the existing environment. The environment should not have to be altered to make the system "wireless ready." Any network, wired or wireless, should scale gracefully as the number of endpoints increases.
  5. ? What is selectable latency in IEEE 802.15.4 or ZigBee. IEEE 802.15.4 specifies how individual packets are structured, and the interaction between two ends of a data link. IEEE 802.15.4 also specifies 27 RF channels in the three frequency bands
  6. ZigBee operates at three frequency bands: 868 MHz: At this frequency single channel between 868 to 868.6 . Support in Europe and at rate of 20 Kbps . 915 MHz: At this frequency 10 channels between 902 MHz to 928 MHz . Supports in North America and Australia at rate of 40 Kpbs . 2.4GHz: Supports 16 channels between 2.4 and 2.4835 GHz . All over the world. It allows dynamic channel selection. Channel selection scan function that step through a list of supported channels in search of beacon, receiver energy detection, link quality indication, channel switching. Like Wi-Fi, Zigbee uses DSSS in the 2.4GHz band, with offset-quadrature phase-shift keying modulation . Channel width is 2MHz with 5MHz channel spacing at 2.4GHZ band. Overall 16 RF channels. The 868 and 900MHz bands also use DSSS but with binary-phase-shift keying modulation. The IEEE 802.15.4 channels do not directly coincide with Wi-Fi channels . Therefore, IEEE 802.15.4 systems can coexist with Wi-Fi systems with little physical separation.
  7. FSK (Frequency Shift Keying) is a far less efficient, but simpler to implement modulation technique that is used in Bluetooth The fundamental of O-QPSK method is to sum the in-phase signals with quadrature phase signal delayed by half a cycle in order to avoid the sudden phase shift changed.
  8. Typical design consist of RF IC and 8-bit microprocessor with peripherals connected to an application sensor or actuators.
  9. The physical layer was designed to accommodate the need for a low cost yet allowing for high levels of integration. The use of direct sequence allows the analog circuitry to be very simple and very tolerant towards inexpensive implementations. Some of the key features of physical layer is energy and link quality detection, clear channel assessment for improved coexistence with other wireless networks. The MAC layer was designed to allow multiple topologies without complexity. The power management operation doesn’t require multiple modes of operation. The MAC allows a reduced functionality device (RFD) that needn’t have flash nor large amounts of ROM or RAM. The MAC was designed to handle large numbers of devices without requiring them to be “parked”. The network layer has been designed to allow the network to spatially grow without requiring high power transmitters. The network layer also can handle large amounts of nodes with relatively low latencies. In ZigBee network routing schemes are designed to ensure power conservation and low latency through guaranteed time slots. A unique feature of ZigBee network layer is communication redundancy eliminating single point of failure in mesh networks. Application Support Layer provides the following services: Discovery: The ability to determine which other devices are operating in the personal operating space of a device. Binding: The ability to match two or more devices together based on their services and their needs and forwarding messages between bound devices. ZigBee Device Object Defines the role of the device within the network (e.g., ZigBee coordinator or end device) Initiates and/or responds to binding requests Establishes a secure relationship between network devices selecting one of ZigBee’s security methods such as public key, symmetric key, etc. ZigBee applications are modeled by application objects . Application objects communicate with each other through the mapping of object attributes or sets of object attributes that are called clusters. At the highest level applications are defined by an application profile. An application profile includes a series of named services and capabilities. ZigBee also requires a set of basic device methods that every application object must implement. Each ZigBee device can support multiple applications that are identified by a numbered “endpoint” designation. There can be 240 endpoints per ZigBee device, but each endpoint can support only one profile. Application profiles are identified by a unique number that is administered by the ZigBee Alliance. Data communication between objects is implemented in compressed XML to ensure hardware independence .
