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Wild Meadows Farm
  Chestnut Ridge Cooperative
           March 2005
 Permaculture Design project
 for Darrell Frey Permaculture
Certificate Course—March 2005
Permaculture Principles
                       David Holmergren




• Observe and Interact           • Integrate rather than
• Catch and store energy           segregate
• Obtain a yield                 • Use small and slow
•                                  solutions
  Apply self regulation and
  accept feedback                • Use and value diversity
• Use and value renewable        • Use edges and value the
  resources and services           marginal
• Produce no waste               • Creatively use and
• Design from pattern to           respond to change
  details
Other Listing of Principles
                        Toby Hemmingway


                                • Accelerate succession
•   Observe                     • Use biological and
•   Connect                       renewable resources
•   Catch and store energy      • Recycle energy
•   Each element performs       • Turn problems into
    multiple functions            solutions
•   Each function supported     • Get a yield
    by multiple elements        • Design limits yield
•   Make least change for       • Mistakes are tools for
    greatest effect               learning
•   Use small scale intensive
    systems
•   Use edge effect
Observe and Interact
               Farm Natural Features
• 195 acre farm in Bedford County PA
• Ridge and Valley
• East of the Eastern Divide—goes in Chesapeake
• Spring on farm flows to Bob’s Creek, Dunnings Creek, to
  Juniata, to Susquehanna, to Chesapeake
• Orchards, dairy farm, and row crops/corn surround—run
  off from dairy flows thru woods on farm
• Although rural—in 2000 census manufacturing major
  employer in area
Permaculture Design for Wild Meadows Farm
Permaculture Design for Wild Meadows Farm
S—NORTHERN ATLANTIC SLOPE DIVERSIFIED
              FARMING REGION

