1. Physiological
Needs
Chapter 4

3. Need
A need is any condition within the person that is essential and necessary for
life, growth, and well-being.
When needs are nurtured and satisfied, well being
is maintained and enhanced. Motivational states
therefore provide the
impetus to act before
damage occurs to
psychological and
bodily well being.
If neglected or frustrated, the need’s thwarting
will produce damage that disrupts biological or
psychological well being.

4. Need Structure : Types of Needs
Needs
Physiological Psychological Social
Needs Needs Needs
(Chapter 4) (Chapter 6) (Chapter 7)
• Thirst • Autonomy • Achievement
• Hunger • Competence • Affiliation,
• Sex • Relatedness • Intimacy
• Power
inherent within the inherent within the internalized or learned
workings of biological strivings of human nature from our emotional and
systems and healthy development socialization histories

5. inherent within the
Ph ysiological Needs workings of
biological systems
Thirst Hunger Se x
Thirst is the consciously Hunger and eating involve Sexual motivation rises and
experienced motivational a complex regulatory falls in response to a host of
state that readies the system of both short-term factors, including hormones,
person to perform (glucostatic hypothesis) & external stimulation,
behaviors necessary to long-term (lipostatic external cues (facial
replenish a water deficit hypothesis, including set- metrics), cognitive scripts,
point theory) regulation. sexual schemas, and
evolutionary process.

6. The physiological need—
psychological drive—
behavioral action process.

7. The cyclical pattern
depicting the rise and fall
of psychological drive
(Figure 4.3) involves
seven core processes:

8. Drive As An Intervening Variable
Antecedent Behavioral
Condition 1 Consequence 1
Antecedent Antecedent
Condition 2 Drive Consequence 2
Antecedent Antecedent
Condition 3 Consequence 3
Figure 4.4

9. The Homeostatic mechanism Figure 4.5
The Figure 4.5 is overview
the homeostatic mechanism
and also to illustrate the
interrelationships between
the seven core processes
that constitute the
fundamentals of regulation
—
(e.g., physiological need,
psychological drive,
homeostasis, negative
feedback, multiple
inputs/multiple outputs,
intra-organismic
mechanisms, and extra-
organismic mechanisms)

10. PROCESSES
 Physiological Regulation
 Thirst Activation
Thirst  Thirst Satiety
 Hypothalamus and Liver
 Environmental Influences

11. Figure 4.6
Relative Pleasantness of Four Taste Solutions
The incentive
values for four
tastes appear in
Figure 4.6:
 sweet,
 sour,
 salty,
 bitter,
represented at
various stimulus
intensities.

12. PROCESSES
 Short-Term Appetite
. Long-Term Energy Balance
. Comprehensive Model of Hunger
Regulation
Hunge
. Environmental Influences
r
. Restraint-Release Situations
. Cognitively-Regulated Eating Style
. Weight Gain & Obesity
. Set Point or Settling Points?

13. Environmental Influences
• Food variety, appearance
Self-Regulation Motivation
• Situational pressures
Hunger Eating
(Appetite) (Energy Intake)
Fat
Stores
(Body Weight)
Comprehensive
Ph ysical
Model of Hunger Activity
Regulation (Energy Expenditure)
Exercise Motivation

14. Environmental Influences
Environmental influences that affect eating behavior the time of day, stress, and the
sight, smell, appearance, and taste of food.
Eating behavior increases significantly, for instance, when an individual confronts a
variety of foods, a variety of nutrients, and a variety of tastes.
Ice-Cream Intake (in Grams) for Students Along versus in Group and with One Versus Three Flavors

15. Other than surgery, three ways people can prevent or reverse weight gain and obesity:
decreasing eating increasing physical
through self-regulatory activity to expend
strategies (e.g., goals, calories and fat
monitoring one’s stores
behavior)
becoming aware of and
monitoring the environmental
influences that affect eating

17. PROCESSES
 Physiological Regulation
 Facial Metrics
Se x  Sexual Scripts
 Sexual Orientation
 Evolutionary Basis of
Sexual Motivation

18. Tr aditional Sex Response
Cycle
The triphasic sexual response cycle that describes men’s sexual motivation so well.

19. The intimacy-based model of sexual desire that describes women’s sexual motivation
Alternative Sex Response
Cycle
Seeking out &
being receptive to
More arousal &
pleasure & positive Biological &
outcome emotionally psychological factors
and physically affect processing
of stimuli

20. Gender Differences in Mate
Preferences

22. ailures To Self-regulate Physiological Need
People fail at self ‑ regulation for three primary reasons
(1) (2) (3)
People routinely People can lack People fail to monitor
underestimate how standards, or they have what they are doing as
powerful a motivational inconsistent, conflicting, they become distracted,
force biological urges unrealistic, or preoccupied,
can be when they are inappropriate overwhelmed, or
not currently standards. intoxicated.
experiencing them.