  10. A PAN Coordinator always have network address “ 0000 ”.
  11. Devices that wish to join the network will do so by first issuing beacon requests to solicit beacons from devices that could potentially allow them to join the network. Initially, only the PAN coordinator will respond. In addition to the PAN coordinator, any device capable of allowing other devices to join the network is a ZigBee router. What ensues is a series of message exchanges that will determine whether a device may join the network. In 802.5.4, this process is called “ association ”. A key factor in such a determination is a router’s capacity to accept additional devices as its child. Where 802.15.4 differs from other wireless technologies, such as 802.11/Wi-Fi, is in permitting a hierarchy of associations , rather than a single parent-children structure. For instance, a device joining the coordinator could itself be a router (i.e., it can have childrens), and that device could permit other devices to join it. As a result, multiple levels of associations can be achieved. But in the case of Wi-Fi it not possible. d
  12. Where 802.15.4 differs from other wireless technologies, such as 802.11/Wi-Fi, is in permitting a hierarchy of associations , rather than a single parent-children structure. For instance, a device joining the coordinator could itself be a router (i.e., it can have childrens), and that device could permit other devices to join it. As a result, multiple levels of associations can be achieved. But in the case of Wi-Fi it not possible. The beacons are used to synchronize the attached devices, to identify the PAN and to describe the structure of the superframe . All 802.15.4 devices have a 64-bit (long) IEEE address , which uniquely identifies the device. In order to extend battery life, shorter addresses are used to shorten the packet sizes and hence the time a device is actively communicating. ZigBee requires that all communications after joining the network be made on a 6-bit (short) network address. The 16-bit network address of a newly joining device is assigned by its parent during the association . ZigBee specifies an algorithm (often called “ Cskip ”) that provides address ranges to routers and coordinators, to be assigned to joining devices based on their location within the network hierarchy. In addition to managing network joining and address assignment, the network formation process also provides a routing algorithm called “ tree routing ”
  13. A small network is shown in Figure 1. In this case, the PAN coordinator (which always has network address “0000”) has three devices associated to it, and of these, two of them (with network addresses “000” and “07e”), acting as routers , have a device associated to them. Tkey characteristics of the network are defined by the parameters. Some of the parameters are: Depth of network. Maximum number of childrens per router. Maximum of children routers per router.
  14. MAC Data Service: It enables the transmission and reception of MAC Protocol Data Unit (MPDU) across the PHY data service. Wired devices can listen during their own transmissions and employ CSMA with collision detection (CSMA/CD), stations in wireless networks usually cannot listen to their own transmissions, and consequently colliding transmissions can only be detected after they have been completed. Thus wireless devices use CSMA with collision avoidance ( CSMA/CA or CSMA-CA ). The beacons are used to synchronize the attached devices, to identify the PAN, and to describe the structure of the superframes . GTS = Guaranteed Time Slot mgmt. Low latency applications may choose to the guaranteed time slot (GTS) option. GTS is a method of QoS in that it allows each device a specific duration of time each Superframe to do whatever it wishes to do without contention or latency.
  15. PHY Data Service enables the transmission and reception of PHY Protocol Data Unit ( PPDU ) across physical radio channel. Energy detection report will be two byte length. 0x00 to 0xff. The minimum ED value 0 indicates that received power less then 10 dB . The range of received power spanned by the ED value shall be at least 40 dB .
  16. In ZigBee network routing schemes are designed to ensure power conservation and low latency through guaranteed time slots. A unique feature of ZigBee network layer is communication redundancy eliminating single point of failure in mesh networks.
  17. A FFD can talk to RFD ( Reduced Functional Device) or FFD ( Full Functional Device ) whereas RFD can talk to FFD only .
  18. In ZigBee, network addresses are assigned either by a network coordinator or by a ZigBee router using a tree-structured algorithm. At the highest level the structure of a network is defined by an entity known as a "stack profile". This stack profile includes a parameter set that includes Definition of the maximum network depth.. The maximum number of child routers at any depth in the network, and the maximum number of "children" who can communicate with an individual router. These parameters broadly determine the “shape” of the resulting network tree. ZigBee end devices (ZEDs) do not participate in routing. End devices communicate with a single router, which is their parent device.
  19. Most of the wireless sensor networks adopting this network only. This network has a central node (i.e., coordinator), which is linked to all other nodes in the network. All messages travel via the coordinator. To implement a star network you don’t need to use ZigBee network layer, since a star network topology is provided by the IEEE 802.15.4 layer. So if you are using IEEE 802.15.4 layer then the application program reside in the coordinator is responsible for relaying the messages. But in case of ZigBee network layer the Coordinator passes routes the messages transparent to application program. ZigBee uses a basic master-slave configuration suited to static star networks of many infrequently used devices that talk via small data packets. It allows up to 254 nodes.