•   147—Northern Appalachian Ridges and Valleys Maryland,
    Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia
    48,210 km² (18,610 mi²)
•   Land use: Most of this area is in farms. About 12 percent is
    used for urban development or consists of land altered by
    urbanization or other activities. Approximately 30 percent is
    cropland. A wide variety of crops are grown, mainly corn, small
    grains, and forage for dairy and beef cattle. Other important
    crops include potatoes, soybeans, apples, peaches, and some
    tobacco and vegetables. Dairy, beef and poultry farms are
    major enterprises. About 5 percent of the area is permanent
    pasture. Less than 60 percent is in hardwood forests that are
    mainly in small to medium-size holdings and some larger tracts
    of state forests, game lands, and parks. Much of the prime
    farmland in the valleys is urbanized.
Region
•   Climate: Average annual precipitation—900 to 1,275 mm.
    Maximum precipitation is in spring and in summer, and the
    mimimum is in fall. About 525 to 650 mm falls during the growing
    season. The average annual snowfall is 60 to more than 130 cm.
    Average annual temperature—8 to 13 C. Average freeze-free period
    —120 to 170 days; the shorter growing seasons are at the higher
    elevations and in the north. ----
•   Water: Water is plentiful in this area. Springs, wells, farm ponds,
    reservoirs, and streams are the principal sources of water. The
    major streams are the Susquehanna and Potomac Rivers.
    Raystown Lake on the Raystown Branch of the Juniata River is one
    of the largest reservoirs in the area. Ground water is plentiful; the
    better producing wells are in the limestone valleys. Mineralized
    water and pollution of ground water are common land use problems.
Soils and Natural Vegetation
•   Soils: Most of the soils are Udalfs, Udults, and Ochrepts. They have a mesic
    temperature regime, udic and aquic moisture regimes, and mixed mineralogy. Nearly
    level to sloping, deep, well drained, medium textured to fine textured Hapludalfs
    (Hagerstown, Duffield, Edom, and Washington series) are in the limestone valleys.
    Gently sloping to sloping, deep, well drained or moderately well drained, medium
    textured to fine textured Hapludults (Allenwood, Bedington, Frankstown, Mertz, and
    Munill series), Fragiudults (Buchanan and Laidig series), and Paleudults (Frederick
    series) are on the lower foot slopes of the ridges and in the valleys. Most of these
    soils formed in residuum, colluvium, or glacial till derived from limestone, cherty
    limestone, sandstone, and shale. Sloping to steep, well drained, shallow to deep,
    medium textured Dystrochrepts (Berks, Calvin, Dekalb, Hazleton, and Weikert series)
    are on ridges and on the more sloping sites in the valleys.
•   Potential natural vegetation: This area supports hardwood forest vegetation. White
    oak, red oak, black oak, hickories, and associated upland hardwoods are the major
    species. Scarlet oak, chestnut oak, hickories, and scattered Virginia pine, shortleaf
    pine, and white pine are common on dry ridges and shallower soils. Yellow-poplar,
    red oak, red maple, and other species that require more moisture grow in sheltered
    coves, on foot slopes, and on north-facing sites.
Site Characteristics
• Elevation and topography: Elevation ranges
  from 100 to 300 m in the valleys and from 400 to
  800 m on ridges and mountains, but on some
  mountain crests it is 900 m. Parallel sandstone
  and shale ridges are separated by narrow to
  moderately broad limestone and shale valleys.
  Ridges have hilly to steep slopes and narrow
  rolling crests; valleys are mainly undulating to
  rolling but are hilly locally. Local relief in the
  valleys is about 5 to 50 m; ridges rise about 100
  m above adjoining valleys.
Wild Meadows Specific Site
           Characteristics
•   Cropland                   •   Elevation 1200-1500
    – Type 2 Undulating—14     •   Annual rainfall –36”
    – Type 3 Rolling—37        •   Frost free days—125
    – Type 4 Sloping—39        •   Soil---ELiber and Mertz—
•   Woodland-Rolling--100.41       Cherty limestone base-and
•   Farmstead-3.00                 Morrison,dolomitic limestone
•   Total-194.41                   calcerous sandstone base
                               •   All deep and well drained
                               •   Woodlands are Morrison and
                                   Buchanan soils
                               •   Major limitations to agriculture
                                   are erodible lands
Farm History
• Farm established 1870s
   –   Large farm house—1874, Summer kitchen earlier
   –   Large Bank Barn -1870
   –   Pig barn—1920s, (maybe could be converted to bioshelter)
   –   Quarry—old lime stone kilns
   –   Old Orchard—gone after 1960
   –   1970—on became owned by city folk (weavers—then us)
   –   90 acres rented to local farmer—leaves half fallow—rotates oats,
       corn, barley, soy—contour—strips
   –   Small organic garden with well irrigation system and deer fence
   –   Some mushroom shitake logs
   –   Currently investigating CREP program participation
   –   Sloping pastures—mowed every 2 or 3 years
Chestnut Ridge Cooperative begun
             in 1992
• Links
 –Arts and Ecology
 –Rural-Urban
 –Partnership/cooperative
  organization
Chesapeake Education, Ecology, Arts
      Research Society (CHEARS!)
• New organization—
  separates ownership
  from mission
• Link to Chesapeake
  Watershed in which
  live
• Builds on interest of
  original members
• Same emphasis on
  links
Satellite Photo of Farm December 2000




1
Apply self regulation and accept
              feedback
• Accept that soil on farm is worn out from
  years of row cropping on slopes
• Search for ways to allow to recover
• Experiment with alternatives—some of
  which will not work—plan for observing
  this feedback and revision of plan
• Observe current self-regulation in areas
  that have been allowed to be untended—
  old orchard etc.
Key/                       Crop       Current           Orientation/Notes                          Planned Use
Description                acres /    Use
/from Ridge Road
1—Field across from        Class 2-   Rented to Joe     Flat—highest point on farm—across road     Keep crop transition
Boyer Orchard—Ridge        crop       Echart            from Non-organic Apple Orchard             Organic rotation
Road                       10         CVR
                           C/G        (conservation
                                      plan)
2—Woods below 1            Wooded     Woods             Strong slope/some dumping by road in       Keep wooded
                           8                            past/hunters use for dear cleaning         /clean
                           W/M
3A—Shankle road            20—class   Rented to Joe     Flat                                       Keep crops transition
frontage-right side        2 and 3-   Eckart                                                       organic
from farm road from        srop       CVR
Ridge Road
3B—right side of farm      18—class   Rented to Joe     West and North facing slopes               Possible CREP
road                       4 crop     Eckart--CVR
4—Left side of farm        18.5—      Rented to Joe     West and South slope gentle to             CREP
road from Ridge            class 3    Echart            moderate—contains the Quarry-Lime
                           and 4      CVR               Stone Kilns
5 Woods on right side      31.8       Woods             Slopes are North facing—includes Spring    Keep wooded
of farm road coming                                     that flows out of property; run off from   Possible Pond site at top of
down from RidgeRoad                                     dairy farm on other side of a ridge—but    ridge where old power
                                                        does not affect Spring; Storm Creak bed    lines were—not yet
                                                        flows down from Dairy—                     treed—water could flow
                                                        Shitake Mushrooms                          down to irrigate the fields
                                                        Large rocks                                below???
                                                        Many fossils                               Catalogue plants observe
                                                        Hemlock grove                              effect of run off on
                                                        Jewell weed                                vegetation
                                                        Ferns                                      Look for Chestnut
                                                                                                   seedlings