  20. In sending messages from one node to another, the message must travel from the source node up the tree to the nearest common ancestor and then down the tree to the destination node. Here message propagation is handled be ZigBee stack and is transparent to the application program.
  21. This Mesh network has a tree like structure in which some levels are directly linked. Messages can travel across the tree, when a suitable route is available. This Mesh topology consists of a Coordinator, and a set of Routers and End devices. Like Tree topology, in this topology also message propagation is handled by ZigBee protocol stack and it is transparent to application program.
  22. Sequence number for maintain the freshness information. The source node initiates path discovery by broadcasting a route request (RREQ) packet to its neighbors, which includes source addr, source sequence number, broadcast id, dest address, dest sequence number, hop count . The pair source addr, broadcast id uniquely identifies a RREQ , where broadcast id is incremented whenever the source issues a new RREQ.
  23. The pair source addr, broadcast id uniquely identifies a RREQ , Here broadcast id is incremented whenever the source issues a new RREQ. When an intermediate node receives a RREQ, if it has already received a RREQ with the same broadcast id and source address , it drops the redundant RREQ and does not rebroadcast it. Otherwise, it rebroadcasts it to its own neighbors after increasing hop cnt . Each node keeps the following information: destination IP address, source IP address , broadcast id , expiration time for reverse path route entry and source node’s sequence numbe r. These reverse path route entries are maintained for at least enough time for the RREQ to traverse the network and produce a reply to the sender. Each routing table entry includes the following fields: destination, next hop, number of hops ( metric ), sequence number for the destination , active neighbors for this route , expiration time for the route table entry.
  24. DD stands for Designated Device.
  25. Presently available profiles are: ■ Commercial Building Automation ■ Home Automation ■ Industrial plant monitoring. ■ Wireless sensor applications Feature standard profiles are: ■ Telecom ■ Automatic Metere Reading ■ Medical and Personal health care ■ Automotive.
  26. Binding is the ability to match two devices together based on their services and their needs and forwarding messages between bound devices Discovery , is the ability to determine which other devices are operating in the personal operating space of a device.
  27. A cluster is a message or a collection of similar messages.
  28. The ZDO provides control and management commands. One application profile defined per end point.
  29. Several limitations exist with direct binding . The device must have sufficient memory to store all this information about all its peer applications and devices. However, this might not be possible (or too expensive) for a simple device. When the device fails, the binding information stored within the device may be lost. Should its peer device be replaced or fail, updating this information in the device will be difficult.
  30. Device Discovery: Commands offer the means to determine what devices are on the network, their addresses and the list of their children devices. They can also provide information about the device, including whether it is coordinator, router or end device , manufacturer or product information and even its power source and current battery level. Service Discovery: Commands, in contrast, enable the determination of services offered by devices. Using these commands, it possible to determine which endpoints are active on a device, what profiles are associated with each endpoint (i.e., the device descriptor, as mentioned earlier) and to match device descriptors between two devices. Binding Management: Commands offer the means to manage bindings between devices. Network Management: Commands provide a way to collect information and control devices for network management purposes. They provide information such as the list of ZigBee networks that a device is able to detect, the quality of the radio link with its neighbors, and the contents of its routing and binding tables. For control purposes, there are commands to instruct a device to join or leave the network.
  31. An IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee network requires at least one full function device as a network coordinator , but endpoint devices may be reduced functionality devices to reduce system cost. All devices must have 64 bit IEEE addresses Short (16 bit) addresses can be allocated to reduce packet size Addressing modes: Network + device identifier (star) Source/destination identifier (peer-peer)
  32. Complete PHY Packet is called PPDU . Preamble contains 32-bits of “0” for packet detection and synchronization in the receiver. Start of Frame Delimiter ( SFD ) value is “11100101” = 0xE5.