6—right side sloping       10.2 –     Mowed every 2     North facing                               9 CREP
pasture meadows            class 4    years-hayed       View of meadows from house-enjoyed by      1 acre plant in berries or
behind barn and house      crop                         members                                    small fruit
7—left side                35-woods   woods             Old fence from field stones—piles          Catalogue plants
woods/slope goes                                        Wild Blueberries, wintergreen, wild
North up hill to another                                azalea, mountain laurel, ferns
ridge
8-left side—top of         17.4       CVR               Perhaps best field                         Keep crop transition to
hill—flat field            C/G                                                                     organic
                           Class 2
                           and 3
9-Left side                10         woods             Old orchard; South facing                  Restore with mixed fruit
                                                        gentle/moderate slope                      5 acre—organic
10—flat field right side   7          Garden site and   Burdock--grows;                            Expand garden; establish
near house                            10 fruit trees    Bottom land-fertile                        rotation
                                      Rest fallow       Maybe frost pocket
11—house/barn/yard         3                                                                       Spiral and medicine wheel
                                                                                                   gardens-native plants;
                                                                                                   guild
Class 2 (undulating) Class 3 (rolling) Class 4 (slopping) Woodland
Use and value renewable
       resources and services

• Foster use of solar, wind, rocks, resources
  local on farm
• Let the soil rest—avoid run off to Bay---
  CREP program
• Work with dairy farm to address their run
  off issue
Use Small and Slow Solutions
• Develop multi-year—5 year plan
• Estimate cost and how to get from A to B
• Avoid tendency to want immediate
  gain/accept limits--
• Pick a few things to start with that can do
  carefully and well and that might give
  some payoff in terms of goals
• Build on energy—cooperate/partner
Multi-year plan—Years 1and 2
– Chears incorporated as        – Medicine wheel garden in
  non-profit                      zone 1--using rocks from
– Begin systematic                farm to provide micro-
  observation of plants           climates for vulnerable
  growing in woods and            native plants
  fields/volunteer              – Explore CREP program for
– Observe the run off issue       highly erodable land
  from the Dairy farm—begin       (meeting with Conservation
  to develop plan to address      office March 25!)
– Start water monitoring        – Talk to Joe E. again about
  project in partnership with     organic transition of farm
  others already doing in       – Work on establishing a
  other areas                     rotation plan for Walter’s
– Experiment with guilds          organic garden
  using existing apple and
  black walnut trees in
  farmyard
Years 3 to 5
• Complete things from         • Establish nursery for
  years 1 and 2 that did not     plants for the
  happen
                                 suburban eco-
• Plant 50 American
                                 landscaping co-op of
  Chestnut trees on north
  facing slope                   members
• Work on plan to restore      • Hold 4 workshops
  old orchard with heirloom
  fruit trees—planted by
  Cheers members for own
  use
Produce no waste

• Use material on farm as much as possible
  —rocks, old lumber, straw
• Solve issue of lack of time to
  maintain/harvest what start—get more
  folks from area involved—
• Avoid Wall Mart
Design from pattern to details
• Global to local patterns—dominant pattern
  in area --row crops of corn, soy, grain
  used to feed animals –meat/dairy based
• Farming--not very labor intensive relative
  to yield—use of fossil based energy
  pattern replaced human labor.
• Detail-how to move to more sustainable
  pattern
Organic Farming Principles and
             Practices
• Principles                   •   Associated Practices
                                   – Rotation
   – Biodiversity
                                   – Animal and green manure,
   – Integration                   – Cover crops
   – Sustainability                – Composting
                                   – Intercropping
   – Natural plant nutrition
                                   – Biocontrol
   – Natural pest                  – Farmscaping, Buffers
     management                    – Muching
   – Integrity                     – Sanitation
                                   – Tillage
                                   – Fire
                                   – Natural fertilizers; Foliar
                                     fertilizers
                                   – Records
Organic field crop rotation
               Alfalfa
                            Corn