  33. There are four frame types for IEEE 802.15.4 transmissions: Data, ACK, MAC Command, Beacon. The data frame provides a payload of up to 104 bytes . The frame is numbered to ensure that all packets are tracked. A frame-check sequence ensures that packets are received without error. A MAC command frame provides the mechanism for remote control and configuration of client nodes. The PHY Header is 8-bits length. Within this 8-bits, 7-bits are used to indicate PSDU ( PHY Service Data Unit ) Length and 1 bit for reserved.
  34. Here FCS stands for Frame Check Sequence. Four different types of MAC frames defined. Data, ACK, Beacon and MAC Command .
  35. In Ethernet ( not in IEEE 802.15.4) the preamble frame consists of a 56-bit (7-byte) pattern of alternating 1 and 0 bits , which allows devices on the network to easily detect a new incoming frame. In PHY header 0-7 bits are used for PPDU length . (so PPDU length is max of 127 bytes ) and 1 bit for reserved .
  36. The beacons are used to: Synchronize the attached devices Identify the PAN coordinator Describe the structure of superframe A beacon frame used by coordinator to transmit beacons. The structure of the superframe is determined by two variables The Superframe Orde r (SO) and the Beacon Order (BO). SO determines the length of the superframe. BO determines the beacon interval. Network coordinator to transmit beacons at predetermined intervals (multiples of 15.38ms , up to 252s ) Beacon timings are different between each device.
  37. Provides up to 104 byte data play load capacity. Data Sequence numbering to ensure that packets are tracked. Frame Check Sequence (FCS) validates error-free data. Each PPDU packet consists of the following basic components: SHR : It allows receiving device to synchronize and lock into the bit stream. PHR : It contains frame length information. A variable length play load (Max of 104 bytes), which carries the MAC sub layer frame . The Physical Protocol Data Unit is the total information sent over the air. As shown in the illustration above the Physical layer adds the following overhead: Preamble Sequence 4 Octets Start of Frame Delimiter 1 Octet Frame Length 1 Octet The MAC adds the following overhead: Frame Control 2 Octets Data Sequence Number 1 Octet Address Information 4 – 20 Octets Frame Check Sequence 2 Octets In summary the total overhead for a single packet is therefore 15 -31 octets It has robust structure so improves reception in difficult condition.
  38. Ack frame length is 11 bytes. It provides active feedback from receiver to sender that packet was received without error. Short packet that takes advantage of standards-specific “quiet time” immediately after data packet transmission.
  39. A MAC command frame, used for handling all MAC peer entity control transfers .
  40. In indirect addressing mode endpoint address fields are either included are not included. This will be done from frame control. Similarly cluster identifier or profile identifier fields are not included for command frames.
  41. For transmissions of data frames in the contention access period , the slotted mode of the CSMA-CA algorithm is used Transmissions in the contention free period take place according to pre-assigned guaranteed timeslots. PANs not wishing to use Superframe structure always use unslotted CSMA-CA to access channel and are always active. Any device wishing to communicate during the contention access period (CAP) between two beacons shall compete with other devices using a slotted CSMA-CA mechanism. All transactions shall be completed by the time of the next network beacon.
  42. However, a sufficient portion of the CAP (Contention Access Period) shall remain for contention based access of other networked devices or new devices wishing to join the network. All contention based transactions shall be complete before the CFP begins. Also each device transmitting in a GTS shall ensure that its transaction is complete before the time of the next GTS or the end of the CFP. During the CAP, MAC is ruled by the slotted CSMA/CA mechanism .
  43. The mechanism for each of these transfers depends on whether the network supports transmission of Beacon or not. For graphical representation see in next slide.
  44. The applications transfers are completely controlled by the devices on a PAN rather than by the coordinator. This provides the energy-conservation feature of the ZigBee network.
  45. aTurnaroundTime is the time to switch from sending to receiving mode and vice versa. This value will be 12 symbol period . If the originator receives an acknowledgement from the recipient within a time of macAckWaitDuration , the data transfer has been successful. If no acknowledge is received within that time, the frame will be retransmitted up to a maximum of aMaxFrameRetries times, after which the protocol terminates and a communications failure is issued. The macAckWaitDuration 120 symbols period for channels 0 to 10 (863 or 910 MHz) or 54 symbols for channel 11 to 26 (2.4 GHz) .
  46. The applications transfers are completely controlled by the devices on a PAN rather than by the coordinator. This provides the energy-conservation feature of the ZigBee network. The device acknowledged the successful reception of the data by transmitting an acknowledgement frame. Upon receiving the acknowledgement, the message is removed from the list of pending messages in the beacon.
  47. In integrity options 64 is the default.
  48. In integrity options 64 is the default.
  49. If trust centre is assigned to a dedicated device it may be possible for a portable device . Residential Mode: ► The trust center allows devices to join the network, but does not establish keys with network devices ► The trust center cannot update keys periodically because it does not maintain keys with network devices ► The memory cost in the trust center is minimal and does not scale with the size of the network Commercial Mode: ► The trust center establishes and maintains keys and freshness counters with every device in the network ► This allows centralized control and update of keys ► Cost memory in the trust center could scale with the size of the network
  50. All the three keys can also be factory installed option.
  51. When transmitting a frame, if integrity is required, the MAC header and payload data are used in calculations to create a Message Integrity Code (MIC) consisting of 4, 8 , or 16 octets . This MIC is right appended to the MAC payload. Upon receipt of a frame, if a MIC is present, then it is verified. If confidentiality is required, the MAC frame payload is also left appended with frame and sequence counts (data used to form a nonce). The nonce is used when encrypting the payload and also ensures freshness to prevent replay attacks . Unpon receipt if a play load is encrypted then it is decrypted. Sending devices will increase the frame count with every message sent and receiving devices will keep track of the last received count from each sending device. If a message with an old count is detected, it is flagged with a security error.
  52. Similar to the MAC layer frame format, a frame sequence count and MIC may be added to secure a NWK frame . Also, the use of CCM* in all security suites allows a single key to be used for different suites. Since a key is not strictly bound to a single security suite. An application has the flexibility to specify the actual security suite to apply to each NWK frame, not just whether security is enabled or disabled. When the NWK layer transmits (receives) a frame using a particular security suite it uses the Security Services Provider (SSP) to process the frame. The SSP looks at the destination (source) of the frame, retrieves the key associated with that destination (source), and then applies the security suite to the frame. The SSP provides the NWK layer with a primitive to apply security to outgoing frames and a primitive to verify and remove security from incoming frames. The NWK layer is responsible for the security processing, but the upper layers control the processing by setting up the keys and determining which CCM* security suite to use for each frame.
  53. These values are taking after adding 6 octet overhead of physical layer. 1 Symbol = 4 bits at 250 Kbps and 1 bit at other speeds.
  54. 1 Unit Back Off period = 20 symbols at 250 Kbps. 1 Symbol = 4 bits = 16 Micro Second Duration. So 1 Unit Backoff Period = 16 * 20 = 320 Micro Seconds.
  55. 1 symbol = 4 bits at 250 Kbps.
  56. Conclusion on Power consumption: ZigBee devices can quickly attach, exchange information, detach, and then go to deep sleep to achieve a very long battery life . Bluetooth devices require about ~100X the energy for this operation. ZigBee and Bluetooth are two solutions for two different application areas: The differences are from their approach to their desired application. Bluetooth has addressed a voice application by embodying a fast frequency hopping system with a master slave protocol. ZigBee has addressed sensors, controls , and other short message applications by embodying a direct sequence system with a star or peer to peer protocols. Minor changes to Bluetooth or ZigBee won’t change their inherent behavior or characteristics. The different behaviors come from architectural differences. ZigBee supports DSSS ( Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) allows devices to sleep without the requirement for close synchronization. Whereas in Bluetooth uses FHSS ( Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum) is extremely difficult to create extended networks without large synchronization cost.
  57. If IEEE 802.11 and IEEE 802.15.4 are existed at the same network area, then IEEE 802.11 network dominates over the IEEE 802.15.4 networks and consequently the frames of IEEE 802.15.4 frames are destroyed . There clearly is a coexistence issue in the 2.4 GHz band. Especially the impact of IEEE802.11 stations with high duty cycle against IEEE802.15.4 stations may be extremely critical, if the same carrier frequencies are selected. This scenario will lead to a timeout of the physical layer.