                                   manure
     Alfalfa                                Soybeans




          Oats, barley,   manure
                            Corn
           or alfalfa.
Obtain a yield
• Gains for Bay—might mean in this case
  reduction of conventional yield
• Education or aesthetic pleasure
• Research knowledge gained
• Linking folks removed from food source
  and nature to these things
• Habitat for wildlife
• Food/nourishment/medicinal
Obtain a yield (Food)
• Plant mixed orchard on part of North Slope and also in
  old orchard on South Slope
• Establish native shrub/bushes plant nursery for use by
  the suburban garden co-op
• Continue small organic garden for members use
• Maintain and expand the shitake mushroom
• Catalogue the native plants growing in the woods—
  experiment with propagation
• Reach out to groups that may need place to host
  activities like workshops etc.
• Partner with turtle saving groups to see if can use part of
  land as habitat
8 year Vegetable Crop Rotation—
          E. Coleman
               Sweet corn      Potatoes


                      cover crop
     Cabbage Family                          Squash



                 Green manures
      English peas
                                            Root crops



               Tomatoes            Beans.
Good Area for Orchards
Catch and store energy

• Need to catch some human energy to
  implement plans
• Constructed pond/wetland with windmill to
  aerate (future design)
• Possible conversion of the pig barn to
  passive solar/bioshelter (future design)
• Other—wind—solar panels exploration
• Rain barrel installed in garden
Integrate rather than segregate

• Guild and companion plantings—apple
  guild and walnut guild around established
  old trees (see design)
• Mixed orchard plan
Use and Value Diversity
• Catalogue existing plants growing on farm
• Plant several varieties of each fruit (see
  design)
• Rotate annual crops
• Get more folks involved in planning
Use edges and value the marginal
•   Rocks plentiful
     – spiral garden, medicine wheel
       garden—Spring 2005
     – Try micro-climate using dry
       walls
     – Edges woods currently have
       bramble berries
•   American Chestnut Foundation
     – Plant 50 American Chestnut
       seedlings—2006 order now for
       next spring—will probably not
       survive, but can study and
       increase the gene pool
     – Search for Chestnut seedlings
       on farm—note all buildings are
       built from Chestnut wood
Medicine Wheel Garden with Vulnerable
                      Plants
                                              Coreopsis rosea Nutt pink tickseed




       Arabis patens Sullivant
       spreading rockcress                     Peace




                      Amelanchier bartramiana (Tausch) M. Roemer
                      oblongfruit serviceberry




                                                                        Cynoglossum virginianum L. var. boreale (Fern.) Cooperrider wild comfrey




http://plants.usda.gov/cgi_bin/topics.cgi?earl=plant_profile.cgi&symbol=ARPA2
American Chestnut Foundation
Creatively Use and Respond to
               Change
• Revise plans based on whether working new
  circumstances
• Build in taking feedback and self-organization
• Anticipate know succession patterns of plants
  and people in plans
• Value and preserve the past—restore the
  cookhouse—oldest building we think—study
  Native American ways
• Build on failures
CHEARS Mission
• CHEARS was organized to monitor,
  understand, and enhance the life and health
  of the Chesapeake Bay Bioregion. We study
  our watershed’s local and global
  interrelationships, share our knowledge,
  express our concerns in art, and support
  each other and our likeminded partners in
  ecological action. CHEARS projects are
  conceived, developed and implemented by
  volunteers.
Projects
•   Place Based Education and Research Projects
•   Watershed Tracing: Follow the water from a spring on Wild
    Meadows Farm near the Eastern Divide in Pennsylvania as it
    joins Bob’s Creek, then observe its transformations as it joins
    successively Dunning’s Creek, the Juniata River, the
    Susquehanna River, the Cheseapeake Bay, and the Atlantic
    Ocean.
•   Wild Meadows Farm Stewardship: Wild Meadows Farm
    demonstration project, focused on farm survey, preservation,
    conservation, and transformation
•   Identifying Bird-Links: Identify and track bird species from
    several sites in the bioregion, determine their seasonal
    migration patterns, nesting, and feeding patterns, and
    understand and strengthen partnerships with other bioregions
•   Eco-Nature Arts Workshops -- facilitate artistic expression
    through nature arts workshops at Wild Meadows Farm
Projects
• One Yard at a Time Eco-Friendly Landscape
  Cooperative Aided by permaculture principles
  households support each other in re-designing their
  yards to reduce run-off to the Bay and are helped by
  members in implementing and maintaining healthy
  yards and gardens. Suburban/Urban Land
  Stewardship---
• Innovating --- Chesapeake Teamwork for the Next
  Upcoming Thing (CHESTNUT)
Resources
• http://www.pnga.net/links1.html
• http://landru.myhome.net/burntridge/nuts.html#hazeln
• American Chestnut Foundation
  http://www.patacf.org/
• http://www.nuttrees.com/
• http://www.grimonut.com/section2.htm#catsec2
• http://www.badgersett.com/
• Western PA Conservancy
  – http://www.wpconline.org
  – http://www.growingcenter.org/findus.html

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Permaculture Design for Wild Meadows Farm

  • 1. Wild Meadows Farm Chestnut Ridge Cooperative March 2005 Permaculture Design project for Darrell Frey Permaculture Certificate Course—March 2005
  • 2. Permaculture Principles David Holmergren • Observe and Interact • Integrate rather than • Catch and store energy segregate • Obtain a yield • Use small and slow • solutions Apply self regulation and accept feedback • Use and value diversity • Use and value renewable • Use edges and value the resources and services marginal • Produce no waste • Creatively use and • Design from pattern to respond to change details
  • 3. Other Listing of Principles Toby Hemmingway • Accelerate succession • Observe • Use biological and • Connect renewable resources • Catch and store energy • Recycle energy • Each element performs • Turn problems into multiple functions solutions • Each function supported • Get a yield by multiple elements • Design limits yield • Make least change for • Mistakes are tools for greatest effect learning • Use small scale intensive systems • Use edge effect
  • 4. Observe and Interact Farm Natural Features • 195 acre farm in Bedford County PA • Ridge and Valley • East of the Eastern Divide—goes in Chesapeake • Spring on farm flows to Bob’s Creek, Dunnings Creek, to Juniata, to Susquehanna, to Chesapeake • Orchards, dairy farm, and row crops/corn surround—run off from dairy flows thru woods on farm • Although rural—in 2000 census manufacturing major employer in area
  • 7. S—NORTHERN ATLANTIC SLOPE DIVERSIFIED FARMING REGION • 147—Northern Appalachian Ridges and Valleys Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia 48,210 km² (18,610 mi²) • Land use: Most of this area is in farms. About 12 percent is used for urban development or consists of land altered by urbanization or other activities. Approximately 30 percent is cropland. A wide variety of crops are grown, mainly corn, small grains, and forage for dairy and beef cattle. Other important crops include potatoes, soybeans, apples, peaches, and some tobacco and vegetables. Dairy, beef and poultry farms are major enterprises. About 5 percent of the area is permanent pasture. Less than 60 percent is in hardwood forests that are mainly in small to medium-size holdings and some larger tracts of state forests, game lands, and parks. Much of the prime farmland in the valleys is urbanized.
  • 8. Region • Climate: Average annual precipitation—900 to 1,275 mm. Maximum precipitation is in spring and in summer, and the mimimum is in fall. About 525 to 650 mm falls during the growing season. The average annual snowfall is 60 to more than 130 cm. Average annual temperature—8 to 13 C. Average freeze-free period —120 to 170 days; the shorter growing seasons are at the higher elevations and in the north. ---- • Water: Water is plentiful in this area. Springs, wells, farm ponds, reservoirs, and streams are the principal sources of water. The major streams are the Susquehanna and Potomac Rivers. Raystown Lake on the Raystown Branch of the Juniata River is one of the largest reservoirs in the area. Ground water is plentiful; the better producing wells are in the limestone valleys. Mineralized water and pollution of ground water are common land use problems.
  • 9. Soils and Natural Vegetation • Soils: Most of the soils are Udalfs, Udults, and Ochrepts. They have a mesic temperature regime, udic and aquic moisture regimes, and mixed mineralogy. Nearly level to sloping, deep, well drained, medium textured to fine textured Hapludalfs (Hagerstown, Duffield, Edom, and Washington series) are in the limestone valleys. Gently sloping to sloping, deep, well drained or moderately well drained, medium textured to fine textured Hapludults (Allenwood, Bedington, Frankstown, Mertz, and Munill series), Fragiudults (Buchanan and Laidig series), and Paleudults (Frederick series) are on the lower foot slopes of the ridges and in the valleys. Most of these soils formed in residuum, colluvium, or glacial till derived from limestone, cherty limestone, sandstone, and shale. Sloping to steep, well drained, shallow to deep, medium textured Dystrochrepts (Berks, Calvin, Dekalb, Hazleton, and Weikert series) are on ridges and on the more sloping sites in the valleys. • Potential natural vegetation: This area supports hardwood forest vegetation. White oak, red oak, black oak, hickories, and associated upland hardwoods are the major species. Scarlet oak, chestnut oak, hickories, and scattered Virginia pine, shortleaf pine, and white pine are common on dry ridges and shallower soils. Yellow-poplar, red oak, red maple, and other species that require more moisture grow in sheltered coves, on foot slopes, and on north-facing sites.
  • 10. Site Characteristics • Elevation and topography: Elevation ranges from 100 to 300 m in the valleys and from 400 to 800 m on ridges and mountains, but on some mountain crests it is 900 m. Parallel sandstone and shale ridges are separated by narrow to moderately broad limestone and shale valleys. Ridges have hilly to steep slopes and narrow rolling crests; valleys are mainly undulating to rolling but are hilly locally. Local relief in the valleys is about 5 to 50 m; ridges rise about 100 m above adjoining valleys.
  • 11. Wild Meadows Specific Site Characteristics • Cropland • Elevation 1200-1500 – Type 2 Undulating—14 • Annual rainfall –36” – Type 3 Rolling—37 • Frost free days—125 – Type 4 Sloping—39 • Soil---ELiber and Mertz— • Woodland-Rolling--100.41 Cherty limestone base-and • Farmstead-3.00 Morrison,dolomitic limestone • Total-194.41 calcerous sandstone base • All deep and well drained • Woodlands are Morrison and Buchanan soils • Major limitations to agriculture are erodible lands
  • 12. Farm History • Farm established 1870s – Large farm house—1874, Summer kitchen earlier – Large Bank Barn -1870 – Pig barn—1920s, (maybe could be converted to bioshelter) – Quarry—old lime stone kilns – Old Orchard—gone after 1960 – 1970—on became owned by city folk (weavers—then us) – 90 acres rented to local farmer—leaves half fallow—rotates oats, corn, barley, soy—contour—strips – Small organic garden with well irrigation system and deer fence – Some mushroom shitake logs – Currently investigating CREP program participation – Sloping pastures—mowed every 2 or 3 years
  • 13. Chestnut Ridge Cooperative begun in 1992 • Links –Arts and Ecology –Rural-Urban –Partnership/cooperative organization
  • 14. Chesapeake Education, Ecology, Arts Research Society (CHEARS!) • New organization— separates ownership from mission • Link to Chesapeake Watershed in which live • Builds on interest of original members • Same emphasis on links
  • 15. Satellite Photo of Farm December 2000 1
  • 16. Apply self regulation and accept feedback • Accept that soil on farm is worn out from years of row cropping on slopes • Search for ways to allow to recover • Experiment with alternatives—some of which will not work—plan for observing this feedback and revision of plan • Observe current self-regulation in areas that have been allowed to be untended— old orchard etc.
  • 17. Key/ Crop Current Orientation/Notes Planned Use Description acres / Use /from Ridge Road 1—Field across from Class 2- Rented to Joe Flat—highest point on farm—across road Keep crop transition Boyer Orchard—Ridge crop Echart from Non-organic Apple Orchard Organic rotation Road 10 CVR C/G (conservation plan) 2—Woods below 1 Wooded Woods Strong slope/some dumping by road in Keep wooded 8 past/hunters use for dear cleaning /clean W/M 3A—Shankle road 20—class Rented to Joe Flat Keep crops transition frontage-right side 2 and 3- Eckart organic from farm road from srop CVR Ridge Road 3B—right side of farm 18—class Rented to Joe West and North facing slopes Possible CREP road 4 crop Eckart--CVR 4—Left side of farm 18.5— Rented to Joe West and South slope gentle to CREP road from Ridge class 3 Echart moderate—contains the Quarry-Lime and 4 CVR Stone Kilns 5 Woods on right side 31.8 Woods Slopes are North facing—includes Spring Keep wooded of farm road coming that flows out of property; run off from Possible Pond site at top of down from RidgeRoad dairy farm on other side of a ridge—but ridge where old power does not affect Spring; Storm Creak bed lines were—not yet flows down from Dairy— treed—water could flow Shitake Mushrooms down to irrigate the fields Large rocks below??? Many fossils Catalogue plants observe Hemlock grove effect of run off on Jewell weed vegetation Ferns Look for Chestnut seedlings 6—right side sloping 10.2 – Mowed every 2 North facing 9 CREP pasture meadows class 4 years-hayed View of meadows from house-enjoyed by 1 acre plant in berries or behind barn and house crop members small fruit 7—left side 35-woods woods Old fence from field stones—piles Catalogue plants woods/slope goes Wild Blueberries, wintergreen, wild North up hill to another azalea, mountain laurel, ferns ridge 8-left side—top of 17.4 CVR Perhaps best field Keep crop transition to hill—flat field C/G organic Class 2 and 3 9-Left side 10 woods Old orchard; South facing Restore with mixed fruit gentle/moderate slope 5 acre—organic 10—flat field right side 7 Garden site and Burdock--grows; Expand garden; establish near house 10 fruit trees Bottom land-fertile rotation Rest fallow Maybe frost pocket 11—house/barn/yard 3 Spiral and medicine wheel gardens-native plants; guild Class 2 (undulating) Class 3 (rolling) Class 4 (slopping) Woodland
  • 18. Use and value renewable resources and services • Foster use of solar, wind, rocks, resources local on farm • Let the soil rest—avoid run off to Bay--- CREP program • Work with dairy farm to address their run off issue
  • 19. Use Small and Slow Solutions • Develop multi-year—5 year plan • Estimate cost and how to get from A to B • Avoid tendency to want immediate gain/accept limits-- • Pick a few things to start with that can do carefully and well and that might give some payoff in terms of goals • Build on energy—cooperate/partner
  • 20. Multi-year plan—Years 1and 2 – Chears incorporated as – Medicine wheel garden in non-profit zone 1--using rocks from – Begin systematic farm to provide micro- observation of plants climates for vulnerable growing in woods and native plants fields/volunteer – Explore CREP program for – Observe the run off issue highly erodable land from the Dairy farm—begin (meeting with Conservation to develop plan to address office March 25!) – Start water monitoring – Talk to Joe E. again about project in partnership with organic transition of farm others already doing in – Work on establishing a other areas rotation plan for Walter’s – Experiment with guilds organic garden using existing apple and black walnut trees in farmyard
  • 21. Years 3 to 5 • Complete things from • Establish nursery for years 1 and 2 that did not plants for the happen suburban eco- • Plant 50 American landscaping co-op of Chestnut trees on north facing slope members • Work on plan to restore • Hold 4 workshops old orchard with heirloom fruit trees—planted by Cheers members for own use
  • 22. Produce no waste • Use material on farm as much as possible —rocks, old lumber, straw • Solve issue of lack of time to maintain/harvest what start—get more folks from area involved— • Avoid Wall Mart
  • 23. Design from pattern to details • Global to local patterns—dominant pattern in area --row crops of corn, soy, grain used to feed animals –meat/dairy based • Farming--not very labor intensive relative to yield—use of fossil based energy pattern replaced human labor. • Detail-how to move to more sustainable pattern
  • 24. Organic Farming Principles and Practices • Principles • Associated Practices – Rotation – Biodiversity – Animal and green manure, – Integration – Cover crops – Sustainability – Composting – Intercropping – Natural plant nutrition – Biocontrol – Natural pest – Farmscaping, Buffers management – Muching – Integrity – Sanitation – Tillage – Fire – Natural fertilizers; Foliar fertilizers – Records
  • 25. Organic field crop rotation Alfalfa Corn manure Alfalfa Soybeans Oats, barley, manure Corn or alfalfa.
  • 26. Obtain a yield • Gains for Bay—might mean in this case reduction of conventional yield • Education or aesthetic pleasure • Research knowledge gained • Linking folks removed from food source and nature to these things • Habitat for wildlife • Food/nourishment/medicinal
  • 27. Obtain a yield (Food) • Plant mixed orchard on part of North Slope and also in old orchard on South Slope • Establish native shrub/bushes plant nursery for use by the suburban garden co-op • Continue small organic garden for members use • Maintain and expand the shitake mushroom • Catalogue the native plants growing in the woods— experiment with propagation • Reach out to groups that may need place to host activities like workshops etc. • Partner with turtle saving groups to see if can use part of land as habitat
  • 28. 8 year Vegetable Crop Rotation— E. Coleman Sweet corn Potatoes cover crop Cabbage Family Squash Green manures English peas Root crops Tomatoes Beans.
  • 29. Good Area for Orchards
  • 30. Catch and store energy • Need to catch some human energy to implement plans • Constructed pond/wetland with windmill to aerate (future design) • Possible conversion of the pig barn to passive solar/bioshelter (future design) • Other—wind—solar panels exploration • Rain barrel installed in garden
  • 31. Integrate rather than segregate • Guild and companion plantings—apple guild and walnut guild around established old trees (see design) • Mixed orchard plan
  • 32. Use and Value Diversity • Catalogue existing plants growing on farm • Plant several varieties of each fruit (see design) • Rotate annual crops • Get more folks involved in planning
  • 33. Use edges and value the marginal • Rocks plentiful – spiral garden, medicine wheel garden—Spring 2005 – Try micro-climate using dry walls – Edges woods currently have bramble berries • American Chestnut Foundation – Plant 50 American Chestnut seedlings—2006 order now for next spring—will probably not survive, but can study and increase the gene pool – Search for Chestnut seedlings on farm—note all buildings are built from Chestnut wood
  • 34. Medicine Wheel Garden with Vulnerable Plants Coreopsis rosea Nutt pink tickseed Arabis patens Sullivant spreading rockcress Peace Amelanchier bartramiana (Tausch) M. Roemer oblongfruit serviceberry Cynoglossum virginianum L. var. boreale (Fern.) Cooperrider wild comfrey http://plants.usda.gov/cgi_bin/topics.cgi?earl=plant_profile.cgi&symbol=ARPA2
  • 36. Creatively Use and Respond to Change • Revise plans based on whether working new circumstances • Build in taking feedback and self-organization • Anticipate know succession patterns of plants and people in plans • Value and preserve the past—restore the cookhouse—oldest building we think—study Native American ways • Build on failures
  • 37. CHEARS Mission • CHEARS was organized to monitor, understand, and enhance the life and health of the Chesapeake Bay Bioregion. We study our watershed’s local and global interrelationships, share our knowledge, express our concerns in art, and support each other and our likeminded partners in ecological action. CHEARS projects are conceived, developed and implemented by volunteers.
  • 38. Projects • Place Based Education and Research Projects • Watershed Tracing: Follow the water from a spring on Wild Meadows Farm near the Eastern Divide in Pennsylvania as it joins Bob’s Creek, then observe its transformations as it joins successively Dunning’s Creek, the Juniata River, the Susquehanna River, the Cheseapeake Bay, and the Atlantic Ocean. • Wild Meadows Farm Stewardship: Wild Meadows Farm demonstration project, focused on farm survey, preservation, conservation, and transformation • Identifying Bird-Links: Identify and track bird species from several sites in the bioregion, determine their seasonal migration patterns, nesting, and feeding patterns, and understand and strengthen partnerships with other bioregions • Eco-Nature Arts Workshops -- facilitate artistic expression through nature arts workshops at Wild Meadows Farm
  • 39. Projects • One Yard at a Time Eco-Friendly Landscape Cooperative Aided by permaculture principles households support each other in re-designing their yards to reduce run-off to the Bay and are helped by members in implementing and maintaining healthy yards and gardens. Suburban/Urban Land Stewardship--- • Innovating --- Chesapeake Teamwork for the Next Upcoming Thing (CHESTNUT)
  • 40. Resources • http://www.pnga.net/links1.html • http://landru.myhome.net/burntridge/nuts.html#hazeln • American Chestnut Foundation http://www.patacf.org/ • http://www.nuttrees.com/ • http://www.grimonut.com/section2.htm#catsec2 • http://www.badgersett.com/ • Western PA Conservancy – http://www.wpconline.org – http://www.growingcenter.org/findus